ࡱ> nT _ewPNG  IHDR;~n^sBIT&C`PLTEUf""U"f"DDff"ww3fffDDUUww""33U"fDDUUffwẅ̈ݙ*F tRNS\\bKGDHIDATxv0U/`P1wKKN8 BcE3R ;sOp7O.XA9?e8c[ mUB'j`"K,5 |-U3ByG={81YYWbZEhCu,gg(Ќ#cus$ c _5hi @ qc<o荏l.,(>])o*R РKh+UWV luNˑrpP bYBägz7zǀy!1o0w6̓%96SE]cC~iy:LY~H*cauK2LӒ̷X'7W؟˴LZ7N>Zs>9U{UKue'zHWUe^W\Pfil8.v8քjL,ӡd;WIJzN:kиJ_]+,,mPb`Yw*YR>tnZ~Q@m6pO*X+vDtgIu8o %;t/ukʑֽoGXuDƿ #RE]30Eg) [86}Y̝q*GM68}se!D:1Xׅ#3*GLMe-R`3wݭWœO]+CunǞ횕tvgu~Ou' >m4"JFIFKKMSO Palette C   ")$+*($''-2@7-0=0''8L9=CEHIH+6OUNFT@GHEC !!E.'.EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE"!!1AQqa!1 ?F3]'IƓe5,J$3?O 5LXyYL4tO%fxM\DXL`: a2HS=rtd+f\UtV5m7L?cf7 `Zx5\k@(  H H  D L/ 00DTimes New RomanttT/ 0DArialNew RomanttT/ 0 DArial BlackmanttT/ 0"0DCourier NewmanttT/ 01@ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` PH` !.   1#    CJ@ii^h^QSQGRGSFp $  C  (        : ` +       "  !89    i7        ;:L         5&     `$$$$$$b$bpe# zt OR$FE-Qڛb>" 0AA f!ffffff3f@d g4`d`d< 02pPp@ <4BdBd@w 0t0/g4:d:db 0p@ pp<4!d!d@w 0t0/Q ʚ;&4r8ʚ;<4dddd@ x 0@r0___PPT10 pp2___PPT9/ 0? %O =H=(!)+*".-/#,10$342%6785&:9' P4   0` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>>L0 VN (    6ܔ P  T Click to edit Master title style! !  0|   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  0p ``  X*  0 `   Z*  0Ĩ `   Z*z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33 Default Design 0 zr@ ( )   0:w P   w P*    0:w    w R*  d  c $ ?  w  0Fw  @ w RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  6Lw `P  w P*    6XQw `  w R*  H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10. 0X(   $+ X X 0 ^w P   w X*  X 0cw    w Z*  X 6lhw `P  w X*  X 6lw `  w Z* H X 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.1 0L0 P-K(  J  C "A KTRE: . " <̙? x @ 0 0 ( <̙? x @L 0 0 ) 0x m OKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING(2 f + 0"`>B 2008 SPECIFICATIONS>G$G    - 0h KGREEN CHEMISTRY (BfB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0 0 (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0@   0O INTRODUCTION This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected topics at AS and A2 level Chemistry. It is based on the requirements of the AQA and OCR specifications but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes or it may be used for classroom teaching with an interactive white board. Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at... www.knockhardy.org.uk/sci.htm Navigation is achieved by... either clicking on the grey arrows at the foot of each page or using the left and right arrow keys on the keyboard (2 2(2 2  75, dB   <D?     0f{0P( OKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING(2    0kX ]GREEN CHEMISTRY2(2$f<fB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +B 0 ia `(  ` ` 08q [GREEN CHEMISTRY0(2f3 ` 0sD0 vWhat is it? " encourages environmentally conscious behaviour " reduces and prevents pollution " reduces the destruction of the planet * !  dB ` <D)P0Q ` 0Pp@ 0 0dB `@ <D)PXP ` 0X0@ 0 0H ` 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0   P0a (  0 0 0 [GREEN CHEMISTRY0(2f3> 0 0xD0 XWhat is it? " encourages environmentally conscious behaviour " reduces and prevents pollution " reduces the destruction of the planet Basics " better to prevent waste than to treat it afterwards " aim for maximum atom economy " use processes which require fewer chemicals " don t make products that are toxic to human health " don t make products that are toxic to the environment " reduce the energy requirements of processes " use alternative energy resources " use renewable raw materials, not finite resources " use catalysts where possible " waste products should be designed to be biodegradable " reduce the risk of explosions and firesV@!  dB 0 <D)P0Q 0 0Pp@ 0 0dB 0@ <D)PXP 0 0X0@ 0 0H 0 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +d 0 D(  D D 0 U RECYCLING0 (2 f3 D 0XD0 DDefinition  Recovering resources by collecting, separating, and processing scrap materials and using them as raw materials for manufacturing new products. * !  