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(    6@ P  T Click to edit Master title style! !  0ํ   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  0 ``  X*  0xƍ `   Z*  0(ˍ `   Z*Z  Bf޽h @ ? ̙33 Default Design 0 zr@ ( )   0 P    P*    0     R*  d  c $ ?    0  @  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  6\ `P   P*    6L `   R*  H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.&U@ag= 0X(   $+ X X 0 P    X*  X 0     Z*  X 6  `P   X*  X 6$ `   Z* H X 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.&U>X 0L0 g_P'(  '  0P*P@ 7ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS A guide for A level studentst (28228n26f<fffJ  C "A KTRE  # 00(H OKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING(2 f % <̙? x @ 0 0 & <̙? x @ 0 0 ' 05"`>B 2008 SPECIFICATIONS<G$G   z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +q  0L0 x`(    0\H@} UELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS (2 fU   0Lp INTRODUCTION This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected topics at AS and A2 level Chemistry. It is based on the requirements of the AQA and OCR specifications but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes or it may be used for classroom teaching if an interactive white board is available. Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at... www.knockhardy.org.uk/sci.htm Navigation is achieved by... either clicking on the grey arrows at the foot of each page or using the left and right arrow keys on the keyboard (2 2(2 2   75, dB   <D?  dB   <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0   p{ ( w   0i~  CONTENTS The Bohr Atom Levels and sub-levels Rules and principles Orbitals Rules for filling orbitals. The Aufbau principle Electronic configurations of elements 1 to 36 Electronic configurations of ions V (20n2>J`  08H@} UELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS (2 fdB  <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB  @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0  0.U @ 0 0  6=P @ 0 0  65x @ 0 0  6%@# 0 0  6E@ u @* 0 0  6 E y @1 0 0  6 E. @8 0 0  6 =8 u @` 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  ]( w H  00|o Before you start it would be helpful to& Know that electrons can be found outside the nucleus in energy levels ( shells) Know the electronic configurations of the first 20 elements in 2,8,1 notation6*(2 2*  0ÕH@} UELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS (2 fJ  C "A orbpaL  C $A orbpgoJ  C "A orbs) ( p q dB  <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB  @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0    J ( w   0PqH@ [ THE BOHR ATOM2(2 f f  0,ҕQH  LIdeas about the structure of the atom have changed over the years. The Bohr theory thought of it as a small nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by circulating electrons. Each shell or energy level could hold a maximum number of electrons. The energy of levels became greater as they got further from the nucleus and electrons filled energy levels in order. The theory couldn t explain certain aspects of chemistry.: 2G\  0ԕ&#  eqMaximum electrons per shell 1st shell 2 2nd shell 8 3rd shell 18 4th shell 32 5th shell 50(2V 2P  C (ABOHRPNGQndB  <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB  @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0   PB (  dB  <D>bKdB  <Df>*n*   6 ; A1$(2dB   <Df>\ n\   6* ;  A2$(2  6H; C3&(2dB " <Df>ndB 2 <Df>hnh = 6#; A4$(2 C 6' e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2*  G 0xH@ cLEVELS AND SUB-LEVELS2(2f f  0F OPRINCIPAL ENERGY LEVELS(2  06K 0D SDuring studies of the spectrum of hydrogen it was shown that the energy levels were not equally spaced. The energy gap between successive levels got increasingly smaller as the levels got further from the nucleus. The importance of this is discussed later. 6 2lh.dB  <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 *.$(  dB  <D>bK^B  6Df>*n*  0= ; A1$(2^B  6Df>\ n\   0@ ;  A2$(2  0EH; C3&(2^B   6Df>n^B   6Df>hnh   0J; A4$(2   6N e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2*   0|UH@ cLEVELS AND SUB-LEVELS2(2f f" F *  *lB  <D**lB  <D\  lB  <D Z lB  <DlB  <DlB  <DlB  <DalB  <DhlB  <DhlB  <DafB  6DfԔfB  6DfԔfB  6DfԔfB  6DfԔfB  6DfԔfB   6DfԔfB ! 6DfԔ  fB " 6DfԔ**fB # 6DfԔ  fB $ 6DfԔQ % 0^K 0 During studies of the spectrum of hydrogen it was shown that the energy levels were not equally spaced. The energy gap between successive levels got increasingly smaller as the levels got further from the nucleus. The importance of this is discussed later. A study of Ionisation Energies and the periodic properties of elements suggested that the main energy levels were split into sub levels. Level 1 was split into 1 sub level Level 2 was split into 2 sub levels Level 3 was split into 3 sub levels Level 4 was split into 4 sub levels 2 2lh-[-   ' 0To  B SUB LEVELS (2 dB ( <D)@0A ) 0Pp@ 0 0dB *@ <D)@X@ + 0X0@ 0 0 , # l|u̙ ?A >  HCONTENTS$ (2 - <̙? x @ 0 0 . 0TzF OPRINCIPAL ENERGY LEVELS(2z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0    T ( w   0,H@ bRULES AND PRINCIPLES2(2f f*  0&0 6HEISENBERG S UNCERTAINTY PRINCIPLE  You cannot determine the position and momentum of an electron at the same time. This means that you cannot say exactly where an electron is. It put paid to the idea of electrons orbiting the nucleus in rings and introduced the idea of orbitals. THE AUFBAU PRINCIPLE  Electrons enter the lowest available energy level. PAULI S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE  No two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers. Two electrons can go in each orbital, providing they are of opposite spin. HUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITY  When in orbitals of equal energy, electrons will try to remain unpaired. Placing two electrons in one orbital means that, as they are both negatively charged, there will be some electrostatic repulsion between them. Placing each electron in a separate orbital reduces the repulsion and the system is more stable. It can be described as the  SITTING ON A BUS RULE !2 "Q ~4:K$J$>^dB  <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB  @ <D)@X@   0X0@ 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 (    0\H@ VORBITALS2 (2f f  0 0 An orbital is... a region in space where one is likely to find an electron. Orbitals can hold up to two electrons as long as they have opposite spin; this is known as PAULI S EXCLUSION PRINCIPAL. Orbitals have different shapes... 2: ?Q,LpdB  <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0   0  ( w   0dH@ VORBITALS2 (2f f  0<0 jAn orbital is... a region in space where one is likely to find an electron. Orbitals can hold up to two electrons as long as they have opposite spin; this is known as PAULI S EXCLUSION PRINCIPAL. Orbitals have different shapes...P 2;,Lp  NL||ffԔHP  7ORBITAL SHAPE OCCURRENCE s spherical one in every principal level p dumb-bell three in levels from 2 upwards d various five in levels from 3 upwards f various seven in levels from 4 upwards: 2#f f f f fXB  0D''dB  <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)@X@   0X0@ 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0    Q ( w   0H@ VORBITALS2 (2f f  0X‚0 jAn orbital is... a region in space where one is likely to find an electron. Orbitals can hold up to two electrons as long as they have opposite spin; this is known as PAULI S EXCLUSION PRINCIPAL. Orbitals have different shapes...P 2;,Lp  Nhт||ffԔHP  7ORBITAL SHAPE OCCURRENCE s spherical one in every principal level p dumb-bell three in levels from 2 upwards d various five in levels from 3 upwards f various seven in levels from 4 upwards: 2#f f f f fXB  0D''y  0߂  An orbital is a 3-dimensional statistical shape showing where one is most likely to find an electron. Because, according to Heisenberg, you cannot say exactly where an electron is you are only able to say where it might be found. 