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[rl`-Y,ّIXU}K(QY%R*cݥEߓ"DaY浒Ij! ʇ\pdj3/69<6ƏG?y0zv=VFy#v4+>YC{^IENDB`(  8 k P S U  > D L                F/ 0|DTimes New Romantt/ 0DArial Blackmantt/ 0" DTahomalackmantt/ 0"0DAriallackmantt/ 0@DCourier Newmantt/ 01@(.2  @n?" dd@  @@``   ( *+ #  %!    #J@ii^h^QSQGRGSFp $$#$ %   (         #$MT:_S44#=6"V\E: 4D9!@ =M         34433.   @( *+ b$% Xb&Sa b$uݰ.1'#a b$+^䴢ؼF]/ 1b$4b!v<6vi;D$b$& w̴¦H SSb$bpe# zt O[R$FE-Qڛb>"Gab$Z1CV pgb$Jp Ow3 R0e0e    A A 8c8c     ?1 d0u0@Ty2 NP'p<'pA)BCD|E|| f̙f3f@d g4`d`d; 02ppH <4BdBd@w 0t.pg4:d:dn 0p@ pp<4!d!d@w 0t.O ʚ;|Ze8ʚ;<4dddd@ x 0@r0___PPT10 pp2___PPT9/ 0? %O =D=<t {~ z9;: P4   0` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>>L0 VN (    6 P  T Click to edit Master title style! !  08   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  0, ``  X*  0г `   Z*  0 `   Z*z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33 Default Design 0 zr@ ( )   0* P    P*    0/     R*  d  c $ ?    01  @  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  6H= `P   P*    6pA `   R*  H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.`ba 0X(   $+ X X 00C P    X*  X 0R     Z*  X 6(X `P   X*  X 6\ `   Z* H X 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.` |da 0L0 #P*(    0,E= ;AN INTRODUCTION TO PERIODICITY A guide for A level studentsd<(2 f 0f<fffJ  C "A KTREF :  " <̙? x @ 0 0 ( <̙? x @L 0 0 ) 0?x m OKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING(2 f * 0Q"`>B 2008 SPECIFICATIONS<G$G   B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0   ` (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0Z   00a INTRODUCTION This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected topics at AS and A2 level Chemistry. It is based on the requirements of the AQA and OCR specifications but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes or it may be used for classroom teaching if an interactive white board is available. Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at... www.knockhardy.org.uk/sci.htm Navigation is achieved by... either clicking on the grey arrows at the foot of each page or using the left and right arrow keys on the keyboard (2 2(2 2  75, dB   <D?     0ܶ{0P( OKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING(2    0ĻX Y PERIODICITY2 (2 (f<fB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0   pv (    0   CONTENTS Introduction Electronic configuration Bonding & structure Atomic radius 1st Ionisation Energy Electrical conductivity Electronegativity Melting and boiling point n 202 2,n &dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB  @ <D)PXP   0X0@ 0 0  0|d @  0 0  6~dx !@  0 0  6`d@ @  0 0  6KdA @  0 0  6> \ @  0 0  6 \> @  0 0  6 d @  0 0  6 dx @  0 0  0ЌX Y PERIODICITY2 (2 (f<fB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  ,(   dB   <D)P0Q   0Pp@ 0 0dB  @ <D)PXP   0X0@ 0 0    0܌  The Periodic Table is made up by placing the elements in ATOMIC NUMBER ORDER and arranging them in... ROWS (PERIODS) and COLUMNS (GROUPS) fH@PxP@Pf       0Ԍq~ Z INTRODUCTION2 (2 ffB   s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0    ( *  dB   <D)P0Q   0Pp@ 0 0dB  @ <D)PXP   0X0@ 0 0   0 R Z   s *Ru `   0 { B   s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0   > (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0H>? The Periodic Table is made up by placing the elements in ATOMIC NUMBER ORDER and arranging them in... ROWS (PERIODS) and COLUMNS (GROUPS) It is split into blocks; in each block the elements are filling, or have just filled, particular types of orbital Group(s) s block I and II end in s1 or s2 p block III, IV, V, VI, VII and 0 end in p1 to p6 d block Transition elements end in d1 to d10 f block Actinides and Lanthanides end in fvfH@PxP@sH@Pf  s f  *  #  *    0C?q~ Z INTRODUCTION2 (2 ffHF  @    @Z   s *̙ @ ~   N?? @ ~   N??` @    T??@ @ F q{    !+ Z  s *̙q Z  s *> R Z  s *Ru `  0 { B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0 * " (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0~  0|p?X0  bThe outer electron configuration is a periodic function... it repeats every so often Because many physical and chemical properties are influenced by the outer shell configuration of an atom, it isn t surprising that such properties also exhibit periodicity... " atomic radius " ionic radius " ionisation energy " electron affinity " electronegativity " electrical conductivity " melting point and boiling pointrUH@@U&^  C   0~?q~ Z INTRODUCTION2 (2 ff  0?Q   nIt is much more important to know and understand each trend and how it arises than remember individual values.o@o o B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0   t| (  tdB t <D)P0Q t 0Pp@ 0 0dB t@ <D)PXP t 0X0@ 0 0Z t 0x?X0 vThe outer electron configuration is a periodic function... it repeats every so often Because