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FsvP'>QSz(d0F0bL{HF*~y⭍̾wJZ?l{2C쐲i~u4{ xcj1>E JYۺ>[S(mu~̳W;atSB։[' ^sviAfD|W?JɹW(Z]6dhέ)zV'PBs忤+n>\Jk7toFZ9Fk{nNת* ^{IENDB`!(     D LD|Slide 40499,4,Slide 4DSlide 90564,9,Slide 9JSlide 120557,12,Slide 12JSlide 190509,19,Slide 19JSlide 240583,24,Slide 24JSlide 350546,35,Slide 35JSlide 450543,45,Slide 45JSlide 500595,50,Slide 50JSlide 570575,57,Slide 57D/ 0|DTimes New Romantt. 0DArial Blackmantt. 0" DTahomalackmantt. 0"0DAriallackmantt. 0"@DCourier Newmantt. 01@ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` 8&AQ   1&    CJ@ii^h^QSQGRGSFp $  %C  (        : ` +       "  !89    i7        ;:L       Z  cAdl5A    ) C8 ^/ SfXXWWC??<9''888##RQQ8 L))))&&&""###,,,(# #&&b$0]cd9sb$v\kݦ b$lݖ6d1 .b$_1$mvrγdW8b$:&.]~ԧ<= IGb$cI$śL|e Tb$bpe# zt OkkR$FE-Qڛb>"@ qb$qHU7p`owb$Cةޞ?=Yabb$ 6vXҹ@]häb$yvDXTߛ?$$b$D{^7]һ *;b$m8^HG1 0AA 3ff!@fd g4\d\dl; 0pPp@ <4BdBd@w 0t.g4:d:do 0p@ pp<4!d!d@w 0t.Q ʚ;&4r8ʚ;<4dddd@ x 0@r0___PPT10 pp2___PPT9/ 0? %O ==<~EDF45-/0.1329876G$H,+*%)('&";:=><KJINLM#S PRUTO?@ABC P  0` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>>L0  f(    6( P  T Click to edit Master title style! !  0ȩ   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  0 ``  >*  0` `   @*  0 `   @*z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33 Default Design 0 zr@ ( )   0, P    P*    0     R*  d  c $ ?    00  @  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  6p `P   P*    6 `   R*  H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10. 0X8(   $+ X X 0  P    >*  X 0     @*  X 6  `P   >*  X 68$ `   @* H X 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.1  0L0 P P(  /  0\ +AN INTRODUCTION TO GROUP II Alkaline earthsd(2( f 0f$f$f J  C "A KTRE: . " <̙? x @ 0 0 ( <̙? x @L 0 0 ) 0dx m OKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING(2 f + 04i"`>B 2008 SPECIFICATIONS>G$G   8  PBm N 0x sHOPTON,(2#  O VAParchmentS" ?B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +  0L0   0  (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0@   0 INTRODUCTION This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected topics at AS and A2 level Chemistry. It is based on the requirements of the AQA and OCR specifications but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes or it may be used for classroom teaching with an interactive white board. Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at... www.knockhardy.org.uk/sci.htm Navigation is achieved by... either clicking on the grey arrows at the foot of each page or using the left and right arrow keys on the keyboard (2 2(2 2  75, dB   <D?     0{0P( OKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING(2    0 ͏X hGROUP II (Alkaline Earths)2(2$f<fF      0,x sHOPTON,(2#   VAParchmentS" ?B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0L0 `$(  M  0`ӏfC"?g   CONTENTS General properties Trends in electronic configuration Trends in atomic and ionic radius Trends in melting point Trends in ionisation energy Reaction with oxygen and water Oxides and hydroxides Carbonates Sulphatesj 2`2  1@-$ K P dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB  @ <D)PXP   0X0@ 0 0  0X VGROUP II2 (2$f<f  0fC"? @| 0 0  6fC"?@@ 0 0  6fC"? _ @ 0 0  6fC"? @ 0 0  6fC"? . f @ 0 0  6fC"? @ 0 0  6fC"?  k @ 0 0  6fC"? @j @ 0 0   6fC"?%@ 0 0F  "   # 0Sx sHOPTON,(2#  $ VAParchmentS" ?B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +h  0  (    0L \GROUP PROPERTIES0(2f3   0FD0X  lGENERAL " metals " all have the electronic configuration ... ns2 TRENDS " melting point " electronic configuration " electronegativity " atomic size " ionic size@!;!!!"dB   <D)P0Q   0Pp@ 0 0dB  @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0F      0x sHOPTON,(2#   VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0   ($(  $ $ 00F |THE s-BLOCK ELEMENTS0(2f3 U $ 09Fs Elements in Group I (alkali metals) and Group II (alkaline earths) are known as s-block elements because their valence (bonding) electrons are in s orbitals. dB $ <D)P0Q $ 0Pp@ 0 0dB $@ <D)PXP $ 0X0@ 0 0F  &$   '$ 0[x sHOPTON,(2#  ($ VAParchmentS" ?H $ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0  %(    0BF |THE s-BLOCK ELEMENTS0(2f3 U  0h?Fs Elements in Group I (alkali metals) and Group II (alkaline earths) are known as s-block elements because their valence (bonding) electrons are in s orbitals. dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0   6LNFjJ  tGp I*"    6OFjJ  FLi(  6TFjJ  FNa(  6\FjJ   EK(  6T_FjJ  0  `Rb(  6dFjJ0  \  FCs(  6hFjJ\   :Fr!  6mFjJ, o ALKALI METALS*     68wFjJC"? $ 1s2 2s1^ !!  6,yFjJC"?7 $  v & 5s1P!!    6FjJC"?j $@  f & 6s1@!!Q ! 6FjJC"?B$ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1   !!! " 6h{FjJC"? $  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p64s1   !  !!F  #   $ 08)~x sHOPTON,(2#  % VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +e 0  $%(    0F |THE s-BLOCK ELEMENTS0(2f3 U  0Fs Elements in Group I (alkali metals) and Group II (alkaline earths) are known as s-block elements because their valence (bonding) electrons are in s orbitals. dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  60FjJ  FBe(   6FjJ  tGp I*"     6FjJ  FMg(   6FjJ   FCa(   6ĻFjJ  0  `Sr(   6pFjJ0  \  `Ba(  6lFjJ\   TRnf3  6FjJ  FLi(  6RFjJ  FNa(  6FjJ   EK(  6FjJ  0  `Rb(  6FjJ0  \  FCs(  6@FjJ\   :Fr!  6 FjJ  uGp II*"    6DFjJ  qALKALINE EARTHS*   6FjJ, o ALKALI METALS*     6XFjJ  1s2 2s2^ !!  6LFjJ7   v & 5s2P!!   6\GjJq G  f & 6s2@!!1  6GjJ } 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2   !!!s  68GjJ   1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p64s2   !  !!  6tGjJC"? $ 1s2 2s1^ !!  6"GjJC"?7 $  v & 5s1P!!    64*GjJC"?j $@  f & 6s1@!!Q ! 6 /GjJC"?B$ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1   !!! " 69GjJC"? $  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p64s1   !  !!F  #   $ 04(~x sHOPTON,(2#  % VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +  0  %%O(    0LIG |THE s-BLOCK ELEMENTS0(2f3 U  0NGs Elements in Group I (alkali metals) and Group II (alkaline earths) are known as s-block elements because their valence (bonding) electrons are in s orbitals. dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  6VGjJ  FBe(   6[GjJ  tGp I*"     6`GjJ  FMg(   6eGjJ   FCa(   6!f3*!  