dB D <D)P0Q D 0Pp@ 0 0dB D@ <D)PXP D 0X0@ 0 0H D 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 5 - d(  d d 0` U RECYCLING0 (2 f3 d 0|ЋD0P  HDefinition  Recovering resources by collecting, separating, and processing scrap materials and using them as raw materials for manufacturing new products. Why do it? " world resources are running out and are non-renewable " we need to reduce the waste of valuable resources " reduces the expense of disposal " reduces expense of making things from raw materials " avoids environmental problems posed by waste - landfill sites - greenhouse gases (mainly methane) - destroying habitats - de-forestation leading to climate change and the destruction of ecosystems` @ ! ] dB d <D)P0Q d 0Pp@ 0 0dB d@ <D)PXP d 0X0@ 0 0H d 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 D<@ l(  l l 0 jRENEWABLE RESOURCES AND ENERGY0(2f3 l 0,D0+ B dB l <D)P0Q l 0Pp@ 0 0dB l@ <D)PXP l 0X0@ 0 0H l 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 0 h(  h h 0ԩ jRENEWABLE RESOURCES AND ENERGY0(2f3f h 0tD0G  Renewable resources " can be replenished by natural processes " their rate of replenishment is equal or greater than the rate of consumption " often do not contribute to global warming " often far more environmentally friendly " lead to more sustainable use of materials; resources can be used indefinitely *W!C W dB h <D)P0Q h 0Pp@ 0 0dB h@ <D)PXP h 0X0@ 0 0H h 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +C  0 jbH(  H H 0D< jRENEWABLE RESOURCES AND ENERGY0(2f3 H 0<D0 hRenewable resources " can be replenished by natural processes " their rate of replenishment is equal or greater than the rate of consumption " often do not contribute to global warming " often far more environmentally friendly " lead to more sustainable use of materials; resources can be used indefinitely Renewable energy " plant-based substances such as wood " solar energy " tidal energy " biomass " hydro-electric power (HEP) " wind powerJ!C!  dB H <D)P0Q H 0Pp@ 0 0dB H@ <D)PXP H 0X0@ 0 0H H 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 p x(  x x 0< 4GREEN CHEMISTRY  EXAMPLES0(2f3F x 0<D0 CFC s Apparent benefits were offset by unexpected side effects. 6H;!; A dB x <D)P0Q x 0Pp@ 0 0dB x@ <D)PXP x 0X0@ 0 0H x 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +% 0 LD` t(  t t 0x"< 4GREEN CHEMISTRY  EXAMPLES0(2f3 t 0(<D0 4CFC s Apparent benefits were offset by unexpected side effects. GOOD " created in 1928 as a non-toxic, non-flammable refrigerant " also used as solvents and in air conditioners " low reactivity and volatility VH!;f  dB t <D)P0Q t 0Pp@ 0 0dB t@ <D)PXP t 0X0@ 0 0H t 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  |F(  | | 0l4< 4GREEN CHEMISTRY  EXAMPLES0(2f3 | 09<D0  CFC s Apparent benefits were offset by unexpected side effects. GOOD " created in 1928 as a non-toxic, non-flammable refrigerant " also used as solvents and in air conditioners " low reactivity and volatility BAD " UV light in the upper atmosphere easily breaks the C-Cl bonds " free radicals formed speeded up the depletion of the ozone layer H]!;f!:M&  M dB | <D)P0Q | 0Pp@ 0 0dB |@ <D)PXP | 0X0@ 0 0H | 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +1 0 X P L (  L L 0,K< 4GREEN CHEMISTRY  EXAMPLES0(2f3 L 0R<D0 @ CFC s Apparent benefits were offset by unexpected side effects. GOOD " created in 1928 as a non-toxic, non-flammable refrigerant " also used as solvents and in air conditioners " low reactivity and volatility BAD " UV light in the upper atmosphere easily breaks the C-Cl bonds " free radicals formed speeded up the depletion of the ozone layer CFC's break down in the presence of UV light to form chlorine radicals CCl2F2  > Cl" + " CClF2 chlorine radicals react with ozone O3 + Cl"  > ClO" + O2 chlorine radicals are regenerated ClO" + O  > O2 + Cl" Overall, chlorine radicals are not used up so a small amount of CFC's can destroy thousands of ozone molecules before the termination stage.H!MH!!!!! !fff !!!!