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S  0 ``  X*  0@ `   Z*  0 `   Z*z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33 Default Design 0 zr@ ( )   0( P    P*    0      R*  d  c $ ?    04  @  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  6 `P   P*    6 `   R*  H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10. 0X(   $+ X X 0 P    X*  X 0     Z*  X 6 `P   X*  X 6X `   Z* H X 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.1 0L0 P+G(    0׎ f*MUDDLE YOUR WAY THROUGH ORGANIC MECHANISMS +(2+*fJ  C "A KTRE: . " <̙? x @ 0 0 ( <̙? x @L 0 0 ) 0ݎx m OKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING(2 f * 0X A VERY BRIEF INTRODUCTIONP(233<3 + 0,"`>B u2008 SPECIFICATIONS2(2$   B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0 ` (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0H   0@* INTRODUCTION This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected topics at AS and A2 level Chemistry. It is based on the requirements of the AQA and OCR specifications but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes or it may be used for classroom teaching if an interactive white board is available. Accompanying notes on this, and a full range of AS and A2 topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at... www.knockhardy.org.uk/sci.htm Navigation is achieved by... either clicking any grey arrows at the foot of each page or using the left and right arrow keys on the keyboard (2 2(2 2   45, dB   <D?     0O{0P( OKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING(2    0SXx \"MUDDLE YOUR WAY THROUGH MECHANISMS#(2#fB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 -%.(  R  C *A+mmfrhapgY R # C *A3mmnuhapgY nR & C *A6mmelhapgY ( 0PZ NMEET THE ATTACKERS (2f . 0^ _Press the space bar(2  B  s *޽h ? ̙33WO___PPT10/+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DU' =4@BBBB%()?)?D'  =.a7 BBBBBoM -3.61111E-6 3.17919E-6 C -0.00781 0.11375 -0.01562 0.22774 -0.08645 0.3015 C -0.15711 0.37503 -0.35816 0.3993 -0.42465 0.44208 C -0.49114 0.48462 -0.47586 0.53826 -0.48593 0.55768 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=D0BB aaaApBB9{BĎ><*#)?+ 0L0 "(  R  C *A+mmfrhapgY R  C *A6mmelhapgY   0\h NMEET THE ATTACKERS (2f`   C *A3mmnuhapg"`     `@mG[HY_))? Q0  @    0xp,Q  ^I AM A NUCLEOPHILE I HAVE A LONE PAIR WHICH I CAN USE TO FORM A NEW BOND. I ATTACK ELECTRON DEFICIENT AREAS (those with a + or d+) !  !Tfff  B  s *޽h ?  ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 % (  R  C *A+mmfrhapgY R  C *A3mmnuhapgY nR  C *A6mmelhapgY   0  NMEET THE ATTACKERS (2f   0 _Press the space bar(2  B  s *޽h ? ̙33G?___PPT10+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DE' =4@BBBB%()?)?D' =.a7 BBBBBoM -3.05556E-6 3.17919E-6 C -0.00173 0.03052 0.01042 0.13017 -0.01007 0.18335 C -0.03055 0.23653 -0.10173 0.25711 -0.12274 0.31861 C -0.14375 0.38011 -0.13368 0.50335 -0.13646 0.5519 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=D0BB aaaapBBB:><*+ 0L0  (  R  C *A+mmfrhapgY R  C *A3mmnuhapgY n   0 NMEET THE ATTACKERS (2f`   C *A6mmelhapg"` f    `TG[HY_))? }?   @    0? c  =oI AM AN ELECTROPHILE I HAVE A + CHARGE or a d+ CHARGE. I ATTACK ELECTRON RICH AREAS SUCH AS C=C DOUBLE BONDS.p !  ffff9 p B  s *޽h ?  ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 %(  R  C *A+mmfrhapgY R  C *A6mmelhapgY   0`Ñ NMEET THE ATTACKERS (2fR   C *A3mmnuhapgY n  0ɑ _Press the space bar(2  B  s *޽h ? ̙33A9___PPT10+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D?' =4@BBBB%()?)?D' =.[7 BBBBBiM 3.61111E-6 3.17919E-6 C 0.00434 0.0756 0.02378 0.15075 -0.02066 0.19884 C -0.06511 0.24693 -0.21702 0.22959 -0.2665 0.28901 C -0.31598 0.34844 -0.30677 0.49988 -0.31736 0.55537 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=D0BB aaaapBBffB-><*+ 0L0   (   dB   <D)P0Q   0Pp@ 0 0dB  @ <D)PXP   0X0@ 0 0R   C *A6mmelhapgY   0Б NMEET THE ATTACKERS (2fR   C *A3mmnuhapgY n`   C *A+mmfrhapg"` xx    `ՑG[HY_))? e  @    0ّK  AND I AM A FREE RADICAL I HAVE AN UNPAIRED ELECTRON WHICH I WANT TO PAIR UP. I AM VERY REACTIVE AND DON T MIND WHERE I ATTACK& WATCH OUT!b  ! !W  B   s *޽h ?  ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +q 0L0 x%(    0J0X :THE BONDING IN A MOLECULE INFLUENCES WHAT WILL ATTACK IT 89@9! ; dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0 % 0 LWHO IS ATTACKED? (2fB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +$ 0L0 3+   (       0J0 CTHE BONDING IN A MOLECULE INFLUENCES WHAT WILL ATTACK IT SINGLE 89 @9!  