6԰GjJ7   v & 5s2P!!   6lGjJq G  f & 6s2@!!1  6lGjJ } 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2   !!!s  6DGjJ   1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p64s2   !  !!  6dGjJC"? $ 1s2 2s1^ !!  6\GjJC"?7 $  v & 5s1P!!    6GjJC"?j $@  f & 6s1@!!Q ! 6 GjJC"?B$ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1   !!! " 6jJC"? $  1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p64s1   !  !!F  #   $ 0xS~x sHOPTON,(2#  % VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0  !"x(    0 X GROUP TRENDS0 (2 f3  6jJ k JBe,  6GjJj k@ 1s2 2s2^ !!  6jJk  dMg*   6$jJjk @ d& 3s2@!!  6*jJ  TCa    6\.jJj @ f & 4s2@!!   6x2jJL VSr    66jJjL@ v & 5s2P!!    6<jJ kj K2,2,!   6`AjJk j M2,8,2,!  6$LjJ j O2,8,8,2,!  6FjJLj R 2,8,18,8,2,  !  6SjJjm @ qNew e/c,  6XjJm j qOld e/c,  0]t RELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION!  6ajJ k K4.  6fjJk  J12,  6kjJ  820  6njJL 838  6LjJm  U Atomic Number, dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  6vjJJ VBa   6|jJjJ@ f & 6s2@!!  6PjJJj U 2,8,18,18,8,2, !  6܆jJJ 856F      ! 0W~x sHOPTON,(2#  " VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 0"@(    0y X GROUP TRENDS0 (2 f3  0XMP  XAs the nuclear charge increases, the electrons go into shells further from the nucleus. YYX   6jJ k JBe,  60jJj k@ 1s2 2s2^ !!  6jJk  dMg*    6jJjk @ d& 3s2@!! ! 6jJ  TCa  " 6jJj @ f & 4s2@!! # 6,jJL VSr  $ 6$jJjL@ v & 5s2P!!  % 60jJ kj K2,2,! & 6jJk j M2,8,2,! ' 6jJ j O2,8,8,2,! ( 6$jJLj R 2,8,18,8,2,  ! ) 6jJjm @ qNew e/c, * 6 jJm j qOld e/c, + 0Lt RELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION! , 6jJ k K4. - 6jJk  J12, . 6jJ  820 / 6jJL 838 0 6jJm  U Atomic Number, dB 1 <D)P0Q 2 0Pp@ 0 0dB 3@ <D)PXP 4 0X0@ 0 0 5 6 jJJ VBa  6 6tjJjJ@ f & 6s2@!! 7 6jJJj U 2,8,18,18,8,2, ! 8 6DjJJ 856F  >   ? 0 Tx sHOPTON,(2#  @ VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  ""N(    0x X GROUP TRENDS0 (2 f3  0 P nAs the nuclear charge increases, the electrons go into shells further from the nucleus. The extra distance of the outer shell from the nucleus affects& Atomic radius Ionic radius Ionisation energy Melting point Chemical reactivityFYAXfX   6jJ k JBe,  6djJj k@ 1s2 2s2^ !!  6jJk  dMg*   6 jJjk @ d& 3s2@!!  6H%jJ  TCa    68)jJj @ f & 4s2@!!   6`jJL VSr    6X+jJjL@ v & 5s2P!!    6d7jJ kj K2,2,!   6<jJk j M2,8,2,!  6@jJ j O2,8,8,2,!  6XEjJLj R 2,8,18,8,2,  !  6JjJjm @ qNew e/c,  6@OjJm j qOld e/c,  0Tt RELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION!  6QjJ k K4.  6]jJk  J12,  6ajJ  820  6ejJL 838  6hjJm  U Atomic Number, dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  6TnjJJ VBa   6xrjJjJ@ f & 6s2@!!  6wjJJj U 2,8,18,18,8,2, !  6|jJJ 856F      ! 0|M~x sHOPTON,(2#  " VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +L 0 sk` ;t(  t t 0 X GROUP TRENDS0 (2 f3 t 0t OATOMIC & IONIC RADIUS!dB t <D)P0Q t 0Pp@ 0 0dB t@ <D)PXP t 0X0@ 0 0? 8 cP 0tcP  t 6pjJc9 JBe,  t 6jJc 9 dMg*   t 6ԕjJ c9 TCa   t 6̙jJc9 VSr   t 6pjJ9 O0.106. t 6졀jJ9  M0.140, t 6 jJ 9 ;0.174 t 6LjJ9 ;0.191 t 6䬀jJ9 ZAtomic radius / nm, t 6ȱjJcP9 VBa  t 6 jJ9P ;0.198 t 6เjJ K2,2, t 6jJ  M2,8,2, t 6X€jJ  =2,8,8,2 t 6ŀjJ @ 2,8,18,8,2   t 6ʀjJ |Electronic config.,  t 6πjJP C 2,8,18,18,8,2F  9t   :t 0x sHOPTON,(2#  ;t VAParchmentS" ?H t 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +( 0 OG !&|(  | | 0Ԁ X GROUP TRENDS0 (2 f3" | 0@ـ  R ATOMIC RADIUS INCREASES down Group " the greater the atomic number the more electrons there are; these go into shells increasingly further from the nucleusT !  | 0\t OATOMIC & IONIC RADIUS!dB | <D)P0Q | 0Pp@ 0 0dB |@ <D)PXP | 0X0@ 0 0M F cP  | cP  | 6jJc9 JBe,  | 6XjJc 9 dMg*   | 6,jJ c9 TCa   | 6$jJc9 VSr  | 6jJ9 O0.106. | 6jJ9  M0.140, | 6jJ 9 ;0.174 | 6jJ9 ;0.191 | 6\ jJ9 ZAtomic radius / nm, | 6jJcP9 VBa  | 6jJ9P ;0.198 | 6jJ K2,2, | 6xjJ  M2,8,2, | 6$ jJ  =2,8,8,2 | 6T#jJ @ 2,8,18,8,2   | 6'jJ |Electronic config.,  | 6-jJP C 2,8,18,18,8,2P | C (A mgatomg0 % P | C (A caatomgiF Q | 6/jJC"?S   1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2   !!! | 6h:jJC"?S   1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p64s2   !  !!F  $|   %| 0̟x sHOPTON,(2#  &| VAParchmentS" ?H | 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +l 0  &&#(    0H X GROUP TRENDS0 (2 f3  0 N  R ATOMIC RADIUS INCREASES down Group " the greater the atomic number the more electrons there are; these go into shells increasingly further from the nucleusN#   0Ut OATOMIC & IONIC RADIUS!dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0M F cP   cP   6[jJc9 JBe,   6`jJc 9 dMg*    6ejJ c9 TCa    6ijJc9 VSr   6mjJ9 O0.106.  6|rjJ9  M0.140,  6(wjJ 9 ;0.174  6  x 6,jJ l xMg2+<   x 61jJ l fCa2+*   x 66jJl fSr2+*    x 6l;jJlB O0.030. !x 6?jJl B M0.064, "x 68DjJ lB ;0.094 #x 6GjJlB ;0.110 $x 6KjJlB YIonic radius / nm, %x 6PjJPl fBa2+*   &x 6NjJlPB ;0.134 'x 6WjJB  I2, (x 60\jJB   K2,8, )x 6p`jJ B  ;2,8,8 *x 6=jJB  >2,8,18,8   +x 6HgjJB  }Electronic config. ,  ,x 6ljJBP  A 2,8,18,18,8  F  6x   7x 0x sHOPTON,(2#  8x VAParchmentS" ?H x 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + $ 0 4#,# /7"(    0r X GROUP TRENDS0 (2 f3  0xt OATOMIC & IONIC RADIUS!dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0M F cP  cP   6}jJc9 JBe,   6ԁjJc 9 dMg*    6jJ c9 TCa    6슅jJc9 VSr    6jJ9 O0.106.  6jJ9  M0.140,  6jJ 9 ;0.174  6ԚjJ9 ;0.191  6jJ9 ZAtomic radius / nm,  6LjJcP9 VBa   6HjJ9P ;0.198  6jJ K2,2,  6@jJ  M2,8,2,  60jJ  =2,8,8,2  6jJ @ 2,8,18,8,2    6컅jJ |Electronic config.,   6jJP C 2,8,18,18,8,2 F P   9P  6ąjJl ^Be2+>   6ɅjJ l xMg2+<    6΅jJ l fCa2+*    6xӅjJl fSr2+*    6L؅jJlB O0.030.   6܅jJl B M0.064, ! 6څjJ lB ;0.094 " 6jJlB ;0.110 # 60jJlB YIonic radius / nm, $ 6jJPl fBa2+*   % 6HjJlPB ;0.134 & 6xjJB  I2, ' 64jJB   K2,8, ( 6$jJ B  ;2,8,8 ) 6jJB  >2,8,18,8   * 6jJB  }Electronic config. ,  + 6< jJBP  A 2,8,18,18,8   0 0\   DIONIC RADIUS INCREASES down Group " ions are smaller than atoms  on removing the outer shell electrons, the remaining electrons are now in fewer shellsF ! {F  5   6 0x sHOPTON,(2#  7 VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +U' 0 |&t& 37 &(    0 X GROUP TRENDS0 (2 f3  0t OATOMIC & IONIC RADIUS!dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0M F cP  cP   6P&jJc9 JBe,   6(+jJc 9 dMg*    6/jJ c9 TCa    6<4jJc9 VSr    68jJ9 O0.106.  