$!! !! !! !!#!!!!!fff    @     /     dB L <D)P0Q L 0Pp@ 0 0dB L@ <D)PXP L 0X0@ 0 0H L 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +W 0 ~ v P p (  p p 0}< 4GREEN CHEMISTRY  EXAMPLES0(2f3 p 0<D0 f CFC s Apparent benefits were offset by unexpected side effects. GOOD " created in 1928 as a non-toxic, non-flammable refrigerant " also used as solvents and in air conditioners " low reactivity and volatility BAD " UV light in the upper atmosphere easily breaks the C-Cl bonds " free radicals formed speeded up the depletion of the ozone layer CFC's break down in the presence of UV light to form chlorine radicals CCl2F2  > Cl" + " CClF2 chlorine radicals react with ozone O3 + Cl"  > ClO" + O2 chlorine radicals are regenerated ClO" + O  > O2 + Cl" Overall, chlorine radicals are not used up so a small amount of CFC's can destroy thousands of ozone molecules before the termination stage.H!;f!:!!!!! !fff !!!!$!! !! !! !!#!!!!!fff    @     /     dB p <D)P0Q p 0Pp@ 0 0dB p@ <D)PXP p 0X0@ 0 0H p 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +I 0 ph (    0< 4GREEN CHEMISTRY  EXAMPLES0(2f3  0p<D0 XBIOFUELS " fuels made from a living things or the waste produced by them " renewable and potentially carbon neutral. 6 Hq !q z dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +y 0  0(    0< 4GREEN CHEMISTRY  EXAMPLES0(2f3  0<D0 BIOFUELS " fuels made from a living things or the waste produced by them " renewable and potentially carbon neutral. Carbon neutral refers to  an activity that has no net annual carbon (greenhouse gas) emissions to the atmosphere . Ethanol is a biofuel. 6 H !&   dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 P(  P P 0t< 4GREEN CHEMISTRY  EXAMPLES0(2f3` P 0<D0  &BIOFUELS " fuels made from a living things or the waste produced by them " renewable and potentially carbon neutral. Carbon neutral refers to  an activity that has no net annual carbon (greenhouse gas) emissions to the atmosphere . Ethanol is a biofuel. ETHANOL GOOD  H !ff&   dB P <D)P0Q P 0Pp@ 0 0dB P@ <D)PXP P 0X0@ 0 0H P 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0  f(    0< 4GREEN CHEMISTRY  EXAMPLES0(2f3  0tD0[  BIOFUELS " fuels made from a living things or the waste produced by them " renewable and potentially carbon neutral. Carbon neutral refers to  an activity that has no net annual carbon (greenhouse gas) emissions to the atmosphere . Ethanol is a biofuel. ETHANOL GOOD " bio-ethanol is made from crops (corn and sugar cane) " takes in carbon as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere " when burnt, it returns CO2 to the atmosphere " appears to be carbon neutral  H !ff 6@    E dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0  (    0 t 4GREEN CHEMISTRY  EXAMPLES0(2f3<  0tD0  BIOFUELS " fuels made from a living things or the waste produced by them " renewable and potentially carbon neutral. Carbon neutral refers to  an activity that has no net annual carbon (greenhouse gas) emissions to the atmosphere . Ethanol is a biofuel. ETHANOL GOOD " bio-ethanol is made from crops (corn and sugar cane) " takes in carbon as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere " when burnt, it returns CO2 to the atmosphere " appears to be carbon neutral BAD  H !ff 6!&   dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0   r (    0h+t 4GREEN CHEMISTRY  EXAMPLES0(2f3*  00tD0 BIOFUELS " fuels made from a living things or the waste produced by them " renewable and potentially carbon neutral. Carbon neutral refers to  an activity that has no net annual carbon (greenhouse gas) emissions to the atmosphere . Ethanol is a biofuel. ETHANOL GOOD " bio-ethanol is made from crops (corn and sugar cane) " takes in carbon as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere " when burnt, it returns CO2 to the atmosphere " appears to be carbon neutral BAD " energy is required to - plant and harvest - convert plants to ethanol " fertiliser and pesticides used are pollutants " crops compete for land with& crops / animals / forests " could destroy natural habitats and reduce biodiversity H !ff 6!