2  0˂ c'DO NOT CONFUSE AN ORBITAL WITH AN ORBIT ((2(dB  <D)@0A   0Pp@ 0 0dB  @ <D)@X@   0X0@ 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  L( ]@   0XH@ `SHAPES OF ORBITALS2(2f fR   C *AonlyspngE   0n x s orbitals0 (2   08"`   |6 spherical one occurs in every principal energy level*7 26dB  <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  F( w   0H@ `SHAPES OF ORBITALS2(2f fP  C (Aallppngx    0 n x p orbitals0 (2    0X"`   x@ dumb-bell shaped three occur in energy levels except the firstA 2AdB   <D)@0A   0Pp@ 0 0dB  @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  \( w   0%H@ `SHAPES OF ORBITALS2(2f fP  C (AalldpngI0c    0/n x d orbitals0 (2    05"`   H various shapes five occur in energy levels except the first and second*I 2HdB   <D)@0A   0Pp@ 0 0dB  @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 )@P     (    0D>  Orbitals are not filled in numerical order because the principal energy levels get closer together as you get further from the nucleus. This results in overlap of sub levels. The first example occurs when the 4s orbital is filled before the 3d orbitals.: 2+$48 %B  %B rB  BD> G  C <G B  a)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS*(2* B H  `?Df?(6 6 rB I BD 6 6  J 6L0   E1((2 K 6xQ   F1s((2B L  `?Df?(  rB M BD  r rB N BD   O 6V0r  E2((2 P 6$[   F2s((2 Q 6_]  :2p(2 R 6dcj :4s(2 S 6g0< E3((2B T  `?Df? rB U BD+rB V BD+rB W BD+. X 64o F3s((2 Y 6s: F3p((2 Z 6Tx F3d((2lB [ <Df( rB \ BDKG rB ] BDKXrB ^ BDKrB _ BDJ  ` 60o E4((2 a 6  F4p((2 b 6g' :4d(2 c 6 F4f((2  6%* OPRINCIPAL ENERGY LEVELS(2   6Ȗ B SUB LEVELS (2    0TH@ gORDER OF FILLING ORBITALS2(2f fdB  <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0  <̙? x @ 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +- 0L0 ,,$,HS+( w   0D  Orbitals are not filled in numerical order because the principal energy levels get closer together as you get further from the nucleus. This results in overlap of sub levels. The first example occurs when the 4s orbital is filled before the 3d orbitals.: 2+$F %B   %B lB  <D>G   6B  a)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS*(2* B  Z?Df?(6 6 lB  <D 6 6   0,0   E1((2   0ط   F1s((2B   Z?Df?(  lB   <D  r lB   <D     00r  E2((2  00…   F2s((2  0ƅ]  :2p(2  0ʅj L4s.(2  00< E3((2B  Z?Df? lB  <D+lB  <D+lB  <D+.  0ԅ F3s((2  0̅: F3p((2  00݅ J3d,(2fB  6Df( lB  <DKG lB  <DKXlB  <DKlB  <DJ   0t0o E4((2  0Lڅ  F4p((2   04g' :4d(2 ! 0 F4f((2 " 0%* OPRINCIPAL ENERGY LEVELS(2  # 0 B SUB LEVELS (2  F    $   B % Z?Df? 6 6 lB & <D 6 H6  ' 0   E1((2 ( 0@ w  :1s(2B ) Z?Df? h hlB * <D hHlB + <D @f , 0    C2&(2 - 0 Hf&  F2s((2 . 0hHm H2p*(2  / 0@wB L3d.(2 0 0|  \ E3((2B 1 Z?Df?  lB 2 <D jlB 3 <D jlB 4 <D j 5 0 $@6w :3s(2 6 0d)@wZ :3p(2 7 0@w L4s.(2fB 8 6Df  lB 9 <D Gj lB : <D bXlB ; <D jWlB < <D j  = 0'  o E4((2 > 0p3@ w :4p(2 ? 048@gw' :4d(2 @ 0,<0g :4f(2 A 0: `  OPRINCIPAL ENERGY LEVELS(2  B 0A(  B SUB LEVELS (2   C 0EH@ gORDER OF FILLING ORBITALS2(2f fdB O <D)@0A P 0Pp@ 0 0dB Q@ <D)@X@ R 0X0@ 0 0 S <̙? x @V 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +u3 0L0 2|2SS1( w   0R  Orbitals are not filled in numerical order because the principal energy levels get closer together as you get further from the nucleus. This results in overlap of sub levels. The first example occurs when the 4s orbital is filled before the 3d orbitals.: 2+$F %B   %B lB  <D>G   6H_B  a)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS*(2* B  Z?Df?(6 6 lB  <D 6 6   0c0   E1((2   0\   F1s((2B   Z?Df?(  lB   <D  r lB   <D     0N0r  E2((2  0 n   F2s((2  08r]  :2p(2  0tj L4s.(2  0ty0< E3((2B  Z?Df? lB  <D+lB  <D+lB  <D+.  0$ F3s((2  0: F3p((2  08 J3d,(2fB  6Df( lB  <DKG lB  <DKXlB  <DKlB  <DJ   00o E4((2  0L  F4p((2   0g' :4d(2 ! 0( F4f((2 " 0%* OPRINCIPAL ENERGY LEVELS(2  # 04 B SUB LEVELS (2  F    $   B % Z?Df? 6 6 lB & <D 6 H6  ' 0   E1((2 ( 0@ w  :1s(2B ) Z?Df? h hlB * <D hHlB + <D @f , 0x   C2&(2 - 0Hf&  F2s((2 . 0躋Hm H2p*(2  / 0@wB L3d.(2 0 0  \ E3((2B 1 Z?Df?  lB 2 <D jlB 3 <D jlB 4 <D j 5 0DNj@6w :3s(2 6 08ˋ@wZ :3p(2 7 0΋@w L4s.(2fB 8 6Df  lB 9 <D Gj lB : <D bXlB ; <D jWlB < <D j  = 0@Ջ  o E4((2 > 0ً@ w :4p(2 ? 0,܋@gw' :4d(2 @ 0ߋ0g :4f(2 A 0 `  OPRINCIPAL ENERGY LEVELS(2  B 0(  B SUB LEVELS (2   C 0H@ gORDER OF FILLING ORBITALS2(2f fPF A  D A Q E s *pf   THE FILLING ORDER 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s 4p 4d 4f 5s 5p 5d 5f 6s 6p 6d 7s 7p 6 2  rB FB BDfoHF rB GB BDfo5q< rB HB BDfouss rB IB BDfoQrB JB BDforB KB BDfoe+rB LB BDfokrB MB BDfoM  N 0A iHOW TO REMEMBER ...: 2 dB O <D)@0A P 0Pp@ 0 0dB Q@ <D)@X@ R 0X0@ 0 0 S <̙? x @W 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +>. 0L0 M-E- Q^,(  dB  <D> F W 3  0 ; fB  6Df>fB  6Dok lB  <D~  N??M W #   0W+ C1&(2   0 _)3 F1s((2F ;     ; fB   6Do: : fB   6Df> n fB  6DoV X lB  <Dn sV lB  <Dn: l ~  N?? T  P x  #  ~  N?? P + ~  N??+P  ~  N??P x   0`;V *  C2&(2  0   F2s((2  0t   F2p((2  0# F4s((2 F ;)  ;)  0(; C3&(2T k 7 #  )~  N??kw 7~  N??k7~  N??k)7~   N??)k7~ ! N??w k 7fB " 6Df>:n:fB # 6DoU UT  P x  $#   ~ % N?? P + ~ & N??+P  ~ ' N??P x lB ( <Dns@lB ) <Dn@s@lB * <Dn@s:~ + N??  fB , 6Do@ @fB - 6Do  . 01 F3s((2 / 0 6 F3p((2 0 0: F3d((2F NT - 1 ; fB 2 6Df>WWN  P x  3 ` sT ?~ 4 N?? P + ~ 5 N??+P  ~ 6 N??P x lB 7 <D>PlB 8 <D>WlB 9 <D>WlB : <D=P~ ; N??M a -fB < 6Doj  = 0C C4&(2fB > 6Doj  ? 0Js)G F4p((2 @ 0N|)P F4d((2 A 0?N)" F4f((2 C 6U_ e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 4 D 0`Y This states that&  ELECTRONS ENTER THE LOWEST AVAILABLE ENERGY LEVEL .F(24 G 0L`H@ z,THE  AUFBAU PRINCIPAL2(2f f I 0d@0 The following sequence will show the  building up of the electronic structures of the first 36 elements in the periodic table. Electrons are shown as half headed arrows and can spin in one of two directions or s orbitals p orbitals d orbitalsJ 2  20>0L Zo J# W *B fB K 6DooofB LB 6DoZo0L Zo M# O  fB N 6DooofB OB 6DoZov P N?? ; | R T?? ; v U N?? ; dB Y <D)@0A Z 0Pp@ 0 0dB [@ <D)@X@ \ 0X0@ 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +* 0L0 ))0M)(  dB  <D> F W 3  0 ; fB  6Df>fB  6Dok lB  <D~  N??M W #   0wW+ C1&(2   0{_)3 F1s((2F ;     ; fB   6Do: : fB   6Df> n fB  6DoV X lB  <Dn sV lB  <Dn: l ~  N?? T  P x  #  ~  N?? P + ~  N??+P  ~  N??P x   0;V *  C2&(2  0|   F2s((2  0$   F2p((2  0 F4s((2 F ;)  ;)  0; C3&(2T k 7 #  )~  N??kw 7~  N??k7~  N??k)7~   N??)k7~ ! N??w k 7fB " 6Df>:n:fB # 6DoU UT  P x  $#   ~ % N?? P + ~ & N??+P  ~ ' N??P x lB ( <Dns@lB ) <Dn@s@lB * <Dn@s:~ + N??  fB , 6Do@ @fB - 6Do  . 0l F3s((2 / 0 F3p((2 0 0 F3d((2F NT - 1 ; fB 2 6Df>WWN  P x  3 ` sT ?~ 4 N?? P + ~ 5 N??+P  ~ 6 N??P x lB 7 <D>PlB 8 <D>WlB 9 <D>WlB : <D=P~ ; N??M a -fB < 6Doj  = 0첌 C4&(2fB > 6Doj  ? 