6jJ9  M0.140,  6?jJ 9 ;0.174  6BjJ9 ;0.191  64>jJ9 ZAtomic radius / nm,  6JjJcP9 VBa   6pNjJ9P ;0.198  6QjJ K2,2,  6VjJ  M2,8,2,  6ZjJ  =2,8,8,2  6XjJ @ 2,8,18,8,2    6lajJ |Electronic config.,   6fjJP C 2,8,18,18,8,2 F P   9P  6kjJl ^Be2+>   6ijJ l xMg2+<    6ujJ l fCa2+*    6zjJl fSr2+*    6~jJlB O0.030.   6jJl B M0.064, ! 6<jJ lB ;0.094 " 6芇jJlB ;0.110 # 6hEjJlB YIonic radius / nm, $ 6xjJPl fBa2+*   % 6LjJlPB ;0.134 & 6jJB  I2, ' 6XjJB   K2,8, ( 6jJ B  ;2,8,8 ) 6DjJB  >2,8,18,8   * 6jJB  }Electronic config. ,  + 6 jJBP  A 2,8,18,18,8  P , C (A mgatomg r` . C *Amg2+iong"`4  0 0\   DIONIC RADIUS INCREASES down Group " ions are smaller than atoms  on removing the outer shell electrons, the remaining electrons are now in fewer shellsF ! {Q 1 6jJC"?^|^ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2   !!!' 3 6ƇjJC"?^^*   1s2 2s2 2p6z    !F  5   6 0؅x sHOPTON,(2#  7 VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +(+ 0 O*G* 77)(    0ч X GROUP TRENDS0 (2 f3  0Dևt OATOMIC & IONIC RADIUS!dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0M F cP  cP   6܇jJc9 JBe,   6djJc 9 dMg*    6jJ c9 TCa    6jJc9 VSr    6jJ9 O0.106.  6djJ9  M0.140,  6jJ 9 ;0.174  6`߇jJ9 ;0.191  6jJ9 ZAtomic radius / nm,  6jJcP9 VBa   6` jJ9P ;0.198  6`jJ K2,2,  6tjJ  M2,8,2,  6LjJ  =2,8,8,2  6jJ @ 2,8,18,8,2    6<jJ |Electronic config.,   6!jJP C 2,8,18,18,8,2 F P   9P  6%jJl ^Be2+>   6\+jJ l xMg2+<    6L0jJ l fCa2+*    64jJl fSr2+*    69jJlB O0.030.   6T>jJl B M0.064, ! 6HBjJ lB ;0.094 " 6EjJlB ;0.110 # 6IjJlB YIonic radius / nm, $ 6MjJPl fBa2+*   % 6hRjJlPB ;0.134 & 6;jJB  I2, ' 6DZjJB   K2,8, ( 6tjJ B  ;2,8,8 ) 6\ajJB  >2,8,18,8   * 6djJB  }Electronic config. ,  + 6jjJBP  A 2,8,18,18,8  P , C (A mgatomg rP - C (A caatomgx 9` . C *Amg2+iong"`4 R / C *ACa2+iong  0 0n\   DIONIC RADIUS INCREASES down Group " ions are smaller than atoms  on removing the outer shell electrons, the remaining electrons are now in fewer shellsF ! {Q 1 68wjJC"?^|^ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2   !!! 2 6jJC"?^ t 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p64s2   !  !!' 3 6jJC"?^^*   1s2 2s2 2p6z    !~ 4 6jJC"?^P 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s23p6   !  !F  5    6 08x sHOPTON,(2#  7 VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 @k@(    0 X GROUP TRENDS0 (2 f3  0t G MELTING POINT!dB " <D)P0Q # 0Pp@ 0 0dB $@ <D)PXP % 0X0@ 0 0 & 6ĮjJd V: JBe, ' 60jJdV : dMg*  ( 6jJd : TCa  ) 6jJd7: VSr  * 6jJ V K2,2, + 6ÈjJV  M2,8,2, , 6ȈjJ  =2,8,8,2 - 6ˈjJ7 @ 2,8,18,8,2   . 6ψjJX  |Electronic config.,  / 6ԈjJ: X N1283. 0 6وjJ:X  K650, 1 6X݈jJ:  9850 2 6jJ:9 9770 3 6jJ:Z  xMelting point / CJ# 4 6jJd5: VBa  5 6jJ5 C 2,8,18,18,8,2 6 6LjJ:7 9710F  i   j 0̊5x sHOPTON,(2#  k VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +_ 0 ~ 7(    04 X GROUP TRENDS0 (2 f3  0P nDECREASES down Group>@ ! !  0Tt G MELTING POINT!dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0   6t jJd V: JBe,   6LjJdV : dMg*    6hjJd : TCa    6jJd7: VSr    6jJ V K2,2,  6l"jJV  M2,8,2,  6'jJ  =2,8,8,2  6 +jJ7 @ 2,8,18,8,2    6tjJX  |Electronic config.,   62jJ: X N1283.  67jJ:X  K650,  6;jJ:  9850  6>jJ:9 9770  69jJ:Z  xMelting point / CJ#  6GjJd5: VBa   6DLjJ5 C 2,8,18,18,8,2  6OjJ:7 9710F  5   6 0'0x sHOPTON,(2#  7 VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +]" 0 !|! 6P!(    04V X GROUP TRENDS0 (2 f3"  0[P  .DECREASES down Group " each atom contributes two electrons to the delocalised cloud " metallic bonding gets weaker due to increased size of ion V@ ! !B K  0(ct G MELTING POINT!dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0   6$ijJd V: JBe,   6njJdV : dMg*    6 sjJd : TCa    6yjJd7: VSr    6}jJ V K2,2,  6܁jJV  M2,8,2,  6|jJ  =2,8,8,2  6PjJ7 @ 2,8,18,8,2    6PjJX  |Electronic config.,   6jJ: X N1283.  6XjJ:X  K650,  6jJ:  9850  6LjJ:9 9770  6hjJ:Z  xMelting point / CJ#  6諉jJd5: VBa   6tjJ5 C 2,8,18,18,8,2  6(jJ:7 9710\ 4 64jJC"? [$  Larger ions mean that the electron cloud doesn t bind them as strongly.GF!X 5 0 p X 6 0 j N 7 C &A2+iong  V 8 C .Al2+largerg "  V 9 C .Al2+largerg -  V : C .Al2+largerg  V ; C .Al2+largerg d$ V < C .Al2+largerg w T V = C .Al2+largerg DY V > C .Al2+largerg MX  ? # ,BCDE\F^f3{T(  uh@Fo }/BG H((,0@ `"<  `? hu N @ C &A2+iong ~ N A C &A2+iong ~ N B C &A2+iong ~ N C C &A2+iong u N D C &A2+iongw /g N E C &A2+iongu -e N F C &A2+iongu &e N G C &A2+iong{  k N H C &A2+iongZ J N I C &A2+iongX H N J C &A2+iongX H N K C &A2+iong^ N N L C &A2+iongd T  M # ,BCDE\F^f3{T(  uh@Fo }/BG H((,0@ `"<  `? L F  N   O 0T<0x sHOPTON,(2#  P VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +# 0 "" 6PN"(    0Ĺ X GROUP TRENDS0 (2 f3X  0tЉP PDECREASES down Group " each atom contributes two electrons to the delocalised cloud " metallic bonding gets weaker due to increased size of ion " Group I metals have lower melting points than the equivalent Group II metal because each metal only contributes one electron to the cloud V@f.B %   0ىt G MELTING POINT!dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0   6@߉jJd V: JBe,   6jJdV : dMg*    6PjJd : TCa    6jJd7: VSr    6@jJ V K2,2,  6jJV  M2,8,2,  6jJ  =2,8,8,2  6 jJ7 @ 2,8,18,8,2    6jJX  |Electronic config.,   6jJ: X N1283.  6pjJ:X  K650,  6 C .Al2+largerg MX  ? # ,BCDE\F^f3{T(  uh@Fo }/BG H((,0@ `"<  `? hu N @ C &A2+iong ~ N A C &A2+iong ~ N B C &A2+iong ~ N C C &A2+iong u N D C &A2+iongw /g N E C &A2+iongu -e N F C &A2+iongu &e N G C &A2+iong{  k N H C &A2+iongZ J N I C &A2+iongX H N J C &A2+iongX H N K C &A2+iong^ N N L C &A2+iongd T  M # ,BCDE\F^f3{T(  uh@Fo }/BG H((,0@ `"<  `? L F  N   O 0<=0x sHOPTON,(2#  P VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +$ 0 ## 6Q\#(    0` X GROUP TRENDS0 (2 f3t  0\eP1 hDECREASES down Group " each atom contributes two electrons to the delocalised cloud " metallic bonding gets weaker due to increased size of ion " Group I metals have lower melting points than the equivalent Group II metal because each metal only contributes one electron to the cloud NOTE Magnesium doesn t fit the trend because crystalline structure can also affect the melting point of a metalZ@#' -!Xf.B %   0pt G MELTING POINT!dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0   6vjJd V: JBe,   6{jJdV : dMg*    6jJd : TCa    6jJd7: VSr    6hjJ V K2,2,  6jJV  M2,8,2,  64jJ  =2,8,8,2  6@jJ7 @ 2,8,18,8,2    6jJX  |Electronic config.,   6pjJ: X N1283.  