many physical and chemical properties are influenced by the outer shell configuration of an atom, it isn t surprising that such properties also exhibit periodicity... " atomic radius " ionic radius " ionisation energy " electron affinity " electronegativity " electrical conductivity " melting point and boiling point The first two periods in the periodic table are not typical... Period 1 (H, He) contains only two elements Period 2 (Li - Ne) elements at the top of each group have small sizes and high I.E.values Period 3 (Na-Ar) is the most suitable period for studying trendsUH@@ @USfGf/ft^    >     3  t 0?q~ Z INTRODUCTION2 (2 ffB t s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 &(  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0?Y fELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION2(2,ffB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +m 0L0 |t`X    ( w dB  <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0 K 0?q~ fELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION2(2ff8 C,  0 , 6?   a1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p60r20h2f0r202                                      f 8 616f 9 61  f : 61 f ; 61f < 61sDT Zo =# /lB > <DjJoolB ?B <DjJZoDT Zo @# ;/[lB A <DjJoolB BB <DjJZoDT Zo C# H/hlB D <DjJoolB EB <DjJZoDT Zo F# /lB G <DjJoolB HB <DjJZoDT Zo I# /'lB J <DjJoolB KB <DjJZoDT Zo L# I/ilB M <DjJoolB NB <DjJZoDT Zo O# /lB P <DjJoolB QB <DjJZoDT Zo R# /lB S <DjJoolB TB <DjJZoDT Zo U# & 3F lB V <DjJoolB WB <DjJZoDT Zo X# i 3 lB Y <DjJoolB ZB <DjJZof [ 61e  f \ 61[  f ] 61 [ f ^ 619  8T Zo _# w ) fB ` 6DjJoofB aB 6DjJZof b 617f c 61  f d 61 f e 61f f 61tDT Zo g# +lB h <DjJoolB iB <DjJZoDT Zo j# <+\lB k <DjJoolB lB <DjJZoDT Zo m# I+ilB n <DjJoolB oB <DjJZoDT Zo p# +lB q <DjJoolB rB <DjJZoDT Zo s# +(lB t <DjJoolB uB <DjJZoDT Zo v# J+jlB w <DjJoolB xB <DjJZoDT Zo y# +lB z <DjJoolB {B <DjJZoDT Zo |# +lB } <DjJoolB ~B <DjJZoDT Zo # ' /G lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # j / lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZof  61f  f  61\  f  61 \ f  61:  8T Zo # x % fB  6DjJoofB B 6DjJZo8T Zo #  % fB  6DjJoofB B 6DjJZof  616 f  61  f  61  f  61 f  61 sDT Zo # %lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # ;%[lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # H%hlB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # %lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # %'lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # I%ilB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # %lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # %lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # & )F lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # i ) lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZof  61e  f  61[  f  61 [ f  619  8T Zo # w  fB  6DjJoofB B 6DjJZo8T Zo #   fB  6DjJoofB B 6DjJZo8T Zo # N n fB  6DjJoofB B 6DjJZof  616f  61  f  61 f ¾ 61f þ 61sDT Zo ľ# lB ž <DjJoolB ƾB <DjJZoDT Zo Ǿ# ;[lB Ⱦ <DjJoolB ɾB <DjJZoDT Zo ʾ# HhlB ˾ <DjJoolB ̾B <DjJZoDT Zo ;# lB ξ <DjJoolB ϾB <DjJZoDT Zo о# 'lB Ѿ <DjJoolB ҾB <DjJZoDT Zo Ӿ# IilB Ծ <DjJoolB վB <DjJZoDT Zo ־# lB ׾ <DjJoolB ؾB <DjJZoDT Zo پ# lB ھ <DjJoolB ۾B <DjJZoDT Zo ܾ# & !F lB ݾ <DjJoolB ޾B <DjJZoDT Zo ߾# i ! lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZof  61e  f  61[  f  61 [ f  619  8T Zo # w  fB  6DjJoofB B 6DjJZo8T Zo #   fB  6DjJoofB B 6DjJZo8T Zo # N n fB  6DjJoofB B 6DjJZo8T Zo #   fB  6DjJoofB B 6DjJZof  617f  61  f  61 f  61f  61tDT Zo # lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # <\lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # IilB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # (lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # JjlB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo  # lB   <DjJoolB  B <DjJZoDT Zo  # lB   <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # ' G lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # j  lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZof  61f  f  61\  f  61 \ f  61:  8T Zo # x  fB  6DjJoofB B 6DjJZo8T Zo #   fB  6DjJoofB B 6DjJZo8T Zo # O o fB   6DjJoofB !B 6DjJZo8T Zo "#   fB # 6DjJoofB $B 6DjJZo8T Zo %# n  fB & 6DjJoofB 'B 6DjJZof ( 617 f ) 61  f * 61  f + 61 f , 61 tDT Zo -# $lB . <DjJoolB /B <DjJZoDT Zo 0# <$\lB 1 <DjJoolB 2B <DjJZoDT Zo 3# I$ilB 4 <DjJoolB 5B <DjJZoDT Zo 6# $lB 7 <DjJoolB 8B <DjJZoDT Zo 9# $(lB : <DjJoolB ;B <DjJZoDT Zo <# J$jlB = <DjJoolB >B <DjJZoDT Zo ?