0s)G F4p((2 @ 0 |)P F4d((2 A 0N)" F4f((2 C 6Ō_ e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo D# a   fB E 6DooofB FB 6DoZo  0Όf`( 4 JHYDROGEN& (2  0ьfP@7 V1s1 6(2   0֌ s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f  0xیKC2 gHydrogen atoms have one electron. This goes into a vacant orbital in the lowest available energy level.h 2hdB  <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0  6lΌ?Et  $ Aufbau Principle: 8K< 8K2 z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +H- 0L0 W,O,@Pq(+(  (dB ( <D> F W 3 ( 0 ; fB ( 6Df>fB ( 6Dok lB ( <D~ ( N??M W #  ( 0W+ C1&(2  ( 0t_)3 F1s((2F ;   (  ; fB  ( 6Do: : fB  ( 6Df> n fB ( 6DoV X lB ( <Dn sV lB ( <Dn: l ~ ( N?? T  P x  (#  ~ ( N?? P + ~ ( N??+P  ~ ( N??P x  ( 0@;V *  C2&(2 ( 0   F2s((2 ( 0(   F2p((2 ( 08ˌ F4s((2 F ;) ( ;) ( 0; C3&(2T k 7 (#  )~ ( N??kw 7~ ( N??k7~ ( N??k)7~  ( N??)k7~ !( N??w k 7fB "( 6Df>:n:fB #( 6DoU UT  P x  $(#   ~ %( N?? P + ~ &( N??+P  ~ '( N??P x lB (( <Dns@lB )( <Dn@s@lB *( <Dn@s:~ +( N??  fB ,( 6Do@ @fB -( 6Do  .( 0t F3s((2 /( 0P F3p((2 0( 0$ F3d((2F NT - 1( ; fB 2( 6Df>WWN  P x  3( ` sT ?~ 4( N?? P + ~ 5( N??+P  ~ 6( N??P x lB 7( <D>PlB 8( <D>WlB 9( <D>WlB :( <D=P~ ;( N??M a -fB <( 6Doj  =( 0D! C4&(2fB >( 6Doj  ?( 0 s)G F4p((2 @( 0,3|)P F4d((2 A( 0 7N)" F4f((2 C( 6;_ e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo D(# a   fB E( 6DooofB F(B 6DoZo0L Zo G(# a I a fB H( 6DooofB I(B 6DoZo b( 00@f`0(4 HHELIUM&(2 c( 0DfP@7 S1s24(2  d( 0I s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28fx e( 0NKCh  Every orbital can contain 2 electrons, provided the electrons are spinning in opposite directions. This is based on... PAULI S EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE The two electrons in a helium atom can both go in the 1s orbital.Tw 2(2B 2wCdB k( <D)@0A l( 0Pp@ 0 0dB m(@ <D)@X@ n( 0X0@ 0 0 q( 6?~ E $ Aufbau Principle: 8K< 8K2 z ( bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +'. 0L0 6-.-Sq,,( w ,dB , <D> F W 3 , 0 ; fB , 6Df>fB , 6Dok lB , <D~ , N??M W #  , 0gW+ C1&(2  , 0Tk_)3 F1s((2F ;   ,  ; fB  , 6Do: : fB  , 6Df> n fB , 6DoV X lB , <Dn sV lB , <Dn: l ~ , N?? T  P x  ,#  ~ , N?? P + ~ , N??+P  ~ , N??P x  , 0r;V *  C2&(2 , 04w   F2s((2 , 0z   F2p((2 , 0 F4s((2 F ;) , ;) , 0; C3&(2T k 7 ,#  )~ , N??kw 7~ , N??k7~ , N??k)7~  , N??)k7~ !, N??w k 7fB ", 6Df>:n:fB #, 6DoU UT  P x  $,#   ~ %, N?? P + ~ &, N??+P  ~ ', N??P x lB (, <Dns@lB ), <Dn@s@lB *, <Dn@s:~ +, N??  fB ,, 6Do@ @fB -, 6Do  ., 0ܐ F3s((2 /, 0 F3p((2 0, 0 F3d((2F NT - 1, ; fB 2, 6Df>WWN  P x  3, ` sT ?~ 4, N?? P + ~ 5, N??+P  ~ 6, N??P x lB 7, <D>PlB 8, <D>WlB 9, <D>WlB :, <D=P~ ;, N??M a -fB <, 6Doj  =, 0 C4&(2fB >, 6Doj  ?, 0Ds)G F4p((2 @, 0Ȫ|)P F4d((2 A, 0TN)" F4f((2 C, 60_ e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo D,# a   fB E, 6DooofB F,B 6DoZo0L Zo G,# a I a fB H, 6DooofB I,B 6DoZo0L Zo J,# A   fB K, 6DooofB L,B 6DoZo d, 0\ s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f e, 0@f`0(4 GLITHIUM$(2 f, 0KC  F1s orbitals can hold a maximum of two electrons so the third electron in a lithium atom must go into the next available orbital of higher energy. This will be further from the nucleus in the second principal energy level. The second principal level has two types of orbital (s and p). An s orbital is lower in energy than a p.G 2G< g, 0fP@7 u1s2 2s1R(2  dB k, <D)@0A l, 0Pp@ 0 0dB m,@ <D)@X@ n, 0X0@ 0 0 q, 6ҏ?~ = $ Aufbau Principle: 8K< 8K2 z , bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +q. 0L0 -x-PVq0,( w 0dB 0 <D> F W 3 0 0 ; fB 0 6Df>fB 0 6Dok lB 0 <D~ 0 N??M W #  0 0dяW+ C1&(2  0 0\_)3 F1s((2F ;   0  ; fB  0 6Do: : fB  0 6Df> n fB 0 6DoV X lB 0 <Dn sV lB 0 <Dn: l ~ 0 N?? T  P x  0#  ~ 0 N?? P + ~ 0 N??+P  ~ 0 N??P x  0 0T;V *  C2&(2 0 0   F2s((2 0 0   F2p((2 0 0 F4s((2 F ;) 0 ;) 0 0; C3&(2T k 7 0#  )~ 0 N??kw 7~ 0 N??k7~ 0 N??k)7~  0 N??)k7~ !0 N??w k 7fB "0 6Df>:n:fB #0 6DoU UT  P x  $0#   ~ %0 N?? P + ~ &0 N??+P  ~ '0 N??P x lB (0 <Dns@lB )0 <Dn@s@lB *0 <Dn@s:~ +0 N??  fB ,0 6Do@ @fB -0 6Do  .0 0 F3s((2 /0 0 F3p((2 00 00  F3d((2F NT - 10 ; fB 20 6Df>WWN  P x  30 ` sT ?~ 40 N?? P + ~ 50 N??+P  ~ 60 N??P x lB 70 <D>PlB 80 <D>WlB 90 <D>WlB :0 <D=P~ ;0 N??M a -fB <0 6Doj  =0 0 C4&(2fB >0 6Doj  ?0 0s)G F4p((2 @0 04|)P F4d((2 A0 0t"N)" F4f((2 C0 6&_ e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo D0# a   fB E0 6DooofB F0B 6DoZo0L Zo G0# a I a fB H0 6DooofB I0B 6DoZo0L Zo J0# A   fB K0 6DooofB L0B 6DoZo0L Zo M0# A I a fB N0 6DooofB O0B 6DoZo d0 0- s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f e0 02f`0(4 K BERYLLIUM& (2   f0 0`7K@ tBeryllium atoms have four electrons so the fourth electron pairs up in the 2s orbital. The 2s sub level is now full.u 2u g0 0d5fP@7 w1s2 2s2T(2  dB k0 <D)@0A l0 0Pp@ 0 0dB m0@ <D)@X@ n0 0X0@ 0 0 q0 6XD? E  $ Aufbau Principle: 8K< 8K2 z 0 bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +40 0L0 C/;/`Yq4.( w 4dB 4 <D> F W 3 4 0 ; fB 4 6Df>fB 4 6Dok lB 4 <D~ 4 N??M W #  4 0OW+ C1&(2  4 0`T_)3 F1s((2F ;   4  ; fB  4 6Do: : fB  4 6Df> n fB 4 6DoV X lB 4 <Dn sV lB 4 <Dn: l ~ 4 N?? T  P x  4#  ~ 4 N?? P + ~ 4 N??+P  ~ 4 N??P x  4 0\;V *  C2&(2 4 0Db   F2s((2 4 0g   F2p((2 4 0k F4s((2 F ;) 4 ;) 4 0p; C3&(2T k 7 4#  )~ 4 N??kw 7~ 4 N??k7~ 4 N??k)7~  4 N??)k7~ !4 N??w k 7fB "4 6Df>:n:fB #4 6DoU UT  P x  $4#   ~ %4 N?? P + ~ &4 N??+P  ~ '4 N??P x lB (4 <Dns@lB )4 <Dn@s@lB *4 <Dn@s:~ +4 N??  fB ,4 6Do@ @fB -4 6Do  .4 0z F3s((2 /4 0ԃ F3p((2 04 0  F3d((2F NT - 14 ; fB 24 6Df>WWN  P x  34 ` sT ?~ 44 N?? P + ~ 54 N??+P  ~ 64 N??P x lB 74 <D>PlB 84 <D>WlB 94 <D>WlB :4 <D=P~ ;4 N??M a -fB <4 6Doj  =4 0p C4&(2fB >4 6Doj  ?4 0|s)G F4p((2 @4 0~|)P F4d((2 A4 0N)" F4f((2 C4 6ؓ_ e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo D4# a   fB E4 6DooofB F4B 6DoZo0L Zo G4# a I a fB H4 6DooofB I4B 6DoZo0L Zo J4# A   fB K4 6DooofB L4B 6DoZo0L Zo M4# A I a fB N4 6DooofB O4B 6DoZo0L Zo P4#  " fB Q4 6DooofB R4B 6DoZo d4 0H s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f e4 0<f`0(4 EBORON$(2{ f4 0KC  As the 2s sub level is now full, the fifth electron goes into one of the three p orbitals in the 2p sub level. The 2p orbitals are slightly higher in energy than the 2s orbital. 2,Q4 g4 0XfP@7  1s2 2s2 2p1p (2   dB k4 <D)@0A l4 0Pp@ 0 0dB m4@ <D)@X@ n4 0X0@ 0 0 q4 6? E  $ Aufbau Principle: 8K< 8K2 z 4 bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +2 0L0 11p\o8#1( w 8dB 8 <D> F W 3 8 0 ; fB 8 6Df>fB 8 6Dok lB 8 <D~ 8 N??M W #  8 0|ǑW+ C1&(2  8 0Xё_)3 F1s((2F ;   8  ; fB  8 6Do: : fB  8 6Df> n fB 8 6DoV X lB 8 <Dn sV lB 8 <Dn: l ~ 8 N?? T  P x  8#  ~ 8 N?? P + ~ 8 N??+P  ~ 8 N??P x  8 0ؑ;V *  C2&(2 8 0pݑ   F2s((2 8 0P   F2p((2 8 0 F4s((2 F ;) 8 ;) 8 00; C3&(2T k 7 8#  )~ 8 N??kw 7~ 8 N??k7~ 8 N??k)7~  8 N??)k7~ !8 N??w k 7fB "8 6Df>:n:fB #8 6DoU UT  P x  $8#   ~ %8 N?? P + ~ &8 N??+P  ~ '8 N??P x lB (8 <Dns@lB )8 <Dn@s@lB *8 <Dn@s:~ +8 N??  fB ,8 6Do@ @fB -8 6Do  .8 0ߑ F3s((2 /8 0 F3p((2 08 0h F3d((2F NT - 18 ; fB 28 6Df>WWN  P x  38 ` sT ?~ 48 N?? P + ~ 58 N??+P  ~ 68 N??P x lB 78 <D>PlB 88 <D>WlB 98 <D>WlB :8 <D=P~ ;8 N??M a -fB <8 6Doj  =8 0d C4&(2fB >8 6Doj  ?8 0$s)G F4p((2 @8 0|)P F4d((2 A8 08N)" F4f((2 B8 6x?