6jJ:X  =650!  6jJ:  9850  6jJ:9 9770  6jJ:Z  xMelting point / CJ#  6DjJd5: VBa   6jJ5 C 2,8,18,18,8,2  6`jJ:7 9710X % 0 p X , 0 j ` 4 6\jJC"? [$  Larger ions mean that the electron cloud doesn t bind them as strongly2GFN 7 C &A2+iong  V 8 C .Al2+largerg "  V 9 C .Al2+largerg -  V : C .Al2+largerg  V ; C .Al2+largerg d$ V < C .Al2+largerg w T V = C .Al2+largerg DY V > C .Al2+largerg MX  3 # ,BCDE\F^f3{T(  uh@Fo }/BG H((,0@ `"<  `? hu N @ C &A2+iong ~ N A C &A2+iong ~ N B C &A2+iong ~ N C C &A2+iong u N D C &A2+iongw /g N E C &A2+iongu -e N F C &A2+iongu &e N G C &A2+iong{  k N I C &A2+iongZ J N J C &A2+iongX H N K C &A2+iongX H N L C &A2+iong^ N N M C &A2+iongd T  N # ,BCDE\F^f3{T(  uh@Fo }/BG H((,0@ `"<  `? L F  O j37 P 0HI0x sHOPTON,(2#  Q VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +Y 0 x  !(    0ώ cFIRST IONISATION ENERGY0(2f3dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0F       0|U0x sHOPTON,(2#  ! VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  RP(  P P 0؎ cFIRST IONISATION ENERGY0(2f3dB P <D)P0Q P 0Pp@ 0 0dB P@ <D)PXP P 0X0@ 0 0 P 6ߎjJS) JBe,  P 6jJS ) dMg*   P 6jJS ) TCa   P 6jJS) VSr   P 6jJ) I899*   P 6@jJ)  9738 P 6jJ)  9590 P 6DjJ) 9550 P 68jJ) n 1st I.E. / kJ mol-1<  P 6X jJSP) VBa  P 6(jJ)P 9500 P 6jJ >1800 P 68jJ  >1500 P 60jJ  >1100 P 6HjJ >1100 P 6jJP >1000 P 6#jJ ?14849 P 6(jJ  >7733 P 6+jJ  >4912 P 6 /jJ >4120 P 63jJP >3390 P 66jJ n 2nd I.E. / kJ mol-1<  P 6X<jJ n 3rd I.E. / kJ mol-1< F  PP   QP 0 80x sHOPTON,(2#  RP VAParchmentS" ?H P 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +: 0 aY !!(    0tC cFIRST IONISATION ENERGY0(2f3e  0H[0 DECREASES down the Group Despite the increasing nuclear charge the values decrease due to the extra shielding provided by additional filled inner energy levelsJ !!dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  6PjJS) JBe,   6UjJS ) dMg*    6ZjJS ) TCa    6SjJS) VSr    6bjJ) I899*    6`fjJ)  9738  6 jjJ)  9590  6njJ) 9550  6qjJ) n 1st I.E. / kJ mol-1<   6lljJSP) VBa   6sjJ)P 9500  6}jJ >1800  6jJ  >1500  6PjJ  >1100  6DjJ >1100  6ȍjJP >1000  6jJ ?14849  6씒jJ  >7733  6pjJ  >4912  6 jJ >4120  6ljJP >3390  6LjJ n 2nd I.E. / kJ mol-1<   6jJ n 3rd I.E. / kJ mol-1< F       00x sHOPTON,(2#  ! VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 P +>pz(  p p 0 cFIRST IONISATION ENERGY0(2f3e p 0$[0 DECREASES down the Group Despite the increasing nuclear charge the values decrease due to the extra shielding provided by additional filled inner energy levelsJ !!dB p <D)P0Q p 0Pp@ 0 0dB p@ <D)PXP p 0X0@ 0 0 p 6 ĒjJS) JBe,  p 6ȒjJS ) dMg*   p 6x͒jJS ) TCa   p 6ӒjJS) VSr   p 6ϒjJ) Q8992!!  p 6xڒjJ)  9738 p 6jJ)  9590 p 6ޒjJ) 9550 p 6jJ) n 1st I.E. / kJ mol-1<  p 6ݒjJSP) VBa  p 6LjJ)P 9500 p 6<jJ >1800 p 64jJ  >1500 p 6LjJ  >1100 p 6djJ >1100 p 6 jJP >1000 p 6 jJ ?14849 p 6TjJ  >7733 p 6pjJ  >4912 p 6hjJ >4120 p 64jJP >3390 p 6!jJ n 2nd I.E. / kJ mol-1<  p 6t(jJ n 3rd I.E. / kJ mol-1< M p 0,+   [BERYLLIUM There are 4 protons pulling on the outer shell electrons 1st I.E. = 899 kJ mol-1v\ f9!!!!$F  N 2p   t2 3p 6o"` 2 4p Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Nj g 2 5p Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 v t2 6p 6jJ"` i7 t2 7p 6jJ"` oNt2 8p 6jJ"`   9p <9(   N4+  t2 :p 6jJ"`B s F  p VAParchmentS" ?H p 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +G- 0 n,f,@ >>l+(  l l 0@ cFIRST IONISATION ENERGY0(2f3e l 0@G[0 DECREASES down the Group Despite the increasing nuclear charge the values decrease due to the extra shielding provided by additional filled inner energy levelsJ !!dB l <D)P0Q l 0Pp@ 0 0dB l@ <D)PXP l 0X0@ 0 0 l 6PjJS) JBe,  l 6UjJS ) dMg*   l 6ZjJS ) TCa   l 6SjJS) VSr   l 6dcjJ) I899*   l 6ajJ)  =738! l 6mjJ)  9590 l 6pjJ) 9550 l 6sjJ) n 1st I.E. / kJ mol-1<  l 6HzjJSP) VBa  l 6ljJ)P 9500 l 6<jJ >1800 l 6DjJ  >1500 l 6jJ  >1100 l 6荔jJ >1100 l 6jJP >1000 l 6PjJ ?14849 l 6jJ  >7733 l 6jJ  >4912 l 64jJ >4120 l 6TjJP >3390 l 6\jJ n 2nd I.E. / kJ mol-1<  l 6jJ n 3rd I.E. / kJ mol-1< Q l 0h   [BERYLLIUM There are 4 protons pulling on the outer shell electrons 1st I.E. = 899 kJ mol-1z\ 9k F  b (M  l  = 2 !l <o"` ( <  t2 "l 6jJ"`e ? n2 #l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 5 7 2 $l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N K 2 %l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NP  2 &l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N&  2 'l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N e 2 (l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N e2 )l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N K 2 *l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N   2 +l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N t2 ,l 6jJ"` b 7 t2 -l 6jJ"` K Mt2 .l 6jJ"` n k ?  /l <̔p x 8  O12+  t2 0l 6jJ"` 2 1l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  5 $F  N 2l   t2 3l 6o"` 2 4l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Nj g 2 5l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 v t2 6l 6jJ"` i7 t2 7l 6jJ"` oNt2 8l 6jJ"`   9l <$є(   N4+  t2 :l 6jJ"`B s   ;l 0,֔ +  MAGNESIUM There are now 12 protons pulling on the outer shell electrons. However, the extra filled inner shell shields the nucleus from the outer shell electrons. The effective nuclear charge is less and the electrons are easier to remove. 1st I.E. = 738 kJ mol-1  fH!!!!F  l VAParchmentS" ?H l 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +/ 0 >.6.0 ABh-(  h h 0 cFIRST IONISATION ENERGY0(2f3e h 0[0 DECREASES down the Group Despite the increasing nuclear charge the values decrease due to the extra shielding provided by additional filled inner energy levelsJ !!dB h <D)P0Q h 0Pp@ 0 0dB h@ <D)PXP h 0X0@ 0 0 h 6jJS) JBe,  h 6jJS ) dMg*   h 6$jJS ) TCa   h 64jJS) VSr   h 64jJ) Q8992!!  