D dB   <D)P0Q   0Pp@ 0 0dB  @ <D)PXP   0X0@ 0 0H   C A.C-CT dR   0@D 4 A typical covalent bond with one shared pair  nothing to tempt an attacking speciesU@U U    0hD LWHO IS ATTACKED? (2fB   s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 0 $K(  $5 $ 0DJ0 MTHE BONDING IN A MOLECULE INFLUENCES WHAT WILL ATTACK IT SINGLE MULTIPLE X9@9!  N dB $ <D)P0Q $ 0Pp@ 0 0dB $@ <D)PXP $ 0X0@ 0 0H $ C A,C=CT V  $ 0'D 4 A typical covalent bond with one shared pair  nothing to tempt an attacking speciesU@U U L  $ 00-D   Bond has twice as many electrons  species which like electrons will be attractedR@R R  $ 081D LWHO IS ATTACKED? (2fB $ s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0 @ (~(  (c ( 0ܠJ0  [THE BONDING IN A MOLECULE INFLUENCES WHAT WILL ATTACK IT SINGLE MULTIPLE NON-POLAR x9#@9!  \ dB ( <D)P0Q ( 0Pp@ 0 0dB (@ <D)PXP ( 0X0@ 0 0H  ( C A.C-CL T V  ( 0@D 4 A typical covalent bond with one shared pair  nothing to tempt an attacking speciesU@U U P  ( 0DD   Bond has twice as many electrons  species which like electrons will be attractedR@R R   ( 0IDY   OSimilar atoms have an equal attraction for the shared pair of the covalent bondP@P P  ( 0MD LWHO IS ATTACKED? (2fB ( s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0   P , (  , , 0RDJ0g  )aTHE BONDING IN A MOLECULE INFLUENCES WHAT WILL ATTACK IT SINGLE MULTIPLE NON-POLAR POLAR9)@9!    b dB , <D)P0Q , 0Pp@ 0 0dB ,@ <D)PXP , 0X0@ 0 0J  , C "A/ C-Cl \ V  , 0x`D 4 A typical covalent bond with one shared pair  nothing to tempt an attacking speciesU@U U P  , 0dD   Bond has twice as many electrons  species which like electrons will be attractedR@R R   , 0HiDY   OSimilar atoms have an equal attraction for the shared pair of the covalent bondP@P P 8 , 0PmD P ZAtoms have different electronegativities and the shared pair will be attracted more to one end  species known as nucleophiles will be attracted to the slightly positive end@@  J   0  , 0\tD LWHO IS ATTACKED? (2f , 0`xD 0   \d+ d- 2!  B , s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0   `02 (  0) 0 0XpDJ0g  aTHE BONDING IN A MOLECULE INFLUENCES WHAT WILL ATTACK IT SINGLE MULTIPLE NON-POLAR POLAR89)@9!) b dB 0 <D)P0Q 0 0Pp@ 0 0dB 0@ <D)PXP 0 0X0@ 0 0H 0 C A,C=CT H 0 C A.C-CT dJ  0 C "A/ C-Cl \ H  0 C A.C-CL T R  0 0tD 4 A typical covalent bond with one shared pair  nothing to tempt an attacking speciesU@U U L  0 0D   Bond has twice as many electrons  species which like electrons will be attractedR@R R   0 0DY   OSimilar atoms have an equal attraction for the shared pair of the covalent bondP@P P 8 0 0LD P ZAtoms have different electronegativities and the shared pair will be attracted more to one end  species known as nucleophiles will be attracted to the slightly positive end@@  J   0  0 0D LWHO IS ATTACKED? (2f 0 0 2  B !3  & D3 2  B#!3-  & D3 ZB  s *D>  `B B 0Df> `B  0Df>4    0('4  Y lone pair H f  `B  0Df>> \  0 + ]more lone pairs@f  B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 ,$p+@(  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0d2lzf ~0NUCLEOPHILES:- possess a lone pair of electrons1@1! 1   0d7 PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f 8 z >z  0X;z  [ HYDROXIDE ION@f    0?1 ]negative charge@f    0Cx  PH O 20  N   &    2  <>!3  & D3 2  <J!3-  & D3 ZB  s *D)$ p N   &   M 2  <P!3  & D3 2  <T!3-  & D3 T   & # Z @> 2  B W!3  & D3 2  B`[!3-  & D3 ZB   s *D>  `B !B 0Df> `B " 0Df>4   # 0^4  Y lone pair H f  `B $ 0Df>> \ % 0b ]more lone pairs@f   & 0f z  ^AMMONIA MOLECULE@f  V ' 0hjJ K8 Nucleophiles don t need to have negative charge& BUT they must have a lone pairP@P  D 8 P6 S ?6 + \S`B 4B 0Df> ,  8 0Hok5 /  W lone pair @ f   ; 0s 6 T =  KH 20  @  L  =P  S ( 0w   OH N 20  ZB , s *D)   T   & 0# Z G u 2 1 B@{!3  & D3 2 2 B(!3-  & D3 `B 9 0ZD)A L A [ `B : 0ZD)? ?  < 0T~   KH 20   @ VAParchmentS" ?!X0B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 *+@(  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0Dlzf ~0NUCLEOPHILES:- possess a lone pair of electrons1@1! 1   0 PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f F z  z   0dz  [ HYDROXIDE ION@f     01 ]negative charge@f     0ȝx  PH O 20  N   &     2   <!3  & D3 2  <!3-  & D3 ZB  s *D)$ p N   &   M 2  <X!3  & D3 2  <!3-  & D3 T   & # Z @> 2  Bİ!3  & D3 2  B!3-  & D3 ZB  s *D>  `B B 0Df> `B  0Df>4    0d4  Y lone pair H f  `B  0Df>> \  0 ]more lone pairs@f    0L z  ^AMMONIA MOLECULE@f  V  0 J K8 Nucleophiles don t need to have negative charge& BUT they must have a lone pairP@P  D 2F P6 S  6 + \S`B B 0Df> ,    0k5 /  W lone pair @ f   ! 0d 6 T =  KH 20  N  L  " P  S # 0|   OH N 20  ZB $ s *D)   T   & %# Z G u 2 & B!3  & D3 2 ' B!3-  & D3 `B ( 0ZD)A L A [ `B ) 0ZD)? ?  * 0~   KH 20  B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +f 0L0 um/0 (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0lzf 1ELECTROPHILES:- attract a lone pair of electrons2@2! 