_ ^Q FHUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITYH8P<8P2   C8 6"_ e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo D8# a   fB E8 6DooofB F8B 6DoZo0L Zo G8# a I a fB H8 6DooofB I8B 6DoZo0L Zo J8# A   fB K8 6DooofB L8B 6DoZo0L Zo M8# A I a fB N8 6DooofB O8B 6DoZo0L Zo P8#  " fB Q8 6DooofB R8B 6DoZo0L Zo V8#  fB W8 6DooofB X8B 6DoZo d8 0, s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f e8 0/f`0(4 HCARBON&(2 f8 0D4KCh  RThe next electron in doesn t pair up with the one already there. This would give rise to repulsion between the similarly charged species. Instead, it goes into another p orbital which means less repulsion, lower energy and more stability.Z 2Y/6/ g8 0>fP@7  1s2 2s2 2p2r (2   dB j8 <D)@0A k8 0Pp@ 0 0dB l8@ <D)@X@ m8 0X0@ 0 0z 8 bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +3 0L0 22_p<1( w <dB < <D> F W 3 < 0 ; fB < 6Df>fB < 6Dok lB < <D~ < N??M W #  < 0KW+ A1$(2  < 0O_)3 D1s&(2F ;   <  ; fB  < 6Do: : fB  < 6Df> n fB < 6DoV X lB < <Dn sV lB < <Dn: l ~ < N?? T  P x  <#  ~ < N?? P + ~ < N??+P  ~ < N??P x  < 0W;V *  A2$(2 < 0\   D2s&(2 < 0Z   D2p&(2 < 0d D4s&(2 F ;) < ;) < 0xi; A3$(2T k 7 <#  )~ < N??kw 7~ < N??k7~ < N??k)7~  < N??)k7~ !< N??w k 7fB "< 6Df>:n:fB #< 6DoU UT  P x  $<#   ~ %< N?? P + ~ &< N??+P  ~ '< N??P x lB (< <Dns@lB )< <Dn@s@lB *< <Dn@s:~ +< N??  fB ,< 6Do@ @fB -< 6Do  .< 0Lr D3s&(2 /< 0v D3p&(2 0< 0{ D3d&(2F NT - 1< ; fB 2< 6Df>WWN  P x  3< ` sT ?~ 4< N?? P + ~ 5< N??+P  ~ 6< N??P x lB 7< <D>PlB 8< <D>WlB 9< <D>WlB :< <D=P~ ;< N??M a -fB << 6Doj  =< 0Ԃ A4$(2fB >< 6Doj  ?< 0̇s)G D4p&(2 @< 0T|)P D4d&(2 A< 0N)" D4f&(2 C< 6H` e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo D<# a   fB E< 6DooofB F<B 6DoZo0L Zo G<# a I a fB H< 6DooofB I<B 6DoZo0L Zo J<# A   fB K< 6DooofB L<B 6DoZo0L Zo M<# A I a fB N< 6DooofB O<B 6DoZo0L Zo P<#  " fB Q< 6DooofB R<B 6DoZo0L Zo V<#  fB W< 6DooofB X<B 6DoZo0L Zo \<#  b z fB ]< 6DooofB ^<B 6DoZo d< 0 s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f e< 6?_ ^Q FHUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITYH8P<8P2   f< 0f`0(4 HNITROGEN$ (2d g< 0`K4  Following Hund s Rule, the next electron will not pair up so goes into a vacant p orbital. All three electrons are now unpaired. This gives less repulsion, lower energy and therefore more stability.: 29  h< 0fP@7  1s2 2s2 2p3p (2   dB k< <D)@0A l< 0Pp@ 0 0dB m<@ <D)@X@ n< 0X0@ 0 0z < bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +3 0L0 22bsH1(  HdB H <D> F W 3 H 0 ; fB H 6Df>fB H 6Dok lB H <D~ H N??M W #  H 0œW+ A1$(2  H 0ɓ_)3 D1s&(2F ;   H  ; fB  H 6Do: : fB  H 6Df> n fB H 6DoV X lB H <Dn sV lB H <Dn: l ~ H N?? T  P x  H#  ~ H N?? P + ~ H N??+P  ~ H N??P x  H 0Г;V *  A2$(2 H 0Փ   D2s&(2 H 0ӓ   D2p&(2 H 0@ޓ D4s&(2 F ;) H ;) H 0; A3$(2T k 7 H#  )~ H N??kw 7~ H N??k7~ H N??k)7~  H N??)k7~ !H N??w k 7fB "H 6Df>:n:fB #H 6DoU UT  P x  $H#   ~ %H N?? P + ~ &H N??+P  ~ 'H N??P x lB (H <Dns@lB )H <Dn@s@lB *H <Dn@s:~ +H N??  fB ,H 6Do@ @fB -H 6Do  .H 0 D3s&(2 /H 0 D3p&(2 0H 0 D3d&(2F NT - 1H ; fB 2H 6Df>WWN  P x  3H ` sT ?~ 4H N?? P + ~ 5H N??+P  ~ 6H N??P x lB 7H <D>PlB 8H <D>WlB 9H <D>WlB :H <D=P~ ;H N??M a -fB H 6Doj  ?H 0 s)G D4p&(2 @H 0 |)P D4d&(2 AH 0N)" D4f&(2 CH 6` e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo DH# a   fB EH 6DooofB FHB 6DoZo0L Zo GH# a I a fB HH 6DooofB IHB 6DoZo0L Zo JH# A   fB KH 6DooofB LHB 6DoZo0L Zo MH# A I a fB NH 6DooofB OHB 6DoZo0L Zo PH#  " fB QH 6DooofB RHB 6DoZo0L Zo SH#  Y q fB TH 6DooofB UHB 6DoZo0L Zo VH#  fB WH 6DooofB XHB 6DoZo0L Zo \H#  b z fB ]H 6DooofB ^HB 6DoZo dH 0 s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f gH 0x!f`0(4 FOXYGEN$(2< hH 0%KC With all three orbitals half-filled, the eighth electron in an oxygen atom must now pair up with one of the electrons already there. 2n iH 0D+fP@7  1s2 2s2 2p4p (2   dB mH <D)@0A nH 0Pp@ 0 0dB oH@ <D)@X@ pH 0X0@ 0 0 sH 64?Et  $ Aufbau Principle: 8K< 8K2 z H bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +w3 0L0 2~2dpT1(  TdB T <D> F W 3 T 0 ; fB T 6Df>fB T 6Dok lB T <D~ T N??M W #  T 0@W+ A1$(2  T 0D_)3 D1s&(2F ;   T  ; fB  T 6Do: : fB  T 6Df> n fB T 6DoV X lB T <Dn sV lB T <Dn: l ~ T N?? T  P x  T#  ~ T N?? P + ~ T N??+P  ~ T N??P x  T 0M;V *  A2$(2 T 0R   D2s&(2 T 0tW   D2p&(2 T 0[ D4s&(2 F ;) T ;) T 0De; A3$(2T k 7 T#  )~ T N??kw 7~ T N??k7~ T N??k)7~  T N??)k7~ !T N??w k 7fB "T 6Df>:n:fB #T 6DoU UT  P x  $T#   ~ %T N?? P + ~ &T N??+P  ~ 'T N??P x lB (T <Dns@lB )T <Dn@s@lB *T <Dn@s:~ +T N??  fB ,T 6Do@ @fB -T 6Do  .T 0l D3s&(2 /T 0q D3p&(2 0T 0 v D3d&(2F NT - 1T ; fB 2T 6Df>WWN  P x  3T ` sT ?~ 4T N?? P + ~ 5T N??+P  ~ 6T N??P x lB 7T <D>PlB 8T <D>WlB 9T <D>WlB :T <D=P~ ;T N??M a -fB T 6Doj  ?T 0s)G D4p&(2 @T 0|)P D4d&(2 AT 0N)" D4f&(2 CT 6,` e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo DT# a   fB ET 6DooofB FTB 6DoZo0L Zo GT# a I a fB HT 6DooofB ITB 6DoZo0L Zo JT# A   fB KT 6DooofB LTB 6DoZo0L Zo MT# A I a fB NT 6DooofB OTB 6DoZo0L Zo PT#  " fB QT 6DooofB RTB 6DoZo0L Zo ST#  Y q fB TT 6DooofB UTB 6DoZo0L Zo VT#  fB WT 6DooofB XTB 6DoZo0L Zo YT#  ! fB ZT 6DooofB [TB 6DoZo0L Zo \T#  b z fB ]T 6DooofB ^TB 6DoZo dT 0 s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f fT 0Pf`0(4 HFLUORINE$ (2 gT 0KC IThe electrons continue to pair up with those in the half-filled orbitals.J 2J@ hT 0@fP@7  1s2 2s2 2p5p (2   dB kT <D)@0A lT 0Pp@ 0 0dB mT@ <D)@X@ nT 0X0@ 0 0z T bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +v5 0L0 4}4gpX3( w XdB X <D> F W 3 X 0 ; fB X 6Df>fB X 6Dok lB X <D~ X N??M W #  X 0W+ A1$(2  X 0_)3 D1s&(2F ;   X  ; fB  X 6Do: : fB  X 6Df> n fB X 6DoV X lB X <Dn sV lB X <Dn: l ~ X N?? T  P x  X#  ~ X N?? P + ~ X N??+P  ~ X N??P x  X 0̕;V *  A2$(2 X 0|ϕ   D2s&(2 X 0ҕ   D2p&(2 X 0֕ D4s&(2 F ;) X ;) X 0ە; A3$(2T k 7 X#  )~ X N??kw 7~ X N??k7~ X N??k)7~  X N??)k7~ !X N??w k 7fB "X 6Df>:n:fB #X 6DoU UT  P x  $X#   ~ %X N?? P + ~ &X N??+P  ~ 'X N??P x lB (X <Dns@lB )X <Dn@s@lB *X <Dn@s:~ +X N??  fB ,X 6Do@ @fB -X 6Do  .X 0 D3s&(2 /X 0 D3p&(2 0X 0, D3d&(2F NT - 1X ; fB 2X 6Df>WWN  P x  3X ` sT ?~ 4X N?? P + ~ 5X N??+P  ~ 6X N??P x lB 7X <D>PlB 8X <D>WlB 9X <D>WlB :X <D=P~ ;X N??M a -fB X 6Doj  ?X 0\s)G D4p&(2 @X 04|)P D4d&(2 AX 0 N)" D4f&(2 CX 6\` e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo DX# a   fB EX 6DooofB FXB 6DoZo0L Zo GX# a I a fB HX 6DooofB IXB 6DoZo0L Zo JX# A   fB KX 6DooofB LXB 6DoZo0L Zo MX# A I a fB NX 6DooofB OXB 6DoZo0L Zo PX#  " fB QX 6DooofB RXB 6DoZo0L Zo SX#  Y q fB TX 6DooofB UXB 6DoZo0L Zo VX#  fB WX 6DooofB XXB 6DoZo0L Zo YX#  ! fB ZX 6DooofB [XB 6DoZo0L Zo \X#  b z fB ]X 6DooofB ^XB 6DoZo0L Zo _X#  fB `X 6DooofB aXB 6DoZo dX 0 s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f fX 0f`0(4 DNEON$(2 gX 0#KC  lThe electrons continue to pair up with those in the half-filled orbitals. The 2p orbitals are now completely filled and so is the second principal energy level. In the older system of describing electronic configurations, this would have been written as 2,8. 2,@  hX 0+fP@7  1s2 2s2 2p6p (2   dB kX <D)@0A lX 0Pp@ 0 0dB mX@ <D)@X@ nX 0X0@ 0 0z X bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +5 0L0 44go\3(  \dB \ <D> F W 3 \ 0 ; fB \ 6Df>fB \ 6Dok lB \ <D~ \ N??M W #  \ 09W+ A1$(2  \ 0H_)3 D1s&(2F ;   \  ; fB  \ 6Do: : fB  \ 6Df> n fB \ 6DoV X lB \ <Dn sV lB \ <Dn: l ~ \ N?? T  P x  \#  ~ \ N?? P + ~ \ N??+P  ~ \ N??P x  \ 0@;V *  A2$(2 \ 0XF   D2s&(2 \ 0 L   D2p&(2 \ 0P D4s&(2 F ;) \ ;) \ 0T; A3$(2T k 7 \#  )~ \ N??kw 7~ \ N??k7~ \ N??k)7~  \ N??)k7~ !\ N??w k 7fB "\ 6Df>:n:fB #\ 6DoU UT  P x  $\#   ~ %\ N?? P + ~ &\ N??+P  ~ '\ N??P x lB (\ <Dns@lB )\ <Dn@s@lB *\ <Dn@s:~ +\ N??  fB ,\ 6Do@ @fB -\ 6Do  .\ 0@_ D3s&(2 /\ 0 d D3p&(2 0\ 0tg D3d&(2F NT - 1\ ; fB 2\ 6Df>WWN  P x  3\ ` sT ?~ 4\ N?? P + ~ 5\ N??+P  ~ 6\ N??P x lB 7\ <D>PlB 8\ <D>WlB 9\ <D>WlB :\ <D=P~ ;\ N??M a -fB <\ 6Doj  =\ 0q A4$(2fB >\ 6Doj  ?