h 6 jJ)  =738! h 6jJ)  9590 h 6xjJ) 9550 h 6jJ) n 1st I.E. / kJ mol-1<  h 6jJSP) VBa  h 6jJ)P 9500 h 6l(jJ >1800 h 6*jJ  >1500 h 6-jJ  >1100 h 64jJ >1100 h 68jJP >1000 h 6,<jJ ?14849 h 6?jJ  >7733 h 6CjJ  >4912 h 6FjJ >4120 h 6JjJP >3390 h 6MjJ n 2nd I.E. / kJ mol-1<  h 6\RjJ n 3rd I.E. / kJ mol-1< M h 0]   [BERYLLIUM There are 4 protons pulling on the outer shell electrons 1st I.E. = 899 kJ mol-1v\ f9!!!!k F  b (M  h  = 2 !h <bo"` ( <  t2 "h 6jJ"`e ? n2 #h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 5 7 2 $h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N K 2 %h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NP  2 &h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N&  2 'h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N e 2 (h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N e2 )h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N K 2 *h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N   2 +h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N t2 ,h 6jJ"` b 7 t2 -h 6jJ"` K Mt2 .h 6jJ"` n k ?  /h <fp x 8  O12+  t2 0h 6jJ"` 2 1h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  5 $F  N 2h   t2 3h 6o"` 2 4h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Nj g 2 5h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 v t2 6h 6jJ"` i7 t2 7h 6jJ"` oNt2 8h 6jJ"`   9h <j(   N4+  t2 :h 6jJ"`B s  h 0|8x sHOPTON,(2#  ?h VAParchmentS" ?F  @h LP Ah 0x sHOPTON,(2#  Bh VAParchmentS" ?H h 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 !eT}(  T T 0<~ jSUCCESSIVE IONISATION ENERGIES0(2f3 T 0,[0B .Successive Ionisation Energy values get larger// dB T <D)P0Q T 0Pp@ 0 0dB T@ <D)PXP T 0X0@ 0 0 T 6jJS) <Be  T 6슖jJS ) `Mg&   T 6jJS ) XCa   T 6 jJS) ZSr   T 6PjJ) Q8992  T 6 jJ)  9738 T 6jJ)  =590 T 60jJ) =550 T 6̨jJ) n 1st I.E. / kJ mol-1<  T 6jJSP) ZBa  T 6ԱjJ)P =500 T 6ȵjJ >1800 T 6tjJ  :1500 T 6ljJ  >1100 T 6jJ >1100 T 6ŖjJP >1000 T 6$ɖjJ ?14849 T 6͖jJ  :7733 T 6ЖjJ  >4912 T 6 ԖjJ >4120 T 6זjJP >3390 T 6|ۖjJ n 2nd I.E. / kJ mol-1<  T 6TjJ n 3rd I.E. / kJ mol-1< F  cT   dT 0cx sHOPTON,(2#  eT VAParchmentS" ?H T 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +$ 0 ## 4Vd]#(  d d 08 jSUCCESSIVE IONISATION ENERGIES0(2f3 d 0D[0B .Successive Ionisation Energy values get larger// dB d <D)P0Q d 0Pp@ 0 0dB d@ <D)PXP d 0X0@ 0 0 d 6HjJS) <Be  d 6|jJS ) hMg.!!   d 6DjJS ) XCa   d 6jJS) ZSr   d 6jJ) Q8992  d 6\jJ)  =738! d 6\ jJ)  =590 d 6jJ) =550 d 6jJ) n 1st I.E. / kJ mol-1<  d 6$jJSP) ZBa  d 6jJ)P =500 d 6\#jJ >1800 d 6 jJ  :1500 d 6*jJ  >1100 d 6,/jJ >1100 d 6 0jJP >1000 d 65jJ ?14849 d 6<:jJ  :7733 d 6=jJ  >4912 d 6DjJ >4120 d 6GjJP >3390 d 6GjJ n 2nd I.E. / kJ mol-1<  d 6OjJ n 3rd I.E. / kJ mol-1< 2 d <PVo"`+i  <  l2  d 6jJ"`C 2 !d Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?ND g 2 "d Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N } 2 #d Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N | 2 $d Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N R 2 %d Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  2 &d Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N*  2 'd Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N }$ 2 (d Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N B 2 )d Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N* R l2 *d 6jJ"`Ll2 +d 6fjJ"`Z } l2 ,d 6jJ"` I  -d <\ P  O12+  l2 .d 6jJ"`{ M 2 /d Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng  0d 0b' B  w1st I.E. = 738 kJ mol-1D!!!XB Qd 0D>{F  Td   Ud 0p6x sHOPTON,(2#  Vd VAParchmentS" ?H d 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +T1 0 {0s0 EV` 0(  ` ` 0 m jSUCCESSIVE IONISATION ENERGIES0(2f3 ` 0Xr[0B .Successive Ionisation Energy values get larger// dB ` <D)P0Q ` 0Pp@ 0 0dB `@ <D)PXP ` 0X0@ 0 0 ` 6`xjJS) <Be  ` 6|jJS ) hMg.!!   ` 6jJS ) XCa   ` 6djJS) ZSr   ` 60jJ) Q8992  ` 6jJ)  9738 ` 6蓗jJ)  =590 ` 6藗jJ) =550 ` 6jJ) n 1st I.E. / kJ mol-1<  ` 6jJSP) ZBa  ` 6 jJ)P =500 ` 6jJ >1800 ` 6hjJ  >1500! ` 6ȱjJ  >1100 ` 6jJ >1100 ` 6ljJP >1000 ` 6jJ ?14849 ` 6hjJ  :7733 ` 6ƗjJ  >4912 ` 6ʗjJ >4120 ` 62jJP >3390 ` 6 ӗjJ n 2nd I.E. / kJ mol-1<  ` 6×jJ n 3rd I.E. / kJ mol-1< 2 ` <ݗo"`+i  <  l2  ` 6jJ"`C 2 !` Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?ND g 2 "` Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N } 2 #` Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N | 2 $` Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N R 2 %` Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  2 &` Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N*  2 '` Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N }$ 2 (` Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N B 2 )` Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N* R l2 *` 6jJ"`Ll2 +` 6fjJ"`Z } l2 ,` 6jJ"` I  -` <, P  O12+  l2 .` 6jJ"`{ M 2 /` Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng  0` 0' B  w1st I.E. = 738 kJ mol-1D2 1` <@o"`+k  <  l2 2` 6jJ"` E 2 3` Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?ND i 2 4` Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  2 5` Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  ~ 2 6` Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N T 2 7` Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  2 8` Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N*  2 9` Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  $ 2 :` Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N D 2 ;` Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N* T l2 <` 6jJ"`<  l2 =` 6jJ"` K   >` < ! R  O12+  l2 ?` 6jJ"`{ M 2 @` Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ni   O` 0' -? %2nd I.E. = 1500 kJ mol-1 There are now 12 protons and only 11 electrons. The increased ratio of protons to electrons means that it is harder to pull an electron out.d!!f!XB R` 0D> tF  T` W U` 0Lx sHOPTON,(2#  V` VAParchmentS" ?H ` 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +\< 0 ;{; TW\;(  \ \ 04[0B .Successive Ionisation Energy values get larger// dB \ <D)P0Q \ 0Pp@ 0 0dB \@ <D)PXP \ 0X0@ 0 0 \ 6jJS) <Be  \ 6 jJS ) hMg.!!   \ 6(%jJS ) XCa   \ 6d)jJS) ZSr   \ 6,jJ) Q8992  \ 6,1jJ)  9738 \ 66jJ)  =590 \ 6:jJ) =550 \ 63jJ) n 1st I.E. / kJ mol-1<  \ 6BjJSP) ZBa  \ 6 GjJ)P =500 \ 6 JjJ >1800 \ 6 PjJ  :1500 \ 6SjJ  >1100 \ 6WjJ >1100 \ 6 \jJP >1000 \ 6^jJ ?14849 \ 6djJ  >7733! \ 6jjJ  >4912 \ 6njJ >4120 \ 68qjJP >3390 \ 6bjJ n 2nd I.E. / kJ mol-1<  \ 6sjJ n 3rd I.E. / kJ mol-1< 2 \ <~o"`+i  <  l2  \ 6jJ"`C 2 !\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?ND g 2 "\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N } 2 #\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N | 2 $\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N R 2 %\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  2 &\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N*  2 '\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N }$ 2 (\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N B 2 )\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N* R l2 *\ 6jJ"`Ll2 +\ 6fjJ"`Z } l2 ,\ 6jJ"` I  -\ < P  O12+  l2 .