# $lB @ <DjJoolB AB <DjJZoDT Zo B# $lB C <DjJoolB DB <DjJZoDT Zo E# ' (G lB F <DjJoolB GB <DjJZoDT Zo H# j ( lB I <DjJoolB JB <DjJZof K 61f  f L 61\  f M 61 \ f N 61:  8T Zo O# x  fB P 6DjJoofB QB 6DjJZo8T Zo R#   fB S 6DjJoofB TB 6DjJZo8T Zo U# O o fB V 6DjJoofB WB 6DjJZo8T Zo X#   fB Y 6DjJoofB ZB 6DjJZo8T Zo [#   fB \ 6DjJoofB ]B 6DjJZo8T Zo ^# n " fB _ 6DjJoofB `B 6DjJZof a 616  f b 61  f c 61  f d 61  f e 61 s DT Zo f#   lB g <DjJoolB hB <DjJZoDT Zo i# ; [ lB j <DjJoolB kB <DjJZoDT Zo l# H h lB m <DjJoolB nB <DjJZoDT Zo o#   lB p <DjJoolB qB <DjJZoDT Zo r#  ' lB s <DjJoolB tB <DjJZoDT Zo u# I i lB v <DjJoolB wB <DjJZoDT Zo x#   lB y <DjJoolB zB <DjJZoDT Zo {#   lB | <DjJoolB }B <DjJZoDT Zo ~# & F lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # i lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZof  61e  f  61[  f  61 [ f  619  8T Zo # w  fB  6DjJoofB B 6DjJZo8T Zo #   fB  6DjJoofB B 6DjJZo8T Zo # N  n fB  6DjJoofB B 6DjJZo8T Zo #   fB  6DjJoofB B 6DjJZo8T Zo #   fB  6DjJoofB B 6DjJZo8T Zo # !  A fB  6DjJoofB B 6DjJZo8T Zo # m  fB  6DjJoofB B 6DjJZof  616  f  61  f  61  f  61  f  61 s DT Zo # 0  lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # ;0 [ lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # H0 h lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # 0  lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # 0 ' lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # I0 i lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # 0  lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # 0  lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # & 4 F lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZoDT Zo # i 4 lB  <DjJoolB B <DjJZof  61e  f  61[  f ¿ 61  [ f ÿ 619  8T Zo Ŀ# w 2 fB ſ 6DjJoofB ƿB 6DjJZo8T Zo ǿ#  2 fB ȿ 6DjJoofB ɿB 6DjJZo8T Zo ʿ# N 2 n fB ˿ 6DjJoofB ̿B 6DjJZo8T Zo Ϳ#  2 fB ο 6DjJoofB ϿB 6DjJZo8T Zo п#  2 fB ѿ 6DjJoofB ҿB 6DjJZo8T Zo ӿ# ! 2 A fB Կ 6DjJoofB տB 6DjJZo8T Zo ֿ# m 6 fB ׿ 6DjJoofB ؿB 6DjJZo8T Zo ٿ#  6 fB ڿ 6DjJoofB ۿB 6DjJZow ݿ 6(wC  Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar0r20h2 0r202    >  ߿ 0w,  `$1s 2s 2p 3s 3p %0^2%f:  0pw0P The Aufbau principle states that&  ELECTRONS ENTER THE LOWEST AVAILABLE ENERGY LEVEL . In period 3 the electrons fill the 3s orbital first, followed by the 3p orbitals. Notice how the electrons in the 3p orbitals remain unpaired, if possible, according to Hund s Rule.L 2"4P%,n  VA޽h ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +| 0L0 !( w dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0,wY aBONDING & STRUCTURE2(2,ffB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +@  0L0 OG(( w (dB ( <D)P0Q ( 0Pp@ 0 0dB (@ <D)PXP ( 0X0@ 0 0 ( 0pwq~ VELEMENTS2 (2ff ( 0wv  gMMoving from left to right the elements go from highly electropositive metals through metalloids with giant structures to the simple molecular structure of non-metals. Na Mg Al Si P4 S8 Cl2 Ar < - - - metals - - - > metalloid < non metals (simple molecules) > Typical properties Metals Non-metals Appearance solids - shiny when cut gases, liquids, dull solids Hardness malleable and ductile brittle Electrical conductivity excellent poor Melting point high low @VPx@8@@ S1@      B ( s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0 '   (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0wq~ VELEMENTS2 (2ffQ  0z /Moving from left to right the elements go from highly electropositive metals through metalloids with giant structures to the simple molecular structure of non-metals. Na Mg Al Si P4 S8 Cl2 Ar < - - - metals - - - > metalloid < non metals (simple molecules) > Typical properties Metals Non-metals Appearance solids - shiny when cut gases, liquids, dull solids Hardness malleable and ductile brittle Electrical conductivity excellent poor Melting point high low Not every element satisfies all the criteria. For example... carbon (graphite) is a non-metal which conducts electricity carbon and silicon have high melting points mercury is a liquid at room temperature and pressure^@VPx@8@:@@ S1H --@     n F  C ASiz NB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +v 0L0 }S5( w 4dB 4 <D)P0Q 4 0Pp@ 0 0dB 4@ <D)PXP 4 0X0@ 0 0 4 0!z [ ATOMIC RADIUS2(2 ,ffB 4 s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +v 0L0 }>C|(  |dB | <D)P0Q | 0Pp@ 0 0dB |@ <D)PXP | 0X0@ 0 0 | 0($zq~ [ ATOMIC RADIUS2(2 ff^B  | 6Do8.^B  | 6DoRZ#^B  | 6Do=3^B  | 6DoF<^B  | 6DoC!)^B | 6Do 9[F D i  | @  #N k i  | k i IN  i  |  i 2N u M  |  i fB | 6DjJx x fB | 6DjJu M N J   |   N J *  | J * fB | 6DjJJ J  fB | 6DjJ: :  fB | 6DjJ* * N J *  |   fB | 6DjJJ J  fB | 6DjJ: :  fB | 6DjJ* * fB | 6DjJ  fB | 6DjJ  '  | 0x0z ^  9Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar$: 29 >Z !| s *T b Z "| s *\  Z #| s *p2zZ $| s *r:Z %| s *z N Z &| s *x  Z '| s *>  N @   (| k  fB )| 6DjJ@ fB *| 6DjJF fB +| 6DjJF ~ ~ fB ,| 6DjJF j jfB -| 6DjJL b bfB .| 6DjJL H HfB /| 6DjJF ( (fB 0| 6DjJL   1| 0;zD    r 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.0860n2 20n2!  2| 0@zA  UDecreases across a given period The nuclear charge increases by +1 each time. As the nuclear charge increases it has a greater attraction for the electrons (which, importantly, are going into the same shell) and pulls them in slightly.8@   3| 0Hzp`W \UNITS:- nanometres@  8   C| @   @| 2 4| H o?"