\ 0ts)G D4p&(2 @\ 0y|)P D4d&(2 A\ 0}N)" D4f&(2 C\ 6` e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo D\# a   fB E\ 6DooofB F\B 6DoZo0L Zo G\# a I a fB H\ 6DooofB I\B 6DoZo0L Zo J\# A   fB K\ 6DooofB L\B 6DoZo0L Zo M\# A I a fB N\ 6DooofB O\B 6DoZo0L Zo P\#  " fB Q\ 6DooofB R\B 6DoZo0L Zo S\#  Y q fB T\ 6DooofB U\B 6DoZo0L Zo V\#  fB W\ 6DooofB X\B 6DoZo0L Zo Y\#  ! fB Z\ 6DooofB [\B 6DoZo0L Zo \\#  b z fB ]\ 6DooofB ^\B 6DoZo0L Zo _\#  fB `\ 6DooofB a\B 6DoZo b\ 0` s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f c\ 0f`0(4 NSODIUM - ARGON$(2 d\ 0KC  jWith the second principal energy level full, the next electrons must go into the next highest level. The third principal energy level contains three types of orbital; s, p and d. The 3s and 3p orbitals are filled in exactly the same way as those in the 2s and 2p sub levels. 2JdB i\ <D)@0A j\ 0Pp@ 0 0dB k\@ <D)@X@ l\ 0X0@ 0 0 o\ 6,?? E  $ Aufbau Principle: 8K< 8K2 z \ bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +D 0L0 CC B( Ow@  dB   <D> F W 3   0 ; fB   6Df>fB   6Dok lB   <D~   N??M W #   0W+ A1$(2   0_)3 D1s&(2F ;     ; fB   6Do: : fB   6Df> n fB   6DoV X lB   <Dn sV lB   <Dn: l ~   N?? T  P x   #  ~   N?? P + ~   N??+P  ~   N??P x    0L;V *  A2$(2   0   D2s&(2   0   D2p&(2   0Ř D4s&(2 F ;)   ;)   0|; A3$(2T k 7  #  )~   N??kw 7~   N??k7~   N??k)7~   N??)k7~ !  N??w k 7fB "  6Df>:n:fB #  6DoU UT  P x  $ #   ~ %  N?? P + ~ &  N??+P  ~ '  N??P x lB (  <Dns@lB )  <Dn@s@lB *  <Dn@s:~ +  N??  fB ,  6Do@ @fB -  6Do  .  0՘ D3s&(2 /  0 D3p&(2 0  0ؘ D3d&(2F NT - 1  ; fB 2  6Df>WWN  P x  3  ` sT ?~ 4  N?? P + ~ 5  N??+P  ~ 6  N??P x lB 7  <D>PlB 8  <D>WlB 9  <D>WlB :  <D=P~ ;  N??M a -fB <  6Doj  =  0T A4$(2fB >  6Doj  ?  0,s)G D4p&(2 @  0|)P D4d&(2 A  0N)" D4f&(2 C  6` e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo D # a   fB E  6DooofB F B 6DoZo0L Zo G # a I a fB H  6DooofB I B 6DoZo0L Zo J # A   fB K  6DooofB L B 6DoZo0L Zo M # A I a fB N  6DooofB O B 6DoZo0L Zo P #   fB Q  6DooofB R B 6DoZo0L Zo S # I a fB T  6DooofB U B 6DoZo0L Zo \ #  " fB ]  6DooofB ^ B 6DoZo0L Zo _ #  Y q fB `  6DooofB a B 6DoZo0L Zo b #  fB c  6DooofB d B 6DoZo0L Zo e #  ! fB f  6DooofB g B 6DoZo0L Zo h #  b z fB i  6DooofB j B 6DoZo0L Zo k #  fB l  6DooofB m B 6DoZo0L Zo n #  " fB o  6DooofB p B 6DoZo0L Zo q # Y q fB r  6DooofB s B 6DoZo0L Zo t #  fB u  6DooofB v B 6DoZo0L Zo w #  ! fB x  6DooofB y B 6DoZo0L Zo z # b z fB {  6DooofB | B 6DoZo0L Zo } #  fB ~  6DooofB  B 6DoZo   0  s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f   0f`0(4 NSODIUM - ARGON$(2c   0K}  Na 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 Mg 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 Al 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 Si 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 P 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 S 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 Cl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 Ar 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p60s2                                               >KU   0 X RRemember that the 3p configurations follow Hund s Rule with the electrons remaining unpaired to give more stability.,u 2t+DdB   <D)@0A   0Pp@ 0 0dB  @ <D)@X@   0X0@ 0 0z   bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +eB 0L0 tAlA@( w dB  <D> F W 3  0 ; fB  6Df>fB  6Dok lB  <D~  N??M W #   0bW+ A1$(2   0g_)3 D1s&(2F ;     ; fB   6Do: : fB   6Df> n fB  6DoV X lB  <Dn sV lB  <Dn: l ~  N?? T  P x  #  ~  N?? P + ~  N??+P  ~  N??P x   0n;V *  A2$(2  0s   D2s&(2  0q   D2p&(2  0H| D4s&(2 F ;)  ;)  0; A3$(2T k 7 #  )~  N??kw 7~  N??k7~  N??k)7~   N??)k7~ ! N??w k 7fB " 6Df>:n:fB # 6DoU UT  P x  $#   ~ % N?? P + ~ & N??+P  ~ ' N??P x lB ( <Dns@lB ) <Dn@s@lB * <Dn@s:~ + N??  fB , 6Do@ @fB - 6Do  . 0< D3s&(2 / 0莚 D3p&(2 0 0 D3d&(2F NT - 1 ; fB 2 6Df>WWN  P x  3 ` sT ?~ 4 N?? P + ~ 5 N??+P  ~ 6 N??P x lB 7 <D>PlB 8 <D>WlB 9 <D>WlB : <D=P~ ; N??M a -fB < 6Doj  = 0Ě A4$(2fB > 6Doj  ? 0s)G D4p&(2 @ 0|)P D4d&(2 A 0<N)" D4f&(2 C 6` e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo D# a   fB E 6DooofB FB 6DoZo0L Zo G# a I a fB H 6DooofB IB 6DoZo0L Zo J# A   fB K 6DooofB LB 6DoZo0L Zo M# A I a fB N 6DooofB OB 6DoZo0L Zo P#   fB Q 6DooofB RB 6DoZo0L Zo S# I a fB T 6DooofB UB 6DoZo0L Zo V# )  fB W 6DooofB XB 6DoZo0L Zo \#  " fB ] 6DooofB ^B 6DoZo0L Zo _#  Y q fB ` 6DooofB aB 6DoZo0L Zo b#  fB c 6DooofB dB 6DoZo0L Zo e#  ! fB f 6DooofB gB 6DoZo0L Zo h#  b z fB i 6DooofB jB 6DoZo0L Zo k#  fB l 6DooofB mB 6DoZo0L Zo n#  " fB o 6DooofB pB 6DoZo0L Zo q# Y q fB r 6DooofB sB 6DoZo0L Zo t#  fB u 6DooofB vB 6DoZo0L Zo w#  ! fB x 6DooofB yB 6DoZo0L Zo z# b z fB { 6DooofB |B 6DoZo0L Zo }#  fB ~ 6DooofB B 6DoZo  08š s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f  0ǚf`0(4 I POTASSIUM$ (2 V  0˚KCO  ,In numerical terms one would expect the 3d orbitals to be filled next. However, because the principal energy levels get closer together as you go further from the nucleus coupled with the splitting into sub energy levels, the 4s orbital is of a LOWER ENERGY than the 3d orbitals so gets filled first.z- 2\N 4,+U  0ךfP@7 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1(2      dB  <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0  6d?~ E $ Aufbau Principle: 8K< 8K2 z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +@C 0L0 OBGBA(  dB  <D> F W 3  0 ; fB  6Df>fB  6Dok lB  <D~  N??M W #   0W+ A1$(2   0h_)3 D1s&(2F ;     ; fB   6Do: : fB   6Df> n fB  6DoV X lB  <Dn sV lB  <Dn: l ~  N?? T  P x  #  ~  N?? P + ~  N??+P  ~  N??P x   0D;V *  A2$(2  0   D2s&(2  04   D2p&(2  0  D4s&(2 F ;)  ;)  0; A3$(2T k 7 #  )~  N??kw 7~  N??k7~  N??k)7~   N??)k7~ ! N??w k 7fB " 6Df>:n:fB # 6DoU UT  P x  $#   ~ % N?? P + ~ & N??+P  ~ ' N??P x lB ( <Dns@lB ) <Dn@s@lB * <Dn@s:~ + N??  fB , 6Do@ @fB - 6Do  . 0 D3s&(2 / 0 D3p&(2 0 0 # D3d&(2F NT - 1 ; fB 2 6Df>WWN  P x  3 ` sT ?~ 4 N?? P + ~ 5 N??+P  ~ 6 N??P x lB 7 <D>PlB 8 <D>WlB 9 <D>WlB : <D=P~ ; N??M a -fB < 6Doj  = 0* A4$(2fB > 6Doj  ? 0/s)G D4p&(2 @ 05|)P D4d&(2 A 08N)" D4f&(2 C 6?` e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo D# a   fB E 6DooofB FB 6DoZo0L Zo G# a I a fB H 6DooofB IB 6DoZo0L Zo J# A   fB K 6DooofB LB 6DoZo0L Zo M# A I a fB N 6DooofB OB 6DoZo0L Zo P#   fB Q 6DooofB RB 6DoZo0L Zo S# I a fB T 6DooofB UB 6DoZo0L Zo Y#  " fB Z 6DooofB [B 6DoZo0L Zo \#  Y q fB ] 6DooofB ^B 6DoZo0L Zo _#  fB ` 6DooofB aB 6DoZo0L Zo b#  ! fB c 6DooofB dB 6DoZo0L Zo e#  b z fB f 6DooofB gB 6DoZo0L Zo h#  fB i 6DooofB jB 6DoZo0L Zo k#  " fB l 6DooofB mB 6DoZo0L Zo n# Y q fB o 6DooofB pB 6DoZo0L Zo q#  fB r 6DooofB sB 6DoZo0L Zo t#  ! fB u 6DooofB vB 6DoZo0L Zo w# b z fB x 6DooofB yB 6DoZo0L Zo z#  fB { 6DooofB |B 6DoZo } 0 T s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f ~ 0Yf`0(4 GCALCIUM$(2  0^KCO  )As expected, the next electron pairs up to complete a filled 4s orbital. This explanation, using sub levels fits in with the position of potassium and calcium in the Periodic Table. All elements with an -s1 electronic configuration are in Group I and all with an -s2 configuration are in Group II.V* 2 ;  U  0nfP@7 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2(2      0L Zo # )  fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # )I a fB  6DooofB B 6DoZodB  <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0  6xy?