\ 6jJ"`{ M 2 /\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng  0\ 0D' B  w1st I.E. = 738 kJ mol-1D2 1\ <o"`+k  <  l2 2\ 6jJ"` E 2 3\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?ND i 2 4\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  2 5\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  ~ 2 6\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N T 2 7\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  2 8\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N*  2 9\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  $ 2 :\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N D 2 ;\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N* T l2 <\ 6jJ"`<  l2 =\ 6jJ"` K   >\ < ! R  O12+  l2 ?\ 6jJ"`{ M 2 @\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ni  l2 A\ 6o"`#R 2 B\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N+ v 2 C\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  p 2 D\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  2 E\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N a 2 F\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N #~ 2 G\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N # 2 H\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N   2 I\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N Q 2 J\ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N a l2 K\ 6jJ"`{xl2 L\ 6jJ"` X)  M\ < ._  O12+  l2 N\ 6jJ"`b 4 w O\ 0 ' -? 2nd I.E. = 1500 kJ mol-1 There are now 12 protons and only 11 electrons. The increased ratio of protons to electrons means that it is harder to pull an electron out.Vs P\ 0䱙' T 3rd I.E. = 7733 kJ mol-1 There is a big jump in IE because the electron being removed is from a shell nearer the nucleus; there is less shielding. d!!fz!XB S\ 0D>" T\ 0Ƚ jSUCCESSIVE IONISATION ENERGIES0(2f3F  U\ >B V\ 0x sHOPTON,(2#  W\ VAParchmentS" ?H \ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +< 0 < <VWX;(  X X 0ș[0B .Successive Ionisation Energy values get larger// dB X <D)P0Q X 0Pp@ 0 0dB X@ <D)PXP X 0X0@ 0 0 X 6tÙjJS) JBe,  X 6|ؙjJS ) `Mg&   X 6x֙jJS ) TCa   X 6@ߙjJS) VSr   X 68jJ) I899*   X 6jJ)  9738 X 6ؙjJ)  9590 X 6lՙjJ) 9550 X 6<ҙjJ) n 1st I.E. / kJ mol-1<  X 6jJSP) VBa  X 6jJ)P 9500 X 6jJ :1800 X 6jJ  :1500 X 6jJ  :1100 X 6jJ :1100 X 6jJP :1000 X 6 jJ ;14849 X 6jJ  :7733 X 6jJ  :4912 X 6 jJ :4120 X 6HjJP :3390 X 64jJ n 2nd I.E. / kJ mol-1<  X 6$jJ n 3rd I.E. / kJ mol-1< 2 X <)o"`+i  <  l2  X 6jJ"`C 2 !X Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?ND g 2 "X Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N } 2 #X Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N | 2 $X Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N R 2 %X Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  2 &X Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N*  2 'X Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N }$ 2 (X Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N B 2 )X Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N* R l2 *X 6jJ"`Ll2 +X 6fjJ"`Z } l2 ,X 6jJ"` I  -X </ P  O12+  l2 .X 6jJ"`{ M 2 /X Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng  0X 04' B  w1st I.E. = 738 kJ mol-1D!!!2 1X <,;o"`+k  <  l2 2X 6jJ"` E 2 3X Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?ND i 2 4X Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  2 5X Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  ~ 2 6X Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N T 2 7X Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  2 8X Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N*  2 9X Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  $ 2 :X Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N D 2 ;X Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N* T l2 X <xA ! R  O12+  l2 ?X 6jJ"`{ M 2 @X Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ni  l2 AX 6o"`#R 2 BX Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N+ v 2 CX Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  p 2 DX Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  2 EX Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N a 2 FX Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N #~ 2 GX Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N # 2 HX Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N   2 IX Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N Q 2 JX Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N a l2 KX 6jJ"`{xl2 LX 6jJ"` X)  MX <(J ._  O12+  l2 NX 6jJ"`b 4  OX 0O' -? %2nd I.E. = 1500 kJ mol-1 There are now 12 protons and only 11 electrons. The increased ratio of protons to electrons means that it is harder to pull an electron out.d!!f!s PX 0W' T 3rd I.E. = 7733 kJ mol-1 There is a big jump in IE because the electron being removed is from a shell nearer the nucleus; there is less shielding. d!!fz!XB QX 0D>{XB RX 0D> tXB SX 0D>" TX 0` jSUCCESSIVE IONISATION ENERGIES0(2f3F  UX RV VX 0mx sHOPTON,(2#  WX VAParchmentS" ?H X 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  HJ(  H H 0g #CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS0$(2#f3#   H 0ms HReactivity increases down the Group due to the ease of cation formation $HI7 dB H <D)P0Q H 0Pp@ 0 0dB H@ <D)PXP H 0X0@ 0 0F   H    H 0\x sHOPTON,(2#   H VAParchmentS" ?H H 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0   @  p (    0x #CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS0$(2#f3# 0  0|s  Reactivity increases down the Group due to the ease of cation formation OXYGEN react with increasing vigour down the group Mg burns readily with a bright white flame 0 0 +2 -2 2Mg(s) + O2(g)  > 2MgO(s) Ba burns readily with an apple-green flame 2Ba(s) + O2(g)  > 2BaO(s) H5-@J-@'I!b! R R7)N dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0F       0x sHOPTON,(2#    VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0   0   (    0䔛 #CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS0$(2#f3# p  0hs DReactivity increases down the Group due to the ease of cation formation