` @ x kF ?|#<  t2 8| 6 ?"` F 9| 6Mz?"`x k; G11+((2  B <| T D?  g@ K @  A|_ 2 6| NTzo?"`K @  B(2 @ [3N =| 3  t2 :| 6 ?"`3 ;| 6dWz?"`[;N G17+((2  B >| 3 r DԔ?g @ B | s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +# 0L0 ""??e"(  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0_zq~ [ ATOMIC RADIUS2(2 ff^B  6Do8.^B  6DoRZ#^B   6Do=3^B   6DoF<^B   6DoC!)^B   6Do 9[F D i    @  #N k i   k i IN  i    i 2N u M    i fB  6DjJx x fB  6DjJu M N J      N J *   J * fB  6DjJJ J  fB  6DjJ: :  fB  6DjJ* * N J *     fB  6DjJJ J  fB  6DjJ: :  fB  6DjJ* * fB  6DjJ  fB  6DjJ  '  0\kz ^  9Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar$: 29 >Z  s *T b Z   s *\  Z ! s *p2zZ " s *r:Z # s *z N Z $ s *x  Z % s *>  N @   & k  fB ' 6DjJ@ fB ( 6DjJF fB ) 6DjJF ~ ~ fB * 6DjJF j jfB + 6DjJL b bfB , 6DjJL H HfB - 6DjJF ( (fB . 6DjJL   / 0vzD    r 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.10 0.0860n2 20n2!  0 0P}zA  YDecreases across a given period The nuclear charge increases by +1 each time. As the nuclear charge increases it has a greater attraction for the electrons (which, importantly, are going into the same shell) and pulls them in slightly.<@   1 0zp`W \UNITS:- nanometres@  8   ? N   2  2 3 H o?"` N x kF 4 #<  t2 5 6 ?"` F 6 6z?"`x k; G11+((2  B 7 T D?  N K @  8  2 9 NLzo?"`K @  B(2 N [3N :  3  t2 ; 6 ?"`3 < 6ܓz?"`[;N G17+((2  B = 3 r DԔ?g @  > 0z L One is not actually measuring the true radius of an atom. In metals you measure metallic radius (half the distance between the inter-nuclear distance of what are effectively ions). Covalent radius is half the distance between the nuclei of atoms joined by a covalent bond. The values are measured by X-ray or electron diffraction. Argon s value cannot be measured as it only exists as single atoms.Z@="VZ  B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +~ 0L0  #(  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0 zY c1st IONISATION ENERGY2(2,ffB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +q  0L0  x 0 $ ( w $dB $ <D)P0Q $ 0Pp@ 0 0dB $@ <D)PXP $ 0X0@ 0 0 $ 0ȱzq~ eFIRST IONISATION ENERGY2(2ff $ 0pzPv  fIt is a measure of the energy required to remove an outer shell electron from a gaseous atom. Electrons are negatively charged and are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. Electrons that are held more strongly will require more energy to overcome the attraction.&@  5 $ 6Tz Definition The energy required to remove ONE MOLE of electrons (to infinity) from ONE MOLE of gaseous atoms to form ONE MOLE of gaseous positive ions. e.g. Na(g) Na+(g) + e- Al(g) Al+(g) + e- (2 2$  fff fffff fffffH     ) jB $ BDjJN@NjB $ BDo6@6 $ Hz))?" vMake sure you write in the (g)<(2fB $ s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0   @  (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  00zq~ eFIRST IONISATION ENERGY2(2ffi  0zP iIt is a measure of the energy required to remove an outer shell electron from a gaseous atom. Electrons are negatively charged and are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. Electrons that are held more strongly will require more energy to overcome the attraction. 1st Ionisation Energy INCREASES across a period Nuclear charge increases by one each time. Each extra electron, however, is going into the same main energy level so is subject to similar shielding and is a similar distance away from the nucleus. Electrons are held more strongly and are harder to remove. However the trend is not consistent.pC@'/' j /  0~ Definition The energy required to remove ONE MOLE of electrons (to infinity) from ONE MOLE of gaseous atoms to form ONE MOLE of gaseous positive ions. e.g. Na(g) Na+(g) + e- Al(g) Al+(g) + e- (2 2$  fff fffff fffffH     ) dB   <DjJN@NdB   <Do6@6   B~))?" vMake sure you write in the (g)<(2fB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +{R 0L0 QQP Q( w dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0 ~q~ eFIRST IONISATION ENERGY2(2ff  0x#~X@ ,  CINCREASES across a period Nuclear charge increases by one each time. Each extra electron, however, is going into the same main energy level so is subject to similar shielding and is a similar distance away from the nucleus. Electrons are held more strongly and are harder to remove. However the trend is not consistent.B@** D   0-~ STREND2(2fK8 a R  r 0 HN     ;    01~x D 3s 3p 2 `  01P;`  01F;`  01F;`  01$;8T Zo # b fB  6DjJoofB B 6DjJZo  T?1?PM  T?1?FM  T?1?FM  T?1?$MT Zo # b2B  Z?DjJ?ooB B Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo # 2B  Z?DjJ?ooB B Z?DjJ?Zo  T?1?Pg   T?1?Fg ! T?1?Fg " T?1?$gT Zo ## bLB $ Z?DjJ?ooB %B Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo &# LB ' Z?DjJ?ooB (B Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo )# 9YLB * Z?DjJ?ooB +B Z?DjJ?Zo , T?1?Po - T?1?Fo . T?1?Fo / T?1?