~ E $ Aufbau Principle: 8K< 8K2 z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +4E 0L0 CD;DdC(  ddB d <D> F W 3 d 0 ; fB d 6Df>fB d 6Dok lB d <D~ d N??M W #  d 0W+ A1$(2  d 0ԑ_)3 D1s&(2F ;   d  ; fB  d 6Do: : fB  d 6Df> n fB d 6DoV X lB d <Dn sV lB d <Dn: l ~ d N?? T  P x  d#  ~ d N?? P + ~ d N??+P  ~ d N??P x  d 0;V *  A2$(2 d 0   D2s&(2 d 0ȣ   D2p&(2 d 0 D4s&(2 F ;) d ;) d 0; A3$(2T k 7 d#  )~ d N??kw 7~ d N??k7~ d N??k)7~  d N??)k7~ !d N??w k 7fB "d 6Df>:n:fB #d 6DoU UT  P x  $d#   ~ %d N?? P + ~ &d N??+P  ~ 'd N??P x lB (d <Dns@lB )d <Dn@s@lB *d <Dn@s:~ +d N??  fB ,d 6Do@ @fB -d 6Do  .d 0 D3s&(2 /d 0 D3p&(2 0d 0< D3d&(2F NT - 1d ; fB 2d 6Df>WWN  P x  3d ` sT ?~ 4d N?? P + ~ 5d N??+P  ~ 6d N??P x lB 7d <D>PlB 8d <D>WlB 9d <D>WlB :d <D=P~ ;d N??M a -fB d 6Doj  ?d 0s)G D4p&(2 @d 0ԛ|)P D4d&(2 Ad 0ٛN)" D4f&(2 Cd 6ޛ` e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo Dd# a   fB Ed 6DooofB FdB 6DoZo0L Zo Gd# a I a fB Hd 6DooofB IdB 6DoZo0L Zo Jd# A   fB Kd 6DooofB LdB 6DoZo0L Zo Md# A I a fB Nd 6DooofB OdB 6DoZo0L Zo Pd#   fB Qd 6DooofB RdB 6DoZo0L Zo Sd# I a fB Td 6DooofB UdB 6DoZo0L Zo Vd# )  fB Wd 6DooofB XdB 6DoZo0L Zo Yd# )I a fB Zd 6DooofB [dB 6DoZo0L Zo \d#  " fB ]d 6DooofB ^dB 6DoZo0L Zo _d#  Y q fB `d 6DooofB adB 6DoZo0L Zo bd#  fB cd 6DooofB ddB 6DoZo0L Zo ed#  ! fB fd 6DooofB gdB 6DoZo0L Zo hd#  b z fB id 6DooofB jdB 6DoZo0L Zo kd#  fB ld 6DooofB mdB 6DoZo0L Zo nd#  " fB od 6DooofB pdB 6DoZo0L Zo qd# Y q fB rd 6DooofB sdB 6DoZo0L Zo td#  fB ud 6DooofB vdB 6DoZo0L Zo wd#  ! fB xd 6DooofB ydB 6DoZo0L Zo zd# b z fB {d 6DooofB |dB 6DoZo0L Zo }d#  fB ~d 6DooofB dB 6DoZo0L Zo d# Y " fB d 6DooofB dB 6DoZo d 0T s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f d 0f`0(4 HSCANDIUM$ (2 d 0KC  &With the lower energy 4s orbital filled, the next electrons can now fill the 3d orbitals. There are five d orbitals. They are filled according to Hund s Rule - BUT WATCH OUT FOR TWO SPECIAL CASES.: 2$>P.w d 0fP@7 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1(2        d 6?? x1  FHUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITYH8P<8P2  dB d <D)@0A d 0Pp@ 0 0dB d@ <D)@X@ d 0X0@ 0 0z d bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +E 0L0 DDhED( w hdB h <D> F W 3 h 0 ; fB h 6Df>fB h 6Dok lB h <D~ h N??M W #  h 0 W+ A1$(2  h 0%_)3 D1s&(2F ;   h  ; fB  h 6Do: : fB  h 6Df> n fB h 6DoV X lB h <Dn sV lB h <Dn: l ~ h N?? T  P x  h#  ~ h N?? P + ~ h N??+P  ~ h N??P x  h 0,;V *  A2$(2 h 01   D2s&(2 h 0/   D2p&(2 h 0@: D4s&(2 F ;) h ;) h 0l?; A3$(2T k 7 h#  )~ h N??kw 7~ h N??k7~ h N??k)7~  h N??)k7~ !h N??w k 7fB "h 6Df>:n:fB #h 6DoU UT  P x  $h#   ~ %h N?? P + ~ &h N??+P  ~ 'h N??P x lB (h <Dns@lB )h <Dn@s@lB *h <Dn@s:~ +h N??  fB ,h 6Do@ @fB -h 6Do  .h 0H D3s&(2 /h 0LM D3p&(2 0h 0Q D3d&(2F NT - 1h ; fB 2h 6Df>WWN  P x  3h ` sT ?~ 4h N?? P + ~ 5h N??+P  ~ 6h N??P x lB 7h <D>PlB 8h <D>WlB 9h <D>WlB :h <D=P~ ;h N??M a -fB h 6Doj  ?h 0_s)G D4p&(2 @h 0c|)P D4d&(2 Ah 0gN)" D4f&(2 Ch 6m` e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo Dh# a   fB Eh 6DooofB FhB 6DoZo0L Zo Gh# a I a fB Hh 6DooofB IhB 6DoZo0L Zo Jh# A   fB Kh 6DooofB LhB 6DoZo0L Zo Mh# A I a fB Nh 6DooofB OhB 6DoZo0L Zo Ph#   fB Qh 6DooofB RhB 6DoZo0L Zo Sh# I a fB Th 6DooofB UhB 6DoZo0L Zo Vh# )  fB Wh 6DooofB XhB 6DoZo0L Zo Yh# )I a fB Zh 6DooofB [hB 6DoZo0L Zo \h#  " fB ]h 6DooofB ^hB 6DoZo0L Zo _h#  Y q fB `h 6DooofB ahB 6DoZo0L Zo bh#  fB ch 6DooofB dhB 6DoZo0L Zo eh#  ! fB fh 6DooofB ghB 6DoZo0L Zo hh#  b z fB ih 6DooofB jhB 6DoZo0L Zo kh#  fB lh 6DooofB mhB 6DoZo0L Zo nh#  " fB oh 6DooofB phB 6DoZo0L Zo qh# Y q fB rh 6DooofB shB 6DoZo0L Zo th#  fB uh 6DooofB vhB 6DoZo0L Zo wh#  ! fB xh 6DooofB yhB 6DoZo0L Zo zh# b z fB {h 6DooofB |hB 6DoZo0L Zo }h#  fB ~h 6DooofB hB 6DoZo0L Zo h# Y " fB h 6DooofB hB 6DoZo0L Zo h# Y fB h 6DooofB hB 6DoZo h 0 s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f h 0䈞f`0(4 HTITANIUM$ (2w h 0 fP@7 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2(2        h 6?x  FHUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITYH8P<8P2  dB h <D)@0A h 0Pp@ 0 0dB h@ <D)@X@ h 0X0@ 0 0 h 0DK@f The 3d orbitals are filled according to Hund s rule so the next electron doesn t pair up but goes into an empty orbital in the same sub level.& 2,az h bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +G 0L0 FF l}E( w ldB l <D> F W 3 l 0 ; fB l 6Df>fB l 6Dok lB l <D~ l N??M W #  l 0ȮW+ A1$(2  l 0_)3 D1s&(2F ;   l  ; fB  l 6Do: : fB  l 6Df> n fB l 6DoV X lB l <Dn sV lB l <Dn: l ~ l N?? T  P x  l#  ~ l N?? P + ~ l N??+P  ~ l N??P x  l 08;V *  A2$(2 l 0ྞ   D2s&(2 l 0Þ   D2p&(2 l 0Ȟ D4s&(2 F ;) l ;) l 0T͞; A3$(2T k 7 l#  )~ l N??kw 7~ l N??k7~ l N??k)7~  l N??)k7~ !l N??w k 7fB "l 6Df>:n:fB #l 6DoU UT  P x  $l#   ~ %l N?? P + ~ &l N??+P  ~ 'l N??P x lB (l <Dns@lB )l <Dn@s@lB *l <Dn@s:~ +l N??  fB ,l 6Do@ @fB -l 6Do  .l 0D؞ D3s&(2 /l 0ܞ D3p&(2 0l 0 D3d&(2F NT - 1l ; fB 2l 6Df>WWN  P x  3l ` sT ?~ 4l N?? P + ~ 5l N??+P  ~ 6l N??P x lB 7l <D>PlB 8l <D>WlB 9l <D>WlB :l <D=P~ ;l N??M a -fB l 6Doj  ?l 0s)G D4p&(2 @l 0|)P D4d&(2 Al 0@N)" D4f&(2 Cl 6` e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo Dl# a   fB El 6DooofB FlB 6DoZo0L Zo Gl# a I a fB Hl 6DooofB IlB 6DoZo0L Zo Jl# A   fB Kl 6DooofB LlB 6DoZo0L Zo Ml# A I a fB Nl 6DooofB OlB 6DoZo0L Zo Pl#   fB Ql 6DooofB RlB 6DoZo0L Zo Sl# I a fB Tl 6DooofB UlB 6DoZo0L Zo Vl# )  fB Wl 6DooofB XlB 6DoZo0L Zo Yl# )I a fB Zl 6DooofB [lB 6DoZo0L Zo \l#  " fB ]l 6DooofB ^lB 6DoZo0L Zo _l#  Y q fB `l 6DooofB alB 6DoZo0L Zo bl#  fB cl 6DooofB dlB 6DoZo0L Zo el#  ! fB fl 6DooofB glB 6DoZo0L Zo hl#  b z fB il 6DooofB jlB 6DoZo0L Zo kl#  fB ll 6DooofB mlB 6DoZo0L Zo nl#  " fB ol 6DooofB plB 6DoZo0L Zo ql# Y q fB rl 6DooofB slB 6DoZo0L Zo tl#  fB ul 6DooofB vlB 6DoZo0L Zo wl#  ! fB xl 6DooofB ylB 6DoZo0L Zo zl# b z fB {l 6DooofB |lB 6DoZo0L Zo }l#  fB ~l 6DooofB lB 6DoZo0L Zo l# Y " fB l 6DooofB lB 6DoZo0L Zo l# Y fB l 6DooofB lB 6DoZo0L Zo l# Yb z fB l 6DooofB lB 6DoZo l 0  s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f l 0"f`0(4 HVANADIUM$ (2 l 0p+K@f The 3d orbitals are filled according to Hund s rule so the next electron doesn t pair up but goes into an empty orbital in the same sub level.& 2,aw l 0-fP@7 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3(2        l 6h:?x  FHUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITYH8P<8P2  dB l <D)@0A l 0Pp@ 0 0dB l@ <D)@X@ l 0X0@ 0 0z l bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +jH 0L0 yGqG0pF( w pdB p <D> F W 3 p 0 ; fB p 6Df>fB p 6Dok lB p <D~ p N??M W #  p 0 n fB p 6DoV X lB p <Dn sV lB p <Dn: l ~ p N?? T  P x  p#  ~ p N?? P + ~ p N??+P  ~ p N??P x  p 0$[;V *  A2$(2 p 0_   D2s&(2 p 0Q   D2p&(2 p 0g D4s&(2 F ;) p ;) p 0l; A3$(2T k 7 p#  )~ p N??kw 7~ p N??k7~ p N??k)7~  p N??)k7~ !p N??w k 7fB "p 6Df>:n:fB #p 6DoU UT  P x  $p#   ~ %p N?? P + ~ &p N??+P  ~ 'p N??P x lB (p <Dns@lB )p <Dn@s@lB *p <Dn@s:~ +p N??  fB ,p 6Do@ @fB -p 6Do  .p 0u D3s&(2 /p 0hz D3p&(2 0p 0 D3d&(2F NT - 1p ; fB 2p 6Df>WWN  P x  3p ` sT ?~ 4p N?? P + ~ 5p N??