2   0 PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2fB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0(lzf 1ELECTROPHILES:- attract a lone pair of electrons2@2! 2   0x PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  0Dz Z HYDROGEN ION @ f     0;  KH 20     0<J0 ]There are no electrons in the outer shell of hydrogen so it has space to accept two electrons^@^ ^ F  \     } ZB  s *D>   `B  0D>; ; \ B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +? 0L0 N F  (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0(lzf 1ELECTROPHILES:- attract a lone pair of electrons2@2! 2   0h PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  0z Z HYDROGEN ION @ f     0L;  KH 20     0 J0 ]There are no electrons in the outer shell of hydrogen so it has space to accept two electrons^@^ ^    0$ zW  `HYDROGEN CHLORIDE @f     0t(b J  Acontains a POLAR BOND; the d+ end will attract the electron pair 6B@% B F  \     } ZB  s *D>   `B  0D>; ; \ F  M     N      F M   0.   vH Cl& 200&   ZB  s *D)> M   03   Z d+ d- 2 !    VAParchmentS" ?!X0B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0   8 (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0(<lzf 1ELECTROPHILES:- attract a lone pair of electrons2@2! 2   0? PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  0LDz Z HYDROGEN ION @ f     0H;  KH 20     0FJ0 ]There are no electrons in the outer shell of hydrogen so it has space to accept two electrons^@^ ^    0O zW  `HYDROGEN CHLORIDE @f     0Rb J  Acontains a POLAR BOND; the d+ end will attract the electron pair 6B@% B F  \     } ZB  s *D>   `B  0D>; ; \ F  M     N      F M   0\Z   vH Cl& 200&   ZB  s *D)> M   0_   Z d+ d- 2 !  B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +1 0L0 @8`&'(  V  C .A arrow3redgNC dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0g PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  0`ls mWhen moving electrons about, it is essential to check that the charges on the reactants and products balance.n@n n    0qlzf z* BALANCING THE BOOKS  H!     0Tv>  NH O 2$  XB  @ 0Df> | L  g   # 8 2  Bz!3"`   D3 2  Bt~!3"`! g  D3   0@{;  V H C C Br 2 $    08 i  KH 2$    0䉁 Ox  I3 2    0 a |  KH 2$    0 (  XH C C O H 2$    0#p KH 2$    00 V  I3 2    0䝁 h  KH 2$  XB @ 0Df>    0 F LBr 2$  XB  0D) H XB  0D) l XB  0D) 8 XB  0D) } XB  0D) 0 XB  0D) ? ^B   6ZD)  ) ^B ! 6ZD)j   ^B " 6ZD)3 ^B # 6ZD)t   XB $ 0D) d   % 0{  \d+ d- 2f  V & C .A arrow4redgu  + ' 0y 3 MThis is the basic mechanism for the nucleophilic substitution of bromoethane.N@N@$       B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 0&` (  V Q C .A arrow3redgNC dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0 PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  0ts mWhen moving electrons about, it is essential to check that the charges on the reactants and products balance.n@n n    08lzf z* BALANCING THE BOOKS  H!     0Á>  NH O 2$  XB  @ 0Df> | L  g   # 8 2  Bǁ!3"`   D3 2  Bˁ!3"`! g  D3   0ρ{;  V H C C Br 2 $    0Ӂ i  KH 2$    0ׁ Ox  I3 2     0@ہ a |  KH 2$   * 0ށ (  XH C C O H 2$   - 0#p KH 2$   . 0 V  I3 2   1 0 h  KH 2$  ^B 5@ 6Df>   @ 6 F LBr 2$  XB J 0D) H XB R 0D) l XB S 0D) 8 XB T 0D) } XB U 0D) 0 XB V 0D) ? ^B W 6ZD)  ) ^B X 6ZD)j   ^B Z 6ZD)3 ^B [ 6ZD)t   XB ] 0D) d   ^ 0{  \d+ d- 2f  V _ C .A arrow4redgu  i ` 0y  This is the basic mechanism for the nucleophilic substitution of bromoethane. To see how it works, it helps to show the electrons involved.@@$      @ B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +7 0L0 66PNX)6(  V W C .A arrow3redgNC dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0\ PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  0l s mWhen moving electrons about, it is essential to check that the charges on the reactants and products balance.n@n n    0tlzf z* BALANCING THE BOOKS  H!     0@>  NH O 2$  XB  @ 0Df> | L  g   # 8 2  B(!3"`   D3 2  B!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # J  2  B!3"`   D3 2  BT"!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # Zf ! 2  HT&!3"`   D3 2  H*!3"`! g  D3   0 .{;  V H C C Br 2 $  2  B1f33"`  D3 2  BX6ff3"` _   Df3 L  g  # c  * 2  Bd:3f3"`   D3 2  B(>3f3"`! g  D3   0@ i  KH 2$    0DE Ox  I3 2  2  BHf33"`   D3 2  BMff3"`  _  Df3    0hP a |  KH 2$  2 ! BTf33"` A  D3 2 " BYf3"`q A  Df3 2 # B]3f3"` '  D3 2 $ BLaf3"`y  Df3 L  g  %# | [ 2 & B_3f3"`   D3 2 ' Bg3f3"`! g  D3 2 ( Bl3f3"` '  D3 2 ) BLo3f"`y  Df3  * 00s (  XH C C O H 2$  2 + Blwf33"`  D3 2 , B{ff3"` f  Df3  - 0~#p KH 2$   . 