&   dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 TH(  T T 0Ht 4GREEN CHEMISTRY  EXAMPLES0(2f3 T 0NtD0? 8PLASTICS & POLYMERS Plastics have made life much easier.8H%!& 9 dB T <D)P0Q T 0Pp@ 0 0dB T@ <D)PXP T 0X0@ 0 0H T 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  y(    0[t 4GREEN CHEMISTRY  EXAMPLES0(2f31  0`tD0 ?PLASTICS & POLYMERS Plastics have made life much easier. GOOD bH&!'f @ dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0   (    0Ht 4GREEN CHEMISTRY  EXAMPLES0(2f3T  0ƋD0  bPLASTICS & POLYMERS Plastics have made life much easier. GOOD " many are chemically inert " non-toxic " waterproof " easy to mould " non-biodegradable " lightweight bH&x!'ft  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 6. (    0t 4GREEN CHEMISTRY  EXAMPLES0(2f3~  0tD0T  lPLASTICS & POLYMERS Plastics have made life much easier. GOOD " many are chemically inert " non-toxic " waterproof " easy to mould " non-biodegradable " lightweight BAD H&}!'ft!  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0  T(    0t 4GREEN CHEMISTRY  EXAMPLES0(2f3   0\tD0b PLASTICS & POLYMERS Plastics have made life much easier. GOOD " many are chemically inert " non-toxic " waterproof " easy to mould " non-biodegradable " lightweight BAD " made from crude oil which is a finite resource " non-biodegradable so take hundreds of years to decompose " can form toxic products during incineration " a lot of energy is used in their formation " disposal in landfill sites is - a waste of resources - environmentally unsound - takes up valuable spaceH&!'ft!I  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 X(  X X 0t 4GREEN CHEMISTRY  EXAMPLES0(2f3L X 0tD0 hCATALYSTS " can be used to lower the energy required for a reaction to take place " can reduce the CO2 emissions from burning of fossil fuels " can give a better atom economyT H !` K  dB X <D)P0Q X 0Pp@ 0 0dB X@ <D)PXP X 0X0@ 0 0H X 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +H 0 og0 (    0|t fINTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION0(2f3dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0,tD0 qKYOTO PROTOCOL (1997),H!  H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0  8(    0,t fINTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION0(2f3   0tD0  JKYOTO PROTOCOL (1997) " over 50 developed countries pledged to cut greenhouse gas emissions " gases included carbon dioxide CO2 methane CH4 hydrofluorocarbons HFC s perfluorocarbons PFC s sulphur hexafluoride SF6 " some countries agreed to make larger cuts " developing countries were not required to cut emissions " the US didn t sign up; it would have significantly affected their economy H!\ffffRffft         dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0   \6 (  \ \ 0w fINTERNATIONAL CO-OPERATION0(2f3 \ 0wD0i HKYOTO PROTOCOL (1997) " over 50 developed countries pledged to cut greenhouse gas emissions " gases included carbon dioxide CO2 methane CH4 hydrofluorocarbons HFC s perfluorocarbons PFC s sulphur hexafluoride SF6 " some countries agreed to make larger cuts " developing countries were not required to cut emissions " the US didn t sign up; it would have significantly affected their economy But... Many experts say that the protocol is futile without US support as they are the world s largest emitter of greenhouse gases. Countries such as India and China are going through great industrial change and they do not have to cut emissions. 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