+P  ~ 6p N??P x lB 7p <D>PlB 8p <D>WlB 9p <D>WlB :p <D=P~ ;p N??M a -fB p 6Doj  ?p 0s)G D4p&(2 @p 0 |)P D4d&(2 Ap 0N)" D4f&(2 Cp 6ؙ` e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo Dp# a   fB Ep 6DooofB FpB 6DoZo0L Zo Gp# a I a fB Hp 6DooofB IpB 6DoZo0L Zo Jp# A   fB Kp 6DooofB LpB 6DoZo0L Zo Mp# A I a fB Np 6DooofB OpB 6DoZo0L Zo Pp#   fB Qp 6DooofB RpB 6DoZo0L Zo Sp# I a fB Tp 6DooofB UpB 6DoZo0L Zo Vp# )  fB Wp 6DooofB XpB 6DoZo0L Zo \p#  " fB ]p 6DooofB ^pB 6DoZo0L Zo _p#  Y q fB `p 6DooofB apB 6DoZo0L Zo bp#  fB cp 6DooofB dpB 6DoZo0L Zo ep#  ! fB fp 6DooofB gpB 6DoZo0L Zo hp#  b z fB ip 6DooofB jpB 6DoZo0L Zo kp#  fB lp 6DooofB mpB 6DoZo0L Zo np#  " fB op 6DooofB ppB 6DoZo0L Zo qp# Y q fB rp 6DooofB spB 6DoZo0L Zo tp#  fB up 6DooofB vpB 6DoZo0L Zo wp#  ! fB xp 6DooofB ypB 6DoZo0L Zo zp# b z fB {p 6DooofB |pB 6DoZo0L Zo }p#  fB ~p 6DooofB pB 6DoZo0L Zo p# Y " fB p 6DooofB pB 6DoZo0L Zo p# Y fB p 6DooofB pB 6DoZo0L Zo p# Yb z fB p 6DooofB pB 6DoZo0L Zo p# Y  fB p 6DooofB pB 6DoZo0L Zo p# Y fB p 6DooofB pB 6DoZo p 0h s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f p 0Ⱥf`0(4 HCHROMIUM$ (2 p 0ܾKC  One would expect the configuration of chromium atoms to end in 4s2 3d4. To achieve a more stable arrangement of lower energy, one of the 4s electrons is promoted into the 3d to give six unpaired electrons with lower repulsion. 2A  ':+ p 0̡fP@7 71s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5(2       p 6ڡ?W xI FHUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITYH8P<8P2  dB p <D)@0A p 0Pp@ 0 0dB p@ <D)@X@ p 0X0@ 0 0z p bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +cH 0L0 rGjG@F( w dB  <D> F W 3  0 ; fB  6Df>fB  6Dok lB  <D~  N??M W #   0W+ A1$(2   0_)3 D1s&(2F ;     ; fB   6Do: : fB   6Df> n fB  6DoV X lB  <Dn sV lB  <Dn: l ~  N?? T  P x  #  ~  N?? P + ~  N??+P  ~  N??P x   0<;V *  A2$(2  0@   D2s&(2  04   D2p&(2  0(  D4s&(2 F ;)  ;)  0T; A3$(2T k 7 #  )~  N??kw 7~  N??k7~  N??k)7~   N??)k7~ ! N??w k 7fB " 6Df>:n:fB # 6DoU UT  P x  $#   ~ % N?? P + ~ & N??+P  ~ ' N??P x lB ( <Dns@lB ) <Dn@s@lB * <Dn@s:~ + N??  fB , 6Do@ @fB - 6Do  . 0h D3s&(2 / 0@ D3p&(2 0 0 D3d&(2F NT - 1 ; fB 2 6Df>WWN  P x  3 ` sT ?~ 4 N?? P + ~ 5 N??+P  ~ 6 N??P x lB 7 <D>PlB 8 <D>WlB 9 <D>WlB : <D=P~ ; N??M a -fB < 6Doj  = 0" A4$(2fB > 6Doj  ? 04's)G D4p&(2 @ 0 ,|)P D4d&(2 A 00N)" D4f&(2 C 65` e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo D# a   fB E 6DooofB FB 6DoZo0L Zo G# a I a fB H 6DooofB IB 6DoZo0L Zo J# A   fB K 6DooofB LB 6DoZo0L Zo M# A I a fB N 6DooofB OB 6DoZo0L Zo P#   fB Q 6DooofB RB 6DoZo0L Zo S# I a fB T 6DooofB UB 6DoZo0L Zo V# )  fB W 6DooofB XB 6DoZo0L Zo Y# )I a fB Z 6DooofB [B 6DoZo0L Zo \#  " fB ] 6DooofB ^B 6DoZo0L Zo _#  Y q fB ` 6DooofB aB 6DoZo0L Zo b#  fB c 6DooofB dB 6DoZo0L Zo e#  ! fB f 6DooofB gB 6DoZo0L Zo h#  b z fB i 6DooofB jB 6DoZo0L Zo k#  fB l 6DooofB mB 6DoZo0L Zo n#  " fB o 6DooofB pB 6DoZo0L Zo q# Y q fB r 6DooofB sB 6DoZo0L Zo t#  fB u 6DooofB vB 6DoZo0L Zo w#  ! fB x 6DooofB yB 6DoZo0L Zo z# b z fB { 6DooofB |B 6DoZo0L Zo }#  fB ~ 6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y " fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Yb z fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y  fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo  0O s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f  0Uf`0(4 I MANGANESE$ (2   0PYKC t>The new electron goes into the 4s to restore its filled state.? 2?  6P]?x  FHUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITYH8P<8P2  w  0dfP@7 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5(2       dB  <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +J 0L0 !IIPH( w dB  <D> F W 3  0 ; fB  6Df>fB  6Dok lB  <D~  N??M W #   0DxW+ A1$(2   0}_)3 D1s&(2F ;     ; fB   6Do: : fB   6Df> n fB  6DoV X lB  <Dn sV lB  <Dn: l ~  N?? T  P x  #  ~  N?? P + ~  N??+P  ~  N??P x   0H;V *  A2$(2  0@   D2s&(2  00   D2p&(2  0\ D4s&(2 F ;)  ;)  0; A3$(2T k 7 #  )~  N??kw 7~  N??k7~  N??k)7~   N??)k7~ ! N??w k 7fB " 6Df>:n:fB # 6DoU UT  P x  $#   ~ % N?? P + ~ & N??+P  ~ ' N??P x lB ( <Dns@lB ) <Dn@s@lB * <Dn@s:~ + N??  fB , 6Do@ @fB - 6Do  . 0| D3s&(2 / 0  D3p&(2 0 0 D3d&(2F NT - 1 ; fB 2 6Df>WWN  P x  3 ` sT ?~ 4 N?? P + ~ 5 N??+P  ~ 6 N??P x lB 7 <D>PlB 8 <D>WlB 9 <D>WlB : <D=P~ ; N??M a -fB < 6Doj  = 0 A4$(2fB > 6Doj  ? 0\s)G D4p&(2 @ 0 |)P D4d&(2 A 0N)" D4f&(2 C 6ã` e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo D# a   fB E 6DooofB FB 6DoZo0L Zo G# a I a fB H 6DooofB IB 6DoZo0L Zo J# A   fB K 6DooofB LB 6DoZo0L Zo M# A I a fB N 6DooofB OB 6DoZo0L Zo P#   fB Q 6DooofB RB 6DoZo0L Zo S# I a fB T 6DooofB UB 6DoZo0L Zo V# )  fB W 6DooofB XB 6DoZo0L Zo Y# )I a fB Z 6DooofB [B 6DoZo0L Zo \#  " fB ] 6DooofB ^B 6DoZo0L Zo _#  Y q fB ` 6DooofB aB 6DoZo0L Zo b#  fB c 6DooofB dB 6DoZo0L Zo e#  ! fB f 6DooofB gB 6DoZo0L Zo h#  b z fB i 6DooofB jB 6DoZo0L Zo k#  fB l 6DooofB mB 6DoZo0L Zo n#  " fB o 6DooofB pB 6DoZo0L Zo q# Y q fB r 6DooofB sB 6DoZo0L Zo t#  fB u 6DooofB vB 6DoZo0L Zo w#  ! fB x 6DooofB yB 6DoZo0L Zo z# b z fB { 6DooofB |B 6DoZo0L Zo }#  fB ~ 6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y " fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # YY q fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Yb z fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y  fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo  0Xߣ s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f  0f`0(4 DIRON$(2P  0KC Orbitals are filled according to Hund s Rule. They continue to pair up.H 2H$!  6?x  FHUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITYH8P<8P2  w  0fP@7 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6(2       dB  <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +LK 0L0 [JSJ`I( w dB  <D> F W 3  0 ; fB  6Df>fB  6Dok lB  <D~  N??M W #   0 W+ A1$(2   0x_)3 D1s&(2F ;     ; fB   6Do: : fB   6Df> n fB  6DoV X lB  <Dn sV lB  <Dn: l ~  N?? T  P x  #  ~  N?? P + ~  N??+P  ~  N??P x   0;V *  A2$(2  0   D2s&(2  0   D2p&(2  0# D4s&(2 F ;)  ;)  0(; A3$(2T k 7 #  )~  N??kw 7~  N??k7~  N??k)7~   N??)k7~ ! N??w k 7fB " 6Df>:n:fB # 6DoU UT  P x  $#   ~ % N?? P + ~ & N??+P  ~ ' N??P x lB ( <Dns@lB ) <Dn@s@lB * <Dn@s:~ + N??  fB , 6Do@ @fB - 6Do  . 001 D3s&(2 / 05 D3p&(2 0 0P: D3d&(2F NT - 1 ; fB 2 6Df>WWN  P x  3 ` sT ?~ 4 N?? P + ~ 5 N??+P  ~ 6 N??P x lB 7 <D>PlB 8 <D>WlB 9 <D>WlB : <D=P~ ; N??M a -fB < 6Doj  = 0hB A4$(2fB > 6Doj  ? 0Gs)G D4p&(2 @ 0K|)P D4d&(2 A 0LPN)" D4f&(2 C 6T` e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo D# a   fB E 6DooofB FB 6DoZo0L Zo G# a I a fB H 6DooofB IB 6DoZo0L Zo J# A   fB K 6DooofB LB 6DoZo0L Zo M# A I a fB N 6DooofB OB 6DoZo0L Zo P#   fB Q 6DooofB RB 6DoZo0L Zo S# I a fB T 6DooofB UB 6DoZo0L Zo V# )  fB W 6DooofB XB 6DoZo0L Zo Y# )I a fB Z 6DooofB [B 6DoZo0L Zo \#  " fB ] 6DooofB ^B 6DoZo0L Zo _#  Y q fB ` 6DooofB aB 6DoZo0L Zo b#  fB c 6DooofB dB 6DoZo0L Zo e#  ! fB f 6DooofB gB 6DoZo0L Zo h#  b z fB i 6DooofB jB 6DoZo0L Zo k#  fB l 6DooofB mB 6DoZo0L Zo n#  " fB o 6DooofB pB 6DoZo0L Zo q# Y q fB r 6DooofB sB 6DoZo0L Zo t#  fB u 6DooofB vB 6DoZo0L Zo w#  ! fB x 6DooofB yB 6DoZo0L Zo z# b z fB { 6DooofB |B 6DoZo0L Zo }#  fB ~ 6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y " fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # YY q fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y ! fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Yb z fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y  fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo  0r s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f  0dwf`0(4 FCOBALT$(2  6x{?x  FHUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITYH8P<8P2  w  0fP@7 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d7(2       dB  <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0P  0KC Orbitals are filled according to Hund s Rule. They continue to pair up.H 2H$!z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +L 0L0 KKpJ( w dB  <D> F W 3  0 ; fB  6Df>fB  6Dok lB  <D~  N??M W #   0(W+ A1$(2   0_)3 D1s&(2F ;     ; fB   6Do: : fB   6Df> n fB  6DoV X lB  <Dn sV lB  <Dn: l ~  N?? T  P x  #  ~  N?? P + ~  N??