0l V  I3 2  2 / BԆf33"`   D3 2 0 Bff3"` f  Df3  1 0L h  KH 2$  2 2 Bf33"` H"  D3 2 3 Bpf3"`t H  Df3 F B t 2 4  e`B 5B 0Df>  T  g  6#  t  2 7 B3f3"`   D3 2 8 B3f3"`! g  D3 2 9 BT3f3"`B i  D3 2 : B8f3"`B  G  Df3 T  g  ;#  22 < B83f3"`   D3 2 = B3f3"`! g  D3 2 > BH3f3"`*i p  D3 2 ? B3f"`* pG  Df3  @ 0  b LBr 2$  L  g  A#  |*M 2 B B!3"`   D3 2 C B!3"`! g  D3 L  g  D# _ |* 2 E B!3"`   D3 2 F BLƒ!3"`! g  D3 L  g  G# Z{ ) 2 H H(˃!3"`   D3 2 I H(σ!3"`! g  D3 2 J NZP҃!3"`h u  D3 2 K NZ ׃3"` u  D3 2 L NZك!3"`s z  D3 2 M NZރ3"` z!  D3 XB R@ 0Df> | V X C .A arrow4redg  B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 Pa(  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0 PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  0s mWhen moving electrons about, it is essential to check that the charges on the reactants and products balance.n@n n   0lzf z* BALANCING THE BOOKS  H!     0>  NH O 2$  XB  @ 0Df> | L  g   # 8 2   B!3"`   D3 2   B0!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # J  2  B!3"`   D3 2  Bl!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # Zf ! 2  H !3"`   D3 2  H !3"`! g  D3 2 H NZ`!3"`h u  D3 2 I NZ3"` u  D3 XB L@ 0Df> |   P 0 |s 2 ,The hydroxide ion has a  ive charge, The oxygen has eight electrons in its outer shell. Because it has a lone pair, the ion will act as a nucleophile@@  n    B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +! 0L0 "  ,R(  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0L  PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  0\%s mWhen moving electrons about, it is essential to check that the charges on the reactants and products balance.n@n n   0d*lzf z* BALANCING THE BOOKS  H!     00.>  NH O 2$  XB  @ 0Df> | L  g   # 8 2   B2!3"`   D3 2   B6!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # J  2  B4!3"`   D3 2  BD=!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # Zf ! 2  HA!3"`   D3 2  HE!3"`! g  D3   0\H{;  V H C C Br 2 $  2  B$Lf33"`  D3 2  BPff3"` _   Df3 L  g  # c  * 2  BN3f3"`   D3 2  BhW3f3"`! g  D3   0h[ i  KH 2$    0^ Ox  I3 2  2  Bxbf33"`   D3 2  B4gff3"`  _  Df3   0i a |  KH 2$  2  Bnf33"` A  D3 2   Brf3"`q A  Df3 2 ! Blu3f3"` '  D3 2 " B(zf3"`y  Df3 L  g  ## | [ 2 $ Bw3f3"`   D3 2 % B3f3"`! g  D3 2 & Bl3f3"` '  D3 2 ' B(3f"`y  Df3 2 H NZ\!3"`h u  D3 2 I NZ3"` u  D3 XB L@ 0Df> |  Q 0 * hIn bromoethane, C2H5Br, the C-Br bond is polar because the electronegativity of Br is greater than C. It will susceptible to attack by nucleophiles.V@  Z   -  ;     R 0#  \d+ d- 2f  B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0 --(  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0p PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  0ss mWhen moving electrons about, it is essential to check that the charges on the reactants and products balance.n@n n   0,lzf z* BALANCING THE BOOKS  H!     0>  NH O 2$  XB  @ 0Df> | L  g   # 8 2   Bຄ!3"`   D3 2   BDa!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # J  2  B(Ä!3"`   D3 2  B0Ƅ!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # Zf ! 2  H!3"`   D3 2  H΄!3"`! g  D3   0ф{;  V H C C Br 2 $  2  B,քf33"`  D3 2  Bلff3"` _   Df3 L  g  # c  * 2  B݄3f3"`   D3 2  Bd3f3"`! g  D3   0  i  KH 2$    0 Ox  I3 2  2  Bf33"`   D3 2  Bff3"`  _  Df3   0 a |  KH 2$  2  Bf33"` A  D3 2   B<f3"`q A  Df3 2 ! B3f3"` '  D3 2 " Blf3"`y  Df3 L  g  ## | [ 2 $ B 3f3"`   D3 2 % B 3f3"`! g  D3 2 & BP3f3"` '  D3 2 ' B3f"`y  Df3 2 ( NZ!3"`h u  D3 2 ) NZ3"` u  D3 XB *@ 0Df> | = + 0" *J _A pair of electrons moves from th hydroxide ion to the slightly positive carbon in bromoethane.`@`@  2     , 00'#  \d+ d- 2f  V - C .A arrow3redgNC B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0 --K(  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0p6 PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  09s mWhen moving electrons about, it is essential to check that the charges on the reactants and products balance.n@n n   0>lzf z* BALANCING THE BOOKS  H!     0@>  NH O 2$  XB  @ 0Df> | L  g   # 8 2   BE!3"`   D3 2   B8I!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # J  2  BL!3"`   D3 2  B Q!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # Zf ! 2  HT!3"`   D3 2  H8Y!3"`! g  D3   0<]{;  V H C C Br 2 $  2  Bx`f33"`  D3 2  Bdff3"` _   Df3 L  g  # c  * 2  BPi3f3"`   D3 2  Bl3f3"`! g  D3   0p i  KH 2$    0t Ox  I3 2  2  Byf33"`   D3 2  B}ff3"`  _  Df3   0D a |  KH 2$  2  B<f33"` A  D3 2   Bf3"`q A  Df3 2 ! BT3f3"` '  D3 2 " Bf3"`y  Df3 L  g  ## | [ 2 $ BX3f3"`   D3 2 % B3f3"`! g  D3 2 & Bl3f3"` '  D3 2 ' B3f"`y  Df3 2 ( NZ̦!3"`h u  D3 2 ) NZ3"` u  D3 XB *@ 0Df> |  + 0 *J SCarbon has a full outer shell of eight electrons so as two come in, two must leave.T@T T  , 0ȱ#  \d+ d- 2f  V - C .A arrow3redgNC B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +2  0L0 A9-/(  P . C (A arrow3gO> dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0 PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  00Ňs mWhen moving electrons about, it is essential to check that the charges on the reactants and products balance.n@n n   0ɇlzf z* BALANCING THE BOOKS  H!     0\̇>  NH O 2$  XB  @ 0Df> | L  g   # 8 2   BlЇ!3"`   D3 2   BxӇ!