OXYGEN react with increasing vigour down the group Mg burns readily with a bright white flame 0 0 +2 -2 2Mg(s) + O2(g)  > 2MgO(s) Ba burns readily with an apple-green flame 2Ba(s) + O2(g)  > 2BaO(s) In both cases& the metal is oxidised Oxidation No. increases from 0 to +2 oxygen is reduced Oxidation No. decreases from 0 to -2 Mg  > Mg2+ + 2e O + 2e  > O2- DH5-@J-@'M@92@#I!.bR + d7)N  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0F       0Ax sHOPTON,(2#    VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 p 8K(  8 8 0D #CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS0$(2#f3#   8 0s IReactivity increases down the Group due to the ease of cation formation $HJ7 dB 8 <D)P0Q 8 0Pp@ 0 0dB 8@ <D)PXP 8 0X0@ 0 0F   8    8 0x sHOPTON,(2#   8 VAParchmentS" ?H 8 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' ~= @B + 0 /'`  (    0̛ #CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS0$(2#f3#   0ϛs Reactivity increases down the Group due to the ease of cation formation WATER react with increasing vigour down the group PH5@I!2,7)dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0F       00x sHOPTON,(2#    VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' ~= @B +  0   p   (    0ܛ #CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS0$(2#f3# \  0tsb  pReactivity increases down the Group due to the ease of cation formation WATER react with increasing vigour down the group Mg reacts very slowly with cold water Mg(s) + 2H2O(l)  > Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) but reacts quickly with steam Mg(s) + H2O(g)  > MgO(s) + H2(g) H5)@;!@7I!i    6  b7)=XdB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0F       0x sHOPTON,(2#    VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' ~= @B +  0   P  > (    0 #CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE ELEMENTS0$(2#f3#   0Ts9  6Reactivity increases down the Group due to the ease of cation formation WATER react with increasing vigour down the group Mg reacts very slowly with cold water Mg(s) + 2H2O(l)  > Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) but reacts quickly with steam Mg(s) + H2O(g)  > MgO(s) + H2(g) Ba reacts vigorously with cold water Ba(s) + 2H2O(l)  > Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) H5)@;!@7'@<I!18 68    7)=X&5dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0F       0x sHOPTON,(2#    VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +\  0 {@  "(    09 zOXIDES OF GROUP II0(2f3   0(>sh |Bonding " ionic solids; EXCEPT BeO which has covalent character " BeO (beryllium oxide) MgO (magnesium oxide) CaO (calcium oxide) SrO (strontium oxide) BaO (barium oxide) \!!!"$ dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0F      ! 0xx sHOPTON,(2#  " VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 0 ""(    0xS zOXIDES OF GROUP II0(2f3    0as  Bonding " ionic solids; EXCEPT BeO which has covalent character " BeO (beryllium oxide) MgO (magnesium oxide) CaO (calcium oxide) SrO (strontium oxide) BaO (barium oxide) Reaction with water H@! "$ dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0UF ?'   !    6ijJb?]   JBe,   6ajJ] ?X   dMg*    68rjJX ?S  TCa    6xjJS?N  VSr    6X|jJb ]  NNONE.  6tjJ]  X  Nreacts,  6djJX  S  <reacts  60jJS N  <reacts  6܍jJ c  _Reactivity with water.  6jJN?  VBa   6TjJN   <reacts  <@jJ"`c ] Q  ` Insoluble : (   6jJ] X Q  kSparingly soluble    6 jJX SQ  jSlightly soluble    6jJS NQ  g Quite soluble   68jJN Q  f Very soluble     6hjJbQ \ '  I-,  6TjJ\ Q W '  2  6jJW Q R'  :9-10  6tjJRQ M'  .  6<ŝjJMQ '  .  6ǝjJ cQ  )Solubility of hydroxide g/100cm3 of waterL*    6 ϝjJQ b'  XpH of solution.F      ! 0xx sHOPTON,(2#  " VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  ""(    0<ޝ zOXIDES OF GROUP II0(2f3 "  0dsr vBonding " ionic solids; EXCEPT BeO which has covalent character " BeO (beryllium oxide) MgO (magnesium oxide) CaO (calcium oxide) SrO (strontium oxide) BaO (barium oxide) Reaction with water React with water to produce the hydroxide (not Be) e.g. CaO(s) + H2O(l)  > Ca(OH)2(s)F@.!Q  "$ W"dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0UF ?'   !    6$jJb?]   JBe,   6jJ] ?X   dMg*    6 jJX ?S  TCa    6jJS?N  VSr    6(jJb ]  NNONE.  6jJ]  X  Nreacts,  6`jJX  S  <reacts  6jJS N  <reacts  6#jJ c  _Reactivity with water.  6XjJN?  VBa   6)jJN   <reacts  <jJ"`c ] Q  ` Insoluble : (   6/jJ] X Q  kSparingly soluble    66jJX SQ  jSlightly soluble    69jJS NQ  g Quite soluble   6.jJN Q  f Very soluble     6AjJbQ \ '  I-,  6GjJ\ Q W '  2  6pIjJW Q R'  :9-10  6 Ca2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) Mg(OH)2 used in toothpaste and indigestion tablets as an antacid Mg(OH)2(s) + 2H+ (aq)  > Mg2+(aq) + 2H2O(l) Both the above are weak alkalis and not as caustic as sodium hydroxide 6@<B@<G! 7       C     N>' %|idB L <D)P0Q L 0Pp@ 0 0dB L@ <D)PXP L 0X0@ 0 0F  L   L 0HVx sHOPTON,(2#  L VAParchmentS" ?H L 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +t 0    +(      03 ~CARBONATES OF GROUP II0(2f3 dB   <D)P0Q   0Pp@ 0 0dB  @ <D)PXP   0X0@ 0 0F        0ix sHOPTON,(2#    VAParchmentS" ?H   0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +K 0 rj.@  (  @ @ 0 ~CARBONATES OF GROUP II0(2f3 ( @ 0s RProperties " insoluble in water ** !(#  dB @ <D)P0Q @ 0Pp@ 0 0dB @@ <D)PXP @ 0X0@ 0 0  @ 6jJ k yMgCO3<    @ 6jJ k gCaCO3*    @ 6jJk gSrCO3*    @ 6D jJk gBaCO3*   @ 6jJk A z 1.5 x 10-48     @ 6jJk A ^ 1.3 x 10-58   @ 6jJkA ^ 7.4 x 10-68   @ 6 MgO(s) + CO2(g)  !Q  .# ^dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  60jJ k uMgCO38      6|5jJ k gCaCO3*     65jJk gSrCO3*     6|5jJk gBaCO3*     645jJk A  1.5 x 10-4D      65jJk A j 1.3 x 10-5D   6t5jJkA j 7.4 x 10-6D   65jJkA X 9.1 x 10-62   6DjJA  9980  6jJk A Solubility g/100cm3 of waterX   64jJA  Decomposition temperature / CL#  6jJA  U400   6)jJA :1280  6(3jJA J1360* F      ! 0Bx sHOPTON,(2#  " VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 @8 "(    0i~ ~CARBONATES OF GROUP II0(2f3   0w~s  Properties " insoluble in water " undergo thermal decomposition to oxide and carbon dioxide e.g. MgCO3(s)  > MgO(s) + CO2(g) " the ease of decomposition decreases down the group !L7:# ^F dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  6~jJ k uMgCO38      6~jJ k gCaCO3*     6~jJk gSrCO3*     6~jJk gBaCO3*     6x~jJk A  1.5 x 10-4D      6~jJk A j 1.3 x 10-5D   6d~jJkA j 7.4 x 10-6D   6~jJkA X 9.1 x 10-62   6~jJA  9980  6~jJk A Solubility g/100cm3 of waterX   6~jJA  Decomposition temperature / CL#  6jJA  U400   6 jJA :1280  6jJA J1360* F      ! 