$oT Zo 0# bTB 1 Z?DjJ?ooB 2B Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo 3# TB 4 Z?DjJ?ooB 5B Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo 6# 9YTB 7 Z?DjJ?ooB 8B Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo 9# TB : Z?DjJ?ooB ;B Z?DjJ?Zo < T?1?P  = T?1?F  > T?1?F  ? T?1?$ T Zo @# bo B A Z?DjJ?ooB BB Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo C# o B D Z?DjJ?ooB EB Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo F# 9Yo B G Z?DjJ?ooB HB Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo I# o B J Z?DjJ?ooB KB Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo L# Xxs B M Z?DjJ?ooB NB Z?DjJ?Zo O T?1?P   P T?1?F   Q T?1? F  R T?1?$  T Zo S# b k B T Z?DjJ?ooB UB Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo V#  k B W Z?DjJ?ooB XB Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo Y# 9 Yk B Z Z?DjJ?ooB [B Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo \# { k B ] Z?DjJ?ooB ^B Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo _#  k B ` Z?DjJ?ooB aB Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo b# X xo B c Z?DjJ?ooB dB Z?DjJ?Zo e T?1?P   f T?1?F   g T?1? F  h T?1?$  T Zo i# b s B j Z?DjJ?ooB kB Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo l#  s B m Z?DjJ?ooB nB Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo o# 9 Ys B p Z?DjJ?ooB qB Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo r# { s B s Z?DjJ?ooB tB Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo u#  s B v Z?DjJ?ooB wB Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo x#   ,s B y Z?DjJ?ooB zB Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo {# X xw B | Z?DjJ?ooB }B Z?DjJ?Zo ~ T?1?P    T?1?F    T?1? F   T?1?$  T Zo # b  B  Z?DjJ?ooB B Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo #   B  Z?DjJ?ooB B Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo # 9 Y B  Z?DjJ?ooB B Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo # {  B  Z?DjJ?ooB B Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo #   B  Z?DjJ?ooB B Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo #   , B  Z?DjJ?ooB B Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo # X x B  Z?DjJ?ooB B Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo #   B  Z?DjJ?ooB B Z?DjJ?Zo  0``~a   5Na 11+ Mg 12+ Al 13+ Si 14+ P 15+ S 16+ Cl 17+ Ar 18+66>  Hd~?c R! XNUCLEAR CHARGE.(2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +0 0L0 //`YBx  .(  @ B 0q~ eFIRST IONISATION ENERGY2(2ffdB @ <D)P0Q @ 0Pp@ 0 0dB @@ <D)PXP @ 0X0@ 0 0"8  P  @q fB Z@ 6Do6-/lB  @ <Do " fB  @ 6DoMHofB  @ 6DoggfB  @ 6Do2 .fB @ 6DoeOfB @ 6DoHt94fB @ 6DoOkOT  i  @# : P 2N u M  @  i fB @ 6DjJx x fB @ 6DjJu M N J   @   N J *  @ J * fB @ 6DjJJ J  fB @ 6DjJ: :  fB @ 6DjJ* * N J *  @   fB @ 6DjJJ J  fB @ 6DjJ: :  fB @ 6DjJ* * fB  @ 6DjJ  fB !@ 6DjJ  ' "@ 0 ^  9Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar$: 29 >` #@ 0 E  ` $@ 0M` %@ 0aY` &@ 0Qc` '@ 0#k` (@ 0C?` )@ 095lB +@ <DjJ 9 = 9 lB .@ <DjJ @ lB 0@ <DjJ C  3@ 6 ?  1500 1000 500b0x2020n20x2020x2 ` 5@ 01ylB [@ <Do^ ;8 Z   B: +  @ 6(    A 3s 3p 2 <T Pg B# 'Z   IA Z?1?Pg JA Z?1?Fg KA Z?1?Fg LA Z?1?$gT Zo MA# bLB NA Z?DjJ?ooB OAB Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo PA# LB QA Z?DjJ?ooB RAB Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo SA# 9YLB TA Z?DjJ?ooB UAB Z?DjJ?Zo 8 %T  B %  @ P   B1T   B Z?1?P    B Z?1?F    B Z?1? F   B Z?1?$  T Zo  B# b k B B Z?DjJ?ooB BB Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo B#  k B B Z?DjJ?ooB BB Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo B# 9 Yk B B Z?DjJ?ooB BB Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo B# { k B B Z?DjJ?ooB BB Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo B#  k B B Z?DjJ?ooB BB Z?DjJ?ZoT Zo B# X xo B  B Z?DjJ?ooB !BB Z?DjJ?Zo B 0X%   A 3s 3p 2  B <̙1?  There is a DROP in the value for sulphur. The extra electron has paired up with one of the electrons already in one of the 3p orbitals. The repulsive force between the electrons means that less energy is required to remove one of them.l 2 ,!Vf B < &̙1?]  6There is a DROP in the value for aluminium because the extra electron has gone into a 3p orbital. The increased shielding makes the electron easier to remove.Z 2  u! u B </̙1? tTheoretically, the value should increase steadily across the period due to the increased nuclear charge. HOWEVER...u 2u B 04 STREND2(2fB @ s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 p%( w dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0p~Y eELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY2(2,ffB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 ,^H0 =( w HdB H <D)P0Q H 0Pp@ 0 0dB H@ <D)PXP H 0X0@ 0 0  H 0 y~q~ eELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY2(2ff^B  H 6Do ^B  H 6DoN g^B H 6DoL^B H 6Do   8    YH  OT  i  6H# % @ 