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # J  2  B4ׇ!3"`   D3 2  BՇ!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # Zf ! 2  H0!3"`   D3 2  H߇!3"`! g  D3   0P{;  V H C C Br 2 $  2  Bf33"`  D3 2  B4ff3"` _   Df3 L  g  # c  * 2  B3f3"`   D3 2  B 3f3"`! g  D3   0 i  KH 2$    0P Ox  I3 2  2  Bf33"`   D3 2  B ff3"`  _  Df3   0X a |  KH 2$  2  Bf33"` A  D3 2   Bxf3"`q A  Df3 2 ! B43f3"` '  D3 2 " BHf3"`y  Df3 L  g  ## | [ 2 $ B#3f3"`   D3 2 % B (3f3"`! g  D3 2 & B+3f3"` '  D3 2 ' B 3f"`y  Df3 2 ( NZ(1!3"`h u  D3 2 ) NZ|43"` u  D3 XB *@ 0Df> |  + 08 *J KThe C-Br bond breaks as the shared pair of electrons move onto the bromine.L@L L V / C .A arrow4redg  B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +(7 0L0 76/6MP5(  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0@ PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  0Ps mWhen moving electrons about, it is essential to check that the charges on the reactants and products balance.n@n n   0Xlzf z* BALANCING THE BOOKS  H!     0D>  NH O 2$  XB  @ 0Df> | L  g   # 8 2   B!3"`   D3 2   Bx !3"`! g  D3 L  g  # J  2  B !3"`   D3 2  Bd!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # Zf ! 2  H!3"`   D3 2  H!3"`! g  D3   0H{;  V H C C Br 2 $  2  Bf33"`  D3 2  B"ff3"` _   Df3 L  g  # c  * 2  B&3f3"`   D3 2  B*3f3"`! g  D3   0. i  KH 2$    0/ Ox  I3 2  2  B4f33"`   D3 2  B7ff3"`  _  Df3   0 ; a |  KH 2$  2  Bh@f33"` A  D3 2   B Df3"`q A  Df3 2 ! BF3f3"` '  D3 2 " BLf3"`y  Df3 L  g  ## | [ 2 $ B\P3f3"`   D3 2 % BS3f3"`! g  D3 2 & BW3f3"` '  D3 2 ' BZ3f"`y  Df3  ( 0= (  XH C C O H 2$  2 ) Baf33"`  D3 2 * BLfff3"` f  Df3  + 0i#p KH 2$   , 0m V  I3 2  2 - Bpf33"`   D3 2 . B`tff3"` f  Df3  / 0w h  KH 2$  2 0 B{f33"` H"  D3 2 1 B\f3"`t H  Df3 F B t 2 2  e`B 3B 0Df>  T  g  4#  t  2 5 B3f3"`   D3 2 6 B 3f3"`! g  D3 2 7 B3f3"`B i  D3 2 8 Bf3"`B  G  Df3 T  g  9#  22 : B3f3"`   D3 2 ; B3f3"`! g  D3 2 < B3f3"`*i p  D3 2 = Bl3f"`* pG  Df3  > 0  b LBr 2$  L  g  ?#  |*M 2 @ BX!3"`   D3 2 A Bԩ!3"`! g  D3 L  g  B# _ |* 2 C B !3"`   D3 2 D B!3"`! g  D3 L  g  E# Z{ ) 2 F HL!3"`   D3 2 G HX!3"`! g  D3 2 H NZ@!3"`h u  D3 2 I NZ3"` u  D3 2 J NZÎ!3"`s z  D3 2 K NZȎ3"` z!  D3 XB L@ 0Df> | XB P 0D) d  B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +7 0L0 66OO6(  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0TG PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  0Js mWhen moving electrons about, it is essential to check that the charges on the reactants and products balance.n@n n   0Dlzf z* BALANCING THE BOOKS  H!     0O>  NH O 2$  XB  @ 0Df> | L  g   # 8 2   BU!3"`   D3 2   BX!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # J  2  B[!3"`   D3 2  Bd`!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # Zf ! 2  Hc!3"`   D3 2  Hg!3"`! g  D3   0tj{;  V H C C Br 2 $  2  Bbf33"`  D3 2  Brff3"` _   Df3 L  g  # c  * 2  B@w3f3"`   D3 2  By3f3"`! g  D3   0} i  KH 2$    0 Ox  I3 2  2  Bf33"`   D3 2  B ff3"`  _  Df3   0Ȍ a |  KH 2$  2  Bf33"` A  D3 2   B|f3"`q A  Df3 2 ! B83f3"` '  D3 2 " Blf3"`y  Df3 L  g  ## | [ 2 $ B3f3"`   D3 2 % Bp3f3"`! g  D3 2 & B,3f3"` '  D3 2 ' B諊3f"`y  Df3  ( 0̯ (  XH C C O H 2$  2 ) Bf33"`  D3 2 * Bxff3"` f  Df3  + 0\#p KH 2$   , 0 V  I3 2  2 - BTf33"`   D3 2 . BƊff3"` f  Df3  / 0Ɋ h  KH 2$  2 0 B@Ίf33"` H"  D3 2 1 B@Ҋf3"`t H  Df3 F B t 2 2  e`B 3B 0Df>  T  g  4#  t  2 5 B׊3f3"`   D3 2 6 Bڊ3f3"`! g  D3 2 7 Bt݊3f3"`B i  D3 2 8 B4f3"`B  G  Df3 T  g  9#  22 : B03f3"`   D3 2 ; B3f3"`! g  D3 2 < B@3f3"`*i p  D3 2 = B3f"`* pG  Df3  > 0  b LBr 2$  L  g  ?#  |*M 2 @ B!3"`   D3 2 A B!3"`! g  D3 L  g  B# _ |* 2 C B!3"`   D3 2 D Bl!3"`! g  D3 L  g  E# Z{ ) 2 F H !3"`   D3 2 G H !3"`! g  D3 2 H NZ`!3"`h u  D3 2 I NZ3"` u  D3 2 J NZP!3"`s z  D3 2 K NZ3"` z!  D3 XB L@ 0Df> | P M C (A arrow3gMC V N C .A arrow3redgNC V O C .A arrow4redg  B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +7 0L0 66OO6(  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0x# PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  0(s mWhen moving electrons about, it is essential to check that the charges on the reactants and products balance.n@n n   0-lzf z* BALANCING THE BOOKS  H!     0\1>  NH O 2$  XB  @ 0Df> | L  g   # 8 2   BD5!3"`   D3 2   B9!