0Gx sHOPTON,(2#  " VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' 5= @B + 0 <4 $%(    0 ~CARBONATES OF GROUP II0(2f3   0P0s  Properties " insoluble in water " undergo thermal decomposition to oxide and carbon dioxide e.g. MgCO3(s)  > MgO(s) + CO2(g) " the ease of decomposition decreases down the group !h7:# ^F dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  6䓊jJ k yMgCO3<     6k0jJ k gCaCO3*     6#0jJk gSrCO3*     6ϓjJk gBaCO3*     6ޓjJk A  1.5 x 10-4D      6jJk A j 1.3 x 10-5D   6jJkA j 7.4 x 10-6D   6TjJkA X 9.1 x 10-62   6$jJA  9980  6jJk A Solubility g/100cm3 of waterX   6 jJA  Decomposition temperature / CL#  6ĊjJA  U400   6ΊjJA :1280  6؊jJA J1360* R  C *Amg2+iongQ P R  C *ACa2+iong, S  P  C (Aco3iong, Sb P  C (Aco3iong:  T  C ,A oxideiong% u R  C *Amg2+iongJ } T  C ,A oxideiong, q R  C *ACa2+iong D XB  0D> K!    0 F  \EASIER3  ! 0@   \HARDER! XB " 0D>  F  #   $ 0Jx sHOPTON,(2#  % VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' 0= @B + 0  %%b(    0\ ~CARBONATES OF GROUP II0(2f3   0\s  Properties " insoluble in water " undergo thermal decomposition to oxide and carbon dioxide e.g. MgCO3(s)  > MgO(s) + CO2(g) " the ease of decomposition decreases down the group !h7:# ^F dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  6 jJ k yMgCO3<     6#jJ k gCaCO3*     6jJk gSrCO3*     6tjJk gBaCO3*     6~jJk A  1.5 x 10-4D      6x_jJk A j 1.3 x 10-5D   6$@jJkA j 7.4 x 10-6D   6~jJkA X 9.1 x 10-62   6~jJA  9980  6@~jJk A Solubility g/100cm3 of waterX   6ujJA  Decomposition temperature / CL#  6DEjJA  U400   6zjJA :1280  6jJA J1360* R  C *Amg2+iongQ P R  C *ACa2+iong, S    0V5K 05 .One might think that the greater charge density of the smaller Mg2+ would mean that it would hold onto the CO32- ion more and the ions would be more difficult to separate. fA *  <P  C (Aco3iong, Sb P  C (Aco3iong:  T  C ,A oxideiong% u R  C *Amg2+iongJ } T  C ,A oxideiong, q R  C *ACa2+iong D XB  0D> K!    05 F  \EASIER3  ! 0S@   \HARDER! XB " 0D>  F  #   $ 0@x sHOPTON,(2#  % VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' 0= @B + 0  %'O(    00 ~CARBONATES OF GROUP II0(2f3   0us  Properties " insoluble in water " undergo thermal decomposition to oxide and carbon dioxide e.g. MgCO3(s)  > MgO(s) + CO2(g) " the ease of decomposition decreases down the group !h7:# ^F dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  60jJ k yMgCO3<     6ȿ0jJ k gCaCO3*     60jJk gSrCO3*     60jJk gBaCO3*     60jJk A  1.5 x 10-4D      60jJk A j 1.3 x 10-5D   60jJkA j 7.4 x 10-6D   65jJkA X 9.1 x 10-62   6 5jJA  9980  6(5jJk A Solubility g/100cm3 of waterX   6!5jJA  Decomposition temperature / CL#  6#5jJA  U400   675jJA :1280  6A5jJA J1360* R  C *Amg2+iongQ P R  C *ACa2+iong, S  {  0W5K 0U IOne might think that the greater charge density of the smaller Mg2+ would mean that it would hold onto the CO32- ion more and the ions would be more difficult to separate. The driving force must be the formation of the oxide. The smaller ion with its greater charge density holds onto the O2- ion to make a more stable compound.JA*<v!!%!P  C (Aco3iong, Sb P  C (Aco3iong:  T  C ,A oxideiong% u R  C *Amg2+iongJ } T  C ,A oxideiong, q R  C *ACa2+iong D XB ! 0D> K!  " 0d F  \EASIER3  # 0`@   \HARDER! XB $ 0D>  F  % LPE & 0 /x sHOPTON,(2#  ' VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' 0= @B +f 0  K  (  U8 B &  7k   <jJB   yMgSO4<   ! <jJ B   gCaSO4*   " <xjJB   gSrSO4*   # <jJB %  gBaSO4*   $ <dˠjJ  z 3.6 x 10-18     % <P̠jJ    ^ 1.1 x 10-38   & <ӠjJ   ^ 6.2 x 10-58   ' <נjJ &  P 9.0 x 10-7*   ) <LܠjJ   Solubility g/100cm3 of waterL    0 X GROUP TRENDS0 (2 f3  0Pt C SULPHATES  !dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0F  I   J 0 x sHOPTON,(2#  K VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' 5= @B +p 0  ('(  -F B &   k  6jJB   yMgSO4<    6jJ B   gCaSO4*    6jJB   gSrSO4*    6jJB %  gBaSO4*    6 jJ  z 3.6 x 10-18      6jJ    ^ 1.1 x 10-38     6jJ   ^ 6.2 x 10-58     6jJ &  P 9.0 x 10-7*     6$ jJ   Solubility g/100cm3 of waterL     0' X GROUP TRENDS0 (2 f3   0 ,t C SULPHATES  !dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0:  01[0 DSOLUBILITY DECREASES down the Group " as the cation gets larger it has a lower charge density " it becomes less attracted to the polar water molecules X!!~/nF  &   ' 0dx sHOPTON,(2#  ( VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0   ((  -F B &   k  6@jJB   yMgSO4<    6hFjJ B   gCaSO4*    6>jJB   gSrSO4*    6NjJB %  gBaSO4*    6UjJ  z 3.6 x 10-18      6P[jJ    ^ 1.1 x 10-38     6`jJ   ^ 6.2 x 10-58     6/y $ F     Z  C *Amg2+iong0t c R  C "A h2og X  C (Aso4iongkH  fB B 6DԔJF  Z  C *Amg2+iong C >  0/<  vGreater charge density of Mg2+ ion means that it is more attracted to water so the ionic lattice breaks up more easilyDwY"F  "   "  Z   C *ACa2+iongL 7 X ! 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R # C "A h2og=" c; fB $B 6DԔ D  % 0x7 <  xLower charge density of larger Ca2+ means that it is less attracted to water so the ionic lattice breaks up less easily  IT IS LESS SOLUBLED!jF  &   ' 0x sHOPTON,(2#  ( VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +G 0L0 VN %@(   X @dB  @@ <D)PXP @ 0X0@ 0 0 @ <̙? x @D 0 0J @ C "A KTRE: . @ 0Bx m g-2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING.(2. f @ 0GfM  ATHE END(2f/ "@ 0K +AN INTRODUCTION TO GROUP II Alkaline earthsd(2( f 0f$f$f F  #@ # I M N  $@ 0x sHOPTON,(2#  %@ VAParchmentS" ?H @ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +r4@"!24*0 &HC<~X %a< ;5YMrcRl |YC:{)<-`V$/CKVv`i6}ڄ@clS1w*0hu?Y -Oh+'0T hp  No Slide TitleHOPTONJONATHAN HOPTON1134Microsoft PowerPoint@?+q@@hNx@UyXsGSg  )'    """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3ff333f333333333f33333333f33f3ff3f3f3f3333f33̙33333f333333f3333f3ffffff3f33ff3f3f3f3fff3ffffffffff3ffff̙fff3fffff3fff333f3f3ff3ff33f̙̙3̙ff̙̙̙3f̙3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3f3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3ffffffffff!___www`4'A x(xKʦ 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