+P  ~  N??P x   0,;V *  A2$(2  0$   D2s&(2  0   D2p&(2  0 D4s&(2 F ;)  ;)  0; A3$(2T k 7 #  )~  N??kw 7~  N??k7~  N??k)7~   N??)k7~ ! N??w k 7fB " 6Df>:n:fB # 6DoU UT  P x  $#   ~ % N?? P + ~ & N??+P  ~ ' N??P x lB ( <Dns@lB ) <Dn@s@lB * <Dn@s:~ + N??  fB , 6Do@ @fB - 6Do  . 0t¥ D3s&(2 / 0Lǥ D3p&(2 0 0˥ D3d&(2F NT - 1 ; fB 2 6Df>WWN  P x  3 ` sT ?~ 4 N?? P + ~ 5 N??+P  ~ 6 N??P x lB 7 <D>PlB 8 <D>WlB 9 <D>WlB : <D=P~ ; N??M a -fB < 6Doj  = 0ӥ A4$(2fB > 6Doj  ? 0إs)G D4p&(2 @ 0@ݥ|)P D4d&(2 A 0N)" D4f&(2 C 6` e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo D# a   fB E 6DooofB FB 6DoZo0L Zo G# a I a fB H 6DooofB IB 6DoZo0L Zo J# A   fB K 6DooofB LB 6DoZo0L Zo M# A I a fB N 6DooofB OB 6DoZo0L Zo P#   fB Q 6DooofB RB 6DoZo0L Zo S# I a fB T 6DooofB UB 6DoZo0L Zo V# )  fB W 6DooofB XB 6DoZo0L Zo Y# )I a fB Z 6DooofB [B 6DoZo0L Zo \#  " fB ] 6DooofB ^B 6DoZo0L Zo _#  Y q fB ` 6DooofB aB 6DoZo0L Zo b#  fB c 6DooofB dB 6DoZo0L Zo e#  ! fB f 6DooofB gB 6DoZo0L Zo h#  b z fB i 6DooofB jB 6DoZo0L Zo k#  fB l 6DooofB mB 6DoZo0L Zo n#  " fB o 6DooofB pB 6DoZo0L Zo q# Y q fB r 6DooofB sB 6DoZo0L Zo t#  fB u 6DooofB vB 6DoZo0L Zo w#  ! fB x 6DooofB yB 6DoZo0L Zo z# b z fB { 6DooofB |B 6DoZo0L Zo }#  fB ~ 6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y " fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # YY q fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y ! fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Yb z fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y  fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo  0 s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f  04 f`0(4 FNICKEL$(2  6H ?x  FHUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITYH8P<8P2  w  0fP@7 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8(2       dB  <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0P  00#KC Orbitals are filled according to Hund s Rule. They continue to pair up.H 2H$!z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +M 0L0 $LLK(  dB  <D> F W 3  0 ; fB  6Df>fB  6Dok lB  <D~  N??M W #   0-W+ A1$(2   0X2_)3 D1s&(2F ;     ; fB   6Do: : fB   6Df> n fB  6DoV X lB  <Dn sV lB  <Dn: l ~  N?? T  P x  #  ~  N?? P + ~  N??+P  ~  N??P x   09;V *  A2$(2  0X>   D2s&(2  0C   D2p&(2  0G D4s&(2 F ;)  ;)  0:n:fB # 6DoU UT  P x  $#   ~ % N?? P + ~ & N??+P  ~ ' N??P x lB ( <Dns@lB ) <Dn@s@lB * <Dn@s:~ + N??  fB , 6Do@ @fB - 6Do  . 0\U D3s&(2 / 0Y D3p&(2 0 0|^ D3d&(2F NT - 1 ; fB 2 6Df>WWN  P x  3 ` sT ?~ 4 N?? P + ~ 5 N??+P  ~ 6 N??P x lB 7 <D>PlB 8 <D>WlB 9 <D>WlB : <D=P~ ; N??M a -fB < 6Doj  = 0f A4$(2fB > 6Doj  ? 0 F W 3  0 ; fB  6Df>fB  6Dok lB  <D~  N??M W #   0§W+ A1$(2   0Ƨ_)3 D1s&(2F ;     ; fB   6Do: : fB   6Df> n fB  6DoV X lB  <Dn sV lB  <Dn: l ~  N?? T  P x  #  ~  N?? P + ~  N??+P  ~  N??P x   0ͧ;V *  A2$(2  0ҧ   D2s&(2  0Ч   D2p&(2  0ܧ D4s&(2 F ;)  ;)  0; A3$(2T k 7 #  )~  N??kw 7~  N??k7~  N??k)7~   N??)k7~ ! N??w k 7fB " 6Df>:n:fB # 6DoU UT  P x  $#   ~ % N?? P + ~ & N??+P  ~ ' N??P x lB ( <Dns@lB ) <Dn@s@lB * <Dn@s:~ + N??  fB , 6Do@ @fB - 6Do  . 0 D3s&(2 / 0D D3p&(2 0 0 D3d&(2F NT - 1 ; fB 2 6Df>WWN  P x  3 ` sT ?~ 4 N?? P + ~ 5 N??+P  ~ 6 N??P x lB 7 <D>PlB 8 <D>WlB 9 <D>WlB : <D=P~ ; N??M a -fB < 6Doj  = 0 A4$(2fB > 6Doj  ? 0\s)G D4p&(2 @ 04|)P D4d&(2 A 0 N)" D4f&(2 C 6` e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo D# a   fB E 6DooofB FB 6DoZo0L Zo G# a I a fB H 6DooofB IB 6DoZo0L Zo J# A   fB K 6DooofB LB 6DoZo0L Zo M# A I a fB N 6DooofB OB 6DoZo0L Zo P#   fB Q 6DooofB RB 6DoZo0L Zo S# I a fB T 6DooofB UB 6DoZo0L Zo V# )  fB W 6DooofB XB 6DoZo0L Zo Y# )I a fB Z 6DooofB [B 6DoZo0L Zo \#  " fB ] 6DooofB ^B 6DoZo0L Zo _#  Y q fB ` 6DooofB aB 6DoZo0L Zo b#  fB c 6DooofB dB 6DoZo0L Zo e#  ! fB f 6DooofB gB 6DoZo0L Zo h#  b z fB i 6DooofB jB 6DoZo0L Zo k#  fB l 6DooofB mB 6DoZo0L Zo n#  " fB o 6DooofB pB 6DoZo0L Zo q# Y q fB r 6DooofB sB 6DoZo0L Zo t#  fB u 6DooofB vB 6DoZo0L Zo w#  ! fB x 6DooofB yB 6DoZo0L Zo z# b z fB { 6DooofB |B 6DoZo0L Zo }#  fB ~ 6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y " fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # YY q fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y ! fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Yb z fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y  fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # YI a fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo  0. s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f  0L4f`0(4 DZINC$(2  0d8KC2 eThe electron goes into the 4s to restore its filled state and complete the 3d and 4s orbital filling.f 2fx  0=fP@7 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10(2       dB  <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +@M 0L0 OLGLK( w dB  <D> F W 3  0 ; fB  6Df>fB  6Dok lB  <D~  N??M W #   0PW+ A1$(2   0U_)3 D1s&(2F ;     ; fB   6Do: : fB   6Df> n fB  6DoV X lB  <Dn sV lB  <Dn: l ~  N?? T  P x  #  ~  N?? P + ~  N??+P  ~  N??P x   0\;V *  A2$(2  0a   D2s&(2  0_   D2p&(2  0k D4s&(2 F ;)  ;)  0p; A3$(2T k 7 #  )~  N??kw 7~  N??k7~  N??k)7~   N??)k7~ ! N??w k 7fB " 6Df>:n:fB # 6DoU UT  P x  $#   ~ % N?? P + ~ & N??+P  ~ ' N??P x lB ( <Dns@lB ) <Dn@s@lB * <Dn@s:~ + N??  fB , 6Do@ @fB - 6Do  . 0py D3s&(2 / 0~ D3p&(2 0 0 D3d&(2F NT - 1 ; fB 2 6Df>WWN  P x  3 ` sT ?~ 4 N?? P + ~ 5 N??+P  ~ 6 N??P x lB 7 <D>PlB 8 <D>WlB 9 <D>WlB : <D=P~ ; N??M a -fB < 6Doj  = 0t A4$(2fB > 6Doj  ? 0s)G D4p&(2 @ 0|)P D4d&(2 A 0N)" D4f&(2 C 6|` e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo D# a   fB E 6DooofB FB 6DoZo0L Zo G# a I a fB H 6DooofB IB 6DoZo0L Zo J# A   fB K 6DooofB LB 6DoZo0L Zo M# A I a fB N 6DooofB OB 6DoZo0L Zo P#   fB Q 6DooofB RB 6DoZo0L Zo S# I a fB T 6DooofB UB 6DoZo0L Zo V# )  fB W 6DooofB XB 6DoZo0L Zo Y# )I a fB Z 6DooofB [B 6DoZo0L Zo \#  " fB ] 6DooofB ^B 6DoZo0L Zo _#  Y q fB ` 6DooofB aB 6DoZo0L Zo b#  fB c 6DooofB dB 6DoZo0L Zo e#  ! fB f 6DooofB gB 6DoZo0L Zo h#  b z fB i 6DooofB jB 6DoZo0L Zo k#  fB l 6DooofB mB 6DoZo0L Zo n#  " fB o 6DooofB pB 6DoZo0L Zo q# Y q fB r 6DooofB sB 6DoZo0L Zo t#  fB u 6DooofB vB 6DoZo0L Zo w#  ! fB x 6DooofB yB 6DoZo0L Zo z# b z fB { 6DooofB |B 6DoZo0L Zo }#  fB ~ 6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y " fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # YY q fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y ! fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Yb z fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y  fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # YI a fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo0L Zo # Y fB  6DooofB B 6DoZo  0 s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f  0f`0(4 QGALLIUM - KRYPTON$(2  0ǩKCB XThe 4p orbitals are filled in exactly the same way as those in the 2p and 3p sub levels.Y 2YJ  6ͩ?x  FHUND S RULE OF MAXIMUM MULTIPLICITYH8P<8P2  dB  <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +X 0L0 .W&W`V(  `dB ` <D> F W 3 ` 0 ; fB ` 6Df>fB ` 6Dok lB ` <D~ ` N??M W #  ` 0 