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # J  2  B7!3"`   D3 2  Bp@!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # Zf ! 2  HpD!3"`   D3 2  H0H!3"`! g  D3   0L{;  V H C C Br 2 $  2  BPPf33"`  D3 2  BTff3"` _   Df3 L  g  # c  * 2  BX3f3"`   D3 2  B\3f3"`! g  D3   0H_ i  KH 2$    0c Ox  I3 2  2  BXgf33"`   D3 2  Blff3"`  _  Df3   0n a |  KH 2$  2  B4sf33"` A  D3 2   Bwf3"`q A  Df3 2 ! B{3f3"` '  D3 2 " B~f3"`y  Df3 L  g  ## | [ 2 $ BL3f3"`   D3 2 % B膌3f3"`! g  D3 2 & B3f3"` '  D3 2 ' Bd3f"`y  Df3  ( 0 (  XH C C O H 2$  2 ) B8f33"`  D3 2 * Bff3"` f  Df3  + 0d#p KH 2$   , 0\ V  I3 2  2 - BTf33"`   D3 2 . Bff3"` f  Df3  / 0̫ h  KH 2$  2 0 Bįf33"` H"  D3 2 1 Bf3"`t H  Df3 F B t 2 2  e`B 3B 0Df>  T  g  4#  t  2 5 B3f3"`   D3 2 6 B3f3"`! g  D3 2 7 B3f3"`B i  D3 2 8 BČf3"`B  G  Df3 T  g  9#  22 : BȌ3f3"`   D3 2 ; Bnj3f3"`! g  D3 2 < B͌3f3"`*i p  D3 2 = BxҌ3f"`* pG  Df3  > 0,֌  b LBr 2$  L  g  ?#  |*M 2 @ Bی!3"`   D3 2 A B݌!3"`! g  D3 L  g  B# _ |* 2 C B!3"`   D3 2 D B!3"`! g  D3 L  g  E# Z{ ) 2 F H!3"`   D3 2 G Hh!3"`! g  D3 2 H NZ!3"`h u  D3 2 I NZ3"` u  D3 2 J NZx!3"`s z  D3 2 K NZ3"` z!  D3 XB L@ 0Df> | P M C (A arrow3gMC V N C .A arrow3redgNC V O C .A arrow4redg  B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +9 0L0 88@QQk8(  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0D PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  0T s mWhen moving electrons about, it is essential to check that the charges on the reactants and products balance.n@n n   0T}X Y d+ d- 2!     0R ]more lone pairs@f     0lzf z* BALANCING THE BOOKS  H!     0>  NH O 2$  XB  @ 0Df> | L  g   # 8 2  B !!3"`   D3 2  BX%!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # J  2  B`(!3"`   D3 2  B -!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # Zf ! 2  Hl1!3"`   D3 2  H$4!3"`! g  D3   0$8{;  V H C C Br 2 $  2  B<f33"`  D3 2  B @ff3"` _   Df3 L  g  # c  * 2  BXC3f3"`   D3 2  BH3f3"`! g  D3   0J i  KH 2$    0N Ox  I3 2  2  B`Rf33"`   D3 2  B Vff3"`  _  Df3    0Y a |  KH 2$  2 ! Bd]f33"` A  D3 2 " B`f3"`q A  Df3 2 # Bd3f3"` '  D3 2 $ BLif3"`y  Df3 L  g  %# | [ 2 & Bf3f3"`   D3 2 ' Bo3f3"`! g  D3 2 ( Bt3f3"` '  D3 2 ) BLw3f"`y  Df3  * 00{ (  XH C C O H 2$  2 + Blf33"`  D3 2 , B܃ff3"` f  Df3  - 0#p KH 2$   . 0l V  I3 2  2 / BԎf33"`   D3 2 0 BԒff3"` f  Df3  1 0Е h  KH 2$  2 2 Bf33"` H"  D3 2 3 Bf3"`t H  Df3 F B t 2 4  e`B 5B 0Df>  T  g  6#  t  2 7 B3f3"`   D3 2 8 BL3f3"`! g  D3 2 9 B3f3"`B i  D3 2 : Bȭf3"`B  G  Df3 T  g  ;#  22 < Bİ3f3"`   D3 2 = B3f3"`! g  D3 2 > BԷ3f3"`*i p  D3 2 ? B3f"`* pG  Df3  @ 0  b LBr 2$  L  g  A#  |*M 2 B BĎ!3"`   D3 2 C B@Ȏ!3"`! g  D3 L  g  D# _ |* 2 E BƎ!3"`   D3 2 F BɎ!3"`! g  D3 L  g  G# Z{ ) 2 H HҎ!3"`   D3 2 I Hp׎!3"`! g  D3 2 J NZ,ێ!3"`h u  D3 2 K NZގ3"` u  D3 2 L NZP!3"`s z  D3 2 M NZ`3"` z!  D3 P N C (A arrow3gMC V O C .A arrow3redgNC V P C .A arrow4redg   Q 0{  \d+ d- 2f  B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +9 0L0 8 8pPQ7(  V O C .A arrow3redgNC dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0 PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  0s mWhen moving electrons about, it is essential to check that the charges on the reactants and products balance.n@n n    0R ]more lone pairs@f     0lzf z* BALANCING THE BOOKS  H!     0>  NH O 2$  XB  @ 0Df> | L  g   # 8 2  B !3"`   D3 2  B !3"`! g  D3 L  g  # J  2  B@!3"`   D3 2  B!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # Zf ! 2  H!3"`   D3 2  H!3"`! g  D3   0{;  V H C C Br 2 $  2  B#f33"`  D3 2  B'ff3"` _   Df3 L  g  # c  * 2  B+3f3"`   D3 2  B/3f3"`! g  D3   0D2 i  KH 2$    0<6 Ox  I3 2  2  B4:f33"`   D3 2  B>ff3"`  _  Df3    0\A a |  KH 2$  2 ! BEf33"` A  D3 2 " BIf3"`q A  Df3 2 # B  T  g  6#  t  2 7 B3f3"`   D3 2 8 B 3f3"`! g  D3 2 9 B3f3"`B i  D3 2 : Blf3"`B  G  Df3 T  g  ;#  22 < B3f3"`   D3 2 = BX3f3"`! g  D3 2 > B3f3"`*i p  D3 2 ? Bԣ3f"`* pG  Df3  @ 0Ц  b LBr 2$  L  g  A#  |*M 2 B Bȫ!3"`   D3 2 C B\!3"`! g  D3 L  g  D# _ |* 2 E Bಏ!3"`   D3 2 F B趏!3"`! g  D3 L  g  G# Z{ ) 2 H H4!3"`   D3 2 I H콏!3"`! g  D3 2 J NZ!3"`h u  D3 2 K NZdŏ3"` u  D3 2 L NZʏ!3"`s z  D3 2 M NZPΏ3"` z!  D3 P N C (A arrow3gMC V P C .A arrow4redg   Q 0я{  \d+ d- 2f  B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +9 0L0 88 QXk8(  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0؏ PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  0ݏs mWhen moving electrons about, it is essential to check that the charges on the reactants and products balance.n@n n   0}X Y d+ d- 2!     0R ]more lone pairs@f     0lzf z* BALANCING THE BOOKS  H!     0L>  NH O 2$  XB  @ 0Df> | L  g   # 8 2  B!3"`   D3 2  B!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # J  2  Bh!3"`   D3 2  B$!