2N u M  7H  i fB 8H 6DjJx x fB 9H 6DjJu M N J   :H   N J *  ;H J * fB H 6DjJ* * N J *  ?H   fB @H 6DjJJ J  fB AH 6DjJ: :  fB BH 6DjJ* * fB CH 6DjJ  fB DH 6DjJ  ' EH 0s~ ^  9Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar$: 29 >` FH 0 90 ` GH 0 38{` HH 0aL` IH 0 N ` JH 0 V ` KH 0. v ` LH 0$ l lB OH <DjJ + lB QH <DjJ + lB SH <DjJ w. wlB UH <DjJ I. I" VH 6g~  -  0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0|0n2020P20n2 2 0n20Z20n2 Z XH s * d   ZH 0~$  wSubstances conduct electricity when ions or electrons are free to move. Periods Overall decrease across periods Na, Mg, Al metallic bonding with delocalised electrons Si, P, S, Cl covalently bonded - no electrons are free to move Ar monatomic - electrons are held very tightly Groups Where there is any electrical conductivity, it decreases down a group. t@Q@$   f- f7f.FZ    :   N [H C &Ametal2N \H C &Ametal3? ^H T,~?A % dUNITS:- Siemens per metre@  B H s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +z 0L0 ( H dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0<~ _ELECTRONEGATIVITY2(2,ffB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +! 0L0 0(.9D0 (  DdB D <D)P0Q D 0Pp@ 0 0dB D@ <D)PXP D 0X0@ 0 0  D 0~q~ _ELECTRONEGATIVITY2(2ff^B  D 6Do ^B  D 6DoBq^B  D 6Dok^B D 6Do^B D 6Do  ^B D 6Do ^ l8  @  5D ^ OT  i  D# % @ 2N u M  D  i fB D 6DjJx x fB D 6DjJu M N J   D   N J *  D J * fB D 6DjJJ J  fB D 6DjJ: :  fB D 6DjJ* * N J *  D   fB D 6DjJJ J  fB D 6DjJ: :  fB D 6DjJ* * fB  D 6DjJ  fB !D 6DjJ  ' "D 0~ ^  9Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar$: 29 >` #D 0 0 ` $D 0  8K ` %D 0 LY ` &D 0NA ` 'D 0V` (D 0.ov` )D 0$lelB +D <DjJ ( lB ,D <DjJ ? + ? lB -D <DjJ + lB .D <DjJ + lB 0D <DjJ ?. ?lB 1D <DjJ + = 3D 6$~  )  !3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 " k 6D 0~SX  A measure of the attraction an atom has for the pair of electrons in a covalent bond. Do not confuse with electron affinity. Increases across a period... because the nuclear charge is increasing and therefore so does the attraction for the shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond. Decreases down a group... because although the nuclear charge is increasing, the effective nuclear charge is less due to shielding of filled inner shells and a greater distance from the nucleus.V@'P@U&ff   8D 0h~  zUNITS:- Pauling Scale@&    ^ 9D 0~  The ability of an atom to attract the pair of electrons in a covalent bond to itself.  XHX X B D s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +v 0L0 }( w dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0 # [ MELTING POINT2(2 ,ffB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +0 0L0 ?7)<\(  \dB \ <D)P0Q \ 0Pp@ 0 0dB \@ <D)PXP \ 0X0@ 0 0 \ 0@+q~ [ MELTING POINT2(2 ffdB \ <Do + GL  i  \# 0% 2N u M  \  i fB \ 6DjJx x fB \ 6DjJu M N J   \   N J *  \ J * fB \ 6DjJJ J  fB \ 6DjJ: :  fB \ 6DjJ* * N J *  \   fB \ 6DjJJ J  fB \ 6DjJ: :  fB \ 6DjJ* * fB \ 6DjJ  fB \ 6DjJ  ' \ 03 ^  9Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar$: 29 >^  \ 61i 0 ^ "\ 61 L1 dB '\ <DjJa ( a dB (\ <DjJ  + dB )\ <DjJ  + dB *\ <DjJ) . )dB +\ <DjJ + dB ,\ <DjJI . I -\ 6`D  1 ,3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0P0n2 20n2 20n2- dB /\ <Do  3 ? 5\ 0$<'c Boiling and melting points are a measure of the energy required to separate the particles in a substance. Bond type is significant.,H  n 6\ 0V"`bA  8Periods A general increase then a decrease Metals Na-Al Melting point increases due to the increasing strength of metallic bonding caused by ... the larger number of electrons contributing to the  cloud larger charge and smaller size of ions gives rise to a larger charge density.@" Y:M  ^ !\ 61 8[ N 7\ C &Ametal2PXN 8\ C &Ametal3Iy :\ T\f?   XKelvin 2  ;\ 05< '  *The electron cloud in magnesium is denser than in sodium so more energy is required to separate the  ions &k@j k  <\ 0f+T * SODIUM MAGNESIUM&+@*  + B \ s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 (Dl -( w ldB l <D)P0Q l 0Pp@ 0 0dB l@ <D)PXP l 0X0@ 0 0 l 0tq~ [ MELTING POINT2(2 ffdB  l <Do %$ dB l <Do + GL  i  l# 0% 2N u M  l  i fB l 6DjJx x fB l 6DjJu M N J   l   N J *  l J * fB l 6DjJJ J  fB l 6DjJ: :  fB l 6DjJ* * N J *  l   fB l 6DjJJ J  fB l 6DjJ: :  fB l 6DjJ* * fB l 6DjJ  fB l 6DjJ  ' l 0t} ^  9Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar$: 29 >X  l 0i 0 X "l 0 L1 X #l 0I N dB 'l <DjJa ( a dB (l <DjJ  + dB )l <DjJ  + dB *l <DjJ) . )dB +l <DjJ + dB ,l <DjJI . I -l 68  1 ,3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0P0n2 20n2 20n2- dB /l <Do  3 T 0l C ASi"`T? ? 6l 0̒'c Boiling and melting points are a measure of the energy required to separate the particles in a substance. Bond type is significant.,H   7l 0`"`)z  tNon-metals Si-Ar SILICON Large increase in melting point as it has a giant molecular structure like diamond A lot of energy is required to break the many covalent bonds holding the atoms together.b@f&    X !l 0 8[  9l T?   