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # Zf ! 2  H!3"`   D3 2  H!3"`! g  D3   0 {;  V H C C Br 2 $  2  B8f33"`  D3 2  Bff3"` _   Df3 L  g  # c  * 2  B|3f3"`   D3 2  B|3f3"`! g  D3   0 i  KH 2$    0! Ox  I3 2  2  B0&f33"`   D3 2  B)ff3"`  _  Df3    0- a |  KH 2$  2 ! B0f33"` A  D3 2 " B5f3"`q A  Df3 2 # BP93f3"` '  D3 2 $ B=f3"`y  Df3 L  g  %# | [ 2 & B:3f3"`   D3 2 ' BC3f3"`! g  D3 2 ( BG3f3"` '  D3 2 ) BxJ3f"`y  Df3  * 06 (  XH C C O H 2$  2 + BRf33"`  D3 2 , BWff3"` f  Df3  - 0Y#p KH 2$   . 0] V  I3 2  2 / Bbf33"`   D3 2 0 Bfff3"` f  Df3  1 0Li h  KH 2$  2 2 BDmf33"` H"  D3 2 3 Bqf3"`t H  Df3 F B t 2 4  e`B 5B 0Df>  T  g  6#  t  2 7 Bv3f3"`   D3 2 8 B,z3f3"`! g  D3 2 9 B|3f3"`B i  D3 2 : B8f3"`B  G  Df3 T  g  ;#  22 < B 3f3"`   D3 2 = B䉐3f3"`! g  D3 2 > B3f3"`*i p  D3 2 ? BX3f"`* pG  Df3  @ 0ȓ  b LBr 2$  L  g  A#  |*M 2 B BT!3"`   D3 2 C B!3"`! g  D3 L  g  D# _ |* 2 E BD!3"`   D3 2 F B!3"`! g  D3 L  g  G# Z{ ) 2 H H̢!3"`   D3 2 I H!3"`! g  D3 2 K NZ0!3"`h u  D3 2 L NZ賐3"` u  D3 2 M NZ!3"`s z  D3 2 N NZػ3"` z!  D3 P Q C (A arrow3gMC V V C .A arrow3redgNC V W C .A arrow4redg   X 0{  \d+ d- 2f  B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 %0p%(  pdB p <D)P0Q p 0Pp@ 0 0dB p@ <D)PXP p 0X0@ 0 0  p 0pǐ PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  p 0̐s mWhen moving electrons about, it is essential to check that the charges on the reactants and products balance.n@n n   p 0ѐ  V d+ d- 2 !   p 0TՐ  SNUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION(2!R p C *Aarrow1lg' LXa R p C *Aarrow1rgVR p C *Aarrow2lg9 zzR p C *Aarrow2rg++fR p C *Aarrow90g V p C .Aarrowbigl2zPV p C .A arrowbigrg CXB p 0D!) XX?XB p 0D!)   p 0,ې"; ]negative charge@f   p 00a 0h  PH O 20  8   &  pi `1 2 p <$!3  & D3 2 p <!3-  & D3 RB !p s *D)i i F   & "p  `1k 2 #p <!3  & D3 2 $p <\!3-  & D3 L   & %p# Z d 2 &p B,!3  & D3 2 'p B!3-  & D3 RB (p s *D>  XB )p@ 0Df> +q XB +p 0Df> q  ,p 0D!   Y lone pair H f  XB -p 0Df>H ! .p 0   ]more lone pairs@f   0p 0lzf z* BALANCING THE BOOKS  H!  B p s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +N8 0L0 ]7U7N]6(  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0  PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  0s mWhen moving electrons about, it is essential to check that the charges on the reactants and products balance.n@n n   08}X Y d+ d- 2!    0tR ]more lone pairs@f    0lzf z* BALANCING THE BOOKS  H!    0H!>  NH O 2$  XB @ 0Df> | L  g  # 8 2  B&!3"`   D3 2  B*!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # J  2  B(/!3"`   D3 2  B2!3"`! g  D3 L  g  # Zf ! 2  H5!3"`   D3 2  H9!3"`! g  D3  " 0={;  V H C C Br 2 $  2 # B Bf33"`  D3 2 $ BEff3"` _   Df3 L  g  %# c  * 2 & BH3f3"`   D3 2 ' BpM3f3"`! g  D3  ( 0lP i  KH 2$   ) 0S Ox  I3 2  2 * BXf33"`   D3 2 + BH\ff3"`  _  Df3  , 0_ a |  KH 2$  2 - Bbf33"` A  D3 2 . Bgf3"`q A  Df3 2 / Bj3f3"` '  D3 2 0 Bxmf3"`y  Df3 L  g  1# | [ 2 2 Br3f3"`   D3 2 3 Bdv3f3"`! g  D3 2 4 B y3f3"` '  D3 2 5 B}3f"`y  Df3  7 0 (  XH C C O H 2$  2 8 Bf33"`  D3 2 9 Bff3"` f  Df3  : 0#p KH 2$   ; 0, V  I3 2  2 < Btf33"`   D3 2 = B,ff3"` f  Df3  > 0蚒 h  KH 2$  2 ? Bf33"` H"  D3 2 @ Bf3"`t H  Df3 F B t 2 A  e`B BB 0Df>  T  g  C#  t  2 D B3f3"`   D3 2 E B3f3"`! g  D3 2 F B3f3"`B i  D3 2 G Bıf3"`B  G  Df3 T  g  H#  22 I Bĵ3f3"`   D3 2 J B3f3"`! g  D3 2 K B<3f3"`*i p  D3 2 L B3f"`* pG  Df3  M 0Ē  b LBr 2$  L  g  O#  |*M 2 P BȒ!3"`   D3 2 Q B̒!3"`! g  D3 L  g  R# _ |* 2 S Bђ!3"`   D3 2 T B\Ւ!3"`! g  D3 L  g  U# Z{ ) 2 V Hؒ!3"`   D3 2 W Hܒ!3"`! g  D3 XB X 0D)  2 Y NZ!3"`h u  D3 2 Z NZ3"` u  D3 2 [ NZ!3"`s z  D3 2 \ NZ3"` z!  D3 B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +A 0L0 @@]4 L@(  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0 PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  0s mWhen moving electrons about, it is essential to check that the charges on the reactants and products balance.n@n n   0D c > Y d+ d- 2!  R   C *Aarrow2lg XB  0D!)l   XB  0D!)6pp  0|(d " ]negative charge@f  2  BX !3a D3 XB  @ 0Df>1fXB ! 0Df>b6  " 0 ] Y lone pair H f  XB # 0Df>_; $ 0 ] ]more lone pairs@f   % 0\lzf z* BALANCING THE BOOKS  H!    6h >  NH O 2$  ^B @ 6Df>  | L  g  '#  8 2  H !3"`   D3 2 & BX"!3"`! g  D3 L  g  (#  J  2 ) BX%!3"`   D3 2 * B)!3"`! g  D3 L  g  +# Z f ! 2 , H,!3"`   D3 2 - H0!3"`! g  D3 L  g  :# ZZ1 w 2 ; H33"`   D3 2 < H083"`! g  D3  1 68; {;  V H C C Br 2 $  2 5 Hf33 "`  D3 2 6 Hl+ff3 "` _   Df3 L  g  7#  c  * 2 8 BE3f3"`   D3 2 9 B\J3f3"`! g  D3  = 6L  i  KH 2$   > 6,Q  Ox  I3 2  2 ? HTf33 "`   D3 2 @ HhXff3 "`  _  Df3  A 6\  a |  KH 2$  2 B H_f33 "` A  D3 2 C Hhdf3 "`q A  Df3 2 D H$g3f3 "` '  D3 2 E HXlf3 "`y  Df3 L  g  F#  | [ 2 G Bp3f3"`   D3 2 H B\s3f3"`! g  D3 2 I Hx3f3 "` '  D3 2 J Hz3f "`y  Df3  O 0  Y d+ d- 2!   Q 6 0  XH C C O H 2$  2 S H,f33"`P  D3 2 T HTff3"`  Df3  X 68#> KH 2$   Y 6    I3 2  2 Z Hpf33"` P  D3 2 [ Hff3"`   Df3  \ 6< 6  KH 2$  2 ] Hؤf33"` "  D3 2 ^ Hf3"`t   Df3 8 B t 2 g efB 3B 6Df>  T  g  U#  t  2 V B,3f3"`   D3 2 W B@3f3"`! g  D3 2 _ H03f3"`B i  D3 2 ` Hf3"`B  G  Df3 T  g  a#  22 b B<3f3"`   D3 2 c B3f3"`! g  D3 2 d HƓ3f3"`*i p  D3 2 e HHʓ3f"`* pG  Df3  f 0Г  b LBr 2$  ^B l@ 6Df> L  g  m#  M 2 n Bϓ!3"`   D3 2 o B֓!3"`! g  D3 L  g  p# _  2 q B4ғ!3"`   D3 2 r B8!3"`! g  D3 L  g  s# Z{ `) 2 t H8ړ!3"`   D3 2 u HL!3"`! g  D3 XB v 0D) Y 2 x TZ!3 "`h u  D3 2 y TZ3 "` u  D3 2 z NZ!3"`s X  D3 2 { NZ3"` X!  D3    BC DE4FAA> e*"2 ZDd}  @    orB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 %%3(  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0L PDRAWING CURLY ARROWS (2f  0\ s mWhen moving electrons about, it is essential to check that the charges on the reactants and products balance.n@n n   0d  V d+ d- 2 !     00  SNUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION(2!R   C *Aarrow1lg' LXa R   C *Aarrow1rgVR   C *Aarrow2lg9 zzR   C *Aarrow2rg++fR  C *Aarrow90g V  C .Aarrowbigl2zPV  C .A arrowbigrg CXB  0D!) XX?XB  0D!)    0"; ]negative charge@f    0a 0h  PH O 20  F   &  i `1 2  <0!3  & D3 2  <'!3-  & D3 RB  s *D)i i F   &   `1k 2  <,!3  & D3 2  <0!3-  & D3 L   & # Z d 2  B4!3  & D3 2  B8!3-  & D3 RB  s *D>  XB  @ 0Df> +q XB ! 0Df> q  " 0$<!   Y lone pair H f  XB # 0Df>H ! $ 0@   ]more lone pairs@f   % 0Dlzf z* BALANCING THE BOOKS  H!  B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  !@(   X @dB  @@ <D)PXP @ 0X0@ 0 0 @ <̙? x @D 0 0J @ C "A KTRE: . @ 0Rx m h. 2008 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING/(2/ f @ 0XVM  STHE END0(2f<f  @ 0 [ f*MUDDLE YOUR WAY THROUGH ORGANIC MECHANISMS +(2+*f !@ 0N   t(NOW INVESTIGATE THE MECHANISMS IN DETAIL0)(2(3<3H @ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +r@"5L+N1OrF<_ua nOgddEmUm^I{u#o zM]Q9`#(#Uo4u2~y6xFM<h,M1uG35TtOh+'0T hp   No Slide TitleHOPTONJONATHAN HOPTON869Microsoft PowerPoint@+@@hNx@taGSg  )'    """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3ff333f333333333f33333333f33f3ff3f3f3f3333f33̙33333f333333f3333f3ffffff3f33ff3f3f3f3fff3ffffffffff3ffff̙fff3fffff3fff333f3f3ff3ff33f̙̙3̙ff̙̙̙3f̙3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3f3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3ffffffffff!___www4'A x(xKʦ """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙f3333f3333333333f3333333f3f33ff3f3f3f3333f3333333f3̙33333f333ff3ffffff3f33f3ff3f3f3ffff3fffffffff3fffffff3f̙ffff3ff333f3ff33fff33f3ff̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff̙̙3̙f̙̙̙3f̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙3ffffffffff!___wwwýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýýýý___________________________________ýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýý________________________________ýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýrsrýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýKnýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýtnýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýnüýýüýüýýüýüýýýýüýüýýýüýýýüýýüýüýýrxKýýýýüýüýýýüýýýüýýüýüýýüýüýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýx-Onnýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýý-wnD-ýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýIsKEPOýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýüÓtJVOýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýxJ('Orýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýý-xP'-OýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüxOO(OOüýýýýýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýý-OOP-ýüýüýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýýýýýrxOO'O'O'ýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýx-ONOxrýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýO-O'-'O-ýýýýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýüýüýr--O'---OýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýO'-'-'-OýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýP---'--xýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýO-'-'-OýýýýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýsU-UOýýýýýýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýüýýüýýýüýýüýüýýüýüýýýýüýüýýüýýýüýýüýüýýüýüýýýýüýüýýüýýýüýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýüýýýýýýýüýýýýüýüýýýýýüýýýýüýýýýýýýüýýýýüýüýýýýýüýýýýüýýýýýýýüýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýý!!!! 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