XKelvin 2 B l s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0 '9p(  pdB p <D)P0Q p 0Pp@ 0 0dB p@ <D)PXP p 0X0@ 0 0 p 0<q~ [ MELTING POINT2(2 ffdB p <Do + GL  i  p# 0% 2N u M  p  i fB p 6DjJx x fB p 6DjJu M N J   p   N J *  p J * fB p 6DjJJ J  fB p 6DjJ: :  fB p 6DjJ* * N J *  p   fB p 6DjJJ J  fB p 6DjJ: :  fB p 6DjJ* * fB p 6DjJ  fB p 6DjJ  ' p 0 ^  9Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar$: 29 >X  p 0i 0 X #p 0I N dB 'p <DjJa ( a dB (p <DjJ  + dB )p <DjJ  + dB *p <DjJ) . )dB +p <DjJ + dB ,p <DjJI . I -p 6  1 ,3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0P0n2 20n2 20n2- dB /p <Do  3 ? 5p 0@Ɓ'c Boiling and melting points are a measure of the energy required to separate the particles in a substance. Bond type is significant.,H   6p 0́"`)Y  NP, S, Cl, Ar Very much lower melting points as they are simple covalent molecules Melting point depends on the weak intermolecular van der Waals forces. The larger the molecule the greater the van der Waals forces P4 S8 Cl2 relative mass 124 256 71 melting point 44C 119C -101C @w@ ff ff fffUf    |    7     ^B 7p 6Do %$ X "p 0 L1 X !p 0 8[  9p T?   XKelvin 2 B p s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 *-}( w dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0@q~ [ MELTING POINT2(2 ff^B   6Doo 4* ^B   6Do + GL  i   # 0% 2N u M     i fB   6DjJx x fB  6DjJu M N J      N J *   J * fB  6DjJJ J  fB  6DjJ: :  fB  6DjJ* * N J *     fB  6DjJJ J  fB  6DjJ: :  fB  6DjJ* * fB  6DjJ  fB  6DjJ  '  0 ^  9Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar$: 29 >R  s *i 0 R  s *I N R  s * V ^B  6DjJa ( a ^B  6DjJ  + ^B   6DjJ  + ^B ! 6DjJ) . )^B " 6DjJ + ^B # 6DjJI . I $ 0D  1 ,3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0P0n2 20n2 20n2- ^B % 6Do  3 F & C A P4?.I ? ' 0'c Boiling and melting points are a measure of the energy required to separate the particles in a substance. Bond type is significant.,H   ( 0`)  tPHOSPHORUS can exist is several allotropic forms. In red phosphorus, each molecule exists in a tetrahedral structure. The atoms are joined by covalent bonds within the molecule formula P4 relative mass 124 melting point 44C Melting point drops dramatically as intermolecular attractions are now due to weak van der Waals forces.t@ fV R @<      ^B ) 6Do %$ R * s * L1 R + s * 8[  - T?   XKelvin 2 B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 ,8U(  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0t q~ [ MELTING POINT2(2 ff^B   6Doo 4* ^B   6Do 'J ^B   6Do + GL  i  # 0% 2N u M    i fB  6DjJx x fB  6DjJu M N J      N J *   J * fB  6DjJJ J  fB  6DjJ: :  fB  6DjJ* * N J *     fB  6DjJJ J  fB  6DjJ: :  fB  6DjJ* * fB  6DjJ  fB  6DjJ  '  0) ^  9Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar$: 29 >R  s *i 0 R   s *I N R ! s * V R " s *w .v ^B $ 6DjJa ( a ^B % 6DjJ  + ^B & 6DjJ  + ^B ' 6DjJ) . )^B ( 6DjJ + ^B ) 6DjJI . I * 03  1 ,3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0P0n2 20n2 20n2- ^B , 6Do  3 F . C AS8[ ? 2 0?'c Boiling and melting points are a measure of the energy required to separate the particles in a substance. Bond type is significant.,H  ^B 4 6Do %$ R 5 s * L1 R  s * 8[  6 00H)  SULPHUR can exist is several allotropic forms. Molecule can exist in a puckered eight membered ring structure. The atoms are joined by covalent bonds within the molecule formula S8 relative mass 256 melting point 119C Melting point rises slightly as the molecule is bigger so has slightly stronger van der Waals forces. t@f@Q ZW         8 TPU?   XKelvin 2 B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 .<[( w dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0fq~ [ MELTING POINT2(2 ff^B   6Doo 4* ^B   6Do 'J ^B   6Do + GL  i  # 0% 2N u M    i fB  6DjJx x fB  6DjJu M N J      N J *   J * fB  6DjJJ J  fB  6DjJ: :  fB  6DjJ* * N J *     fB  6DjJJ J  fB  6DjJ: :  fB  6DjJ* * fB  6DjJ  fB  6DjJ  '  0o ^  9Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar$: 29 >R  s *i 0 R   s *I N R ! s * V ^B $ 6DjJa ( a ^B % 6DjJ  + ^B & 6DjJ  + ^B ' 6DjJ) . )^B ( 6DjJ + ^B ) 6DjJI . I * 0  1 ,3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0P0n2 20n2 20n2- ^B , 6Do  3 H 1 C A Cl2D? 2 0'c Boiling and melting points are a measure of the energy required to separate the particles in a substance. Bond type is significant.,H  ^B 4 6Do %$ R 5 s * L1 R  s * 8[ 0 6 0) B  CHLORINE Exists as a linear diatomic molecule. The atoms are joined by covalent bonds within the molecule formula Cl2 relative mass 71 melting point -101C Melting point falls slightly as the molecule is smaller so has slightly lower van der Waals forces.Tm@ fo @      ^B 9 6Do YDj R : s *A a R " s *w .v  < T}?   XKelvin 2 B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +3 0L0 B:0? ( w dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0Ȥq~ [ MELTING POINT2(2 ffF / C AAR$)? 2 04'c Boiling and melting points are a measure of the energy required to separate the particles in a substance. Bond type is significant.,H  dB   <Doo 4* dB   <Do 'J dB   <Do + GL  i  # 0% 2N u M    i fB  6DjJx x fB  6DjJu M N J      N J *   J * fB  6DjJJ J  fB  6DjJ: :  fB  6DjJ* * N J *     fB  6DjJJ J  fB  6DjJ: :  fB  6DjJ* * fB  6DjJ  fB  6DjJ  '  0 ^  9Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar$: 29 >X  0i 0 X   0I N X ! 0 V dB $ <DjJa ( a dB % <DjJ  + dB & <DjJ  + dB ' <DjJ) . )dB ( <DjJ + dB ) <DjJI . I * 68  1 ,3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0P0n2 20n2 20n2- dB , <Do  3 dB 4 <Do %$ X 5 0 L1 X  0 8[ s 8 0hĄ) @  uARGON Exists as a monatomic species. formula Ar relative mass 40 melting point -189 C Melting point falls.T'O@f- C&0  D ^B 9 6Doc W] R : s *y Y ^B ; 6Do Q<b R < s *9 Y X " 0w .v  ? Tτ?   XKelvin 2 B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +R  0L0 a Y Ud ( w ddB d <D)P0Q d 0Pp@ 0 0dB d@ <D)PXP d 0X0@ 0 0 d 0؄q~ n MELTING POINT TREND - NON METALS2!(2 ffF 1d C AS8aE  F 2d C AAR _PzF 3d C A P4! nH 4d C A Cl2! 7N vB 6d N DԔ?I$^ vB 7d N DԔ?= ^  vB 8d N DԔ?= x  vB 9d N DԔ?   ;d 0Xf { P4 S8 Cl2 Ar relative mass 124 256 71 40 melting point / K 317 392 172 84@     &4  | p2 d H 1? > p2 ?d H 1? Y2 p2 @d H 1? OUT Kd C ASi"`1WWB d s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0 0BX@"(  XdB X <D)P0Q X 0Pp@ 0 0dB X@ <D)PXP X 0X0@ 0 0GL  i  WX# 0% 2N u M  XX  i fB YX 6DjJx x fB ZX 6DjJu M N J   [X   N J *  \X J * fB ]X 6DjJJ J  fB ^X 6DjJ: :  fB _X 6DjJ* * N J *  `X   fB aX 6DjJJ J  fB bX 6DjJ: :  fB cX 6DjJ* * fB dX 6DjJ  fB eX 6DjJ  ' fX 0p ^  9Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar$: 29 >dB mX <DjJa ( a dB nX <DjJ  + dB oX <DjJ  + dB pX <DjJ) . )dB qX <DjJ + dB rX <DjJI . I sX 6  1 ,3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0P0n2 20n2 20n2- dB uX <Do  3 dB RX <Doo 4* dB TX <Do 'J dB VX <Do + X gX 0i 0 X hX 0 8[ X iX 0I N X jX 0 V X kX 0w .v dB vX <Do %$ X wX 0 L1 F  {pP  |X k p@ XN  K6  }X  K6 fB ~X 6Do+ /h fB X 6DoV + fB X 6Do0 K6 fB X 6DoU fB X 6Do!fB X 6Do , fB X 6Do +  fN  {pP  X  {pP ZR X s * [ 0 ZR X s * 0H ZR X s *{@ZR X s *HZR X s *# P ZR X s * h ZR X s *s h ZR X s * pP  X 0) c  =Boiling points tend to be a better measure and show better trends because solids can be affected by the crystal structure as well as the type of bonding. As is expected, the boiling points are higher than the melting points.,@f  ^B X 6Dok _e R X s * a ^B X 6Do YDj R X s *A a R X s *w .v  X T?   XKelvin 2  X 0 q~ [ BOILING POINT2(2 ff? X 0$'c Boiling and melting points are a measure of the energy required to separate the particles in a substance. Bond type is significant.,H  B X s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0   @ q (    02 JREVISION CHECK (2f  07 ZWhat should you be able to do? (2   0<H  SRecall and explain the trend in electronic configuration across Period 3 Recall and explain the trend in atomic radius across Period 3 Recall and explain the trend in 1st Ionisation Energy across Period 3 Recall and explain the trend in atomic radius across Period 3 Recall and explain the trend in electronegativity across Period 3 Recall and explain the trend in electrical conductivity of the elements in Period 3 Recall and explain the trend in melting and boiling points of the elements in Period 3   2f7ff,ff4ff,ff0ffCffEff, v   0P   ~,CAN YOU DO ALL OF THESE? YES NO6- 2!    0 H @P 0 0   0f h @U 0 0dB   <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  <̙? x @> 0 0H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 P ;(  9  0a  YYou need to go over the relevant topic(s) again Click on the button to return to the menudG(282/$f f) f  s * x  P @S 0 0dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP   0X0@ 0 0H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 ` D(    0gxK (WELL DONE! Try some past paper questions@)(2 <fffdB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB  @ <D)PXP   0X0@ 0 0H  0޽h ? ̙33 0L0 p @((   X @dB  @@ <D)PXP @ 0X0@ 0 0 @ <̙? x @D 0 0 @ 0tx m h. 2008 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING/(2/ f @ 0z &AN INTRODUCTION TO PERIODICITY THE ENDd'(2 f 0f<fffJ  @ C "A KTREF : H @ 0޽h ? ̙33r@+!6y'c nou ;10NAH\0ygCI0B X6`n'abPCbDm H zdldGWQ>~Oh+'0T hp   No Slide TitleHOPTONJONATHAN HOPTON672Microsoft PowerPoint@06@@hNx@p<J GSg  )'    """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3ff333f333333333f33333333f33f3ff3f3f3f3333f33̙33333f333333f3333f3ffffff3f33ff3f3f3f3fff3ffffffffff3ffff̙fff3fffff3fff333f3f3ff3ff33f̙̙3̙ff̙̙̙3f̙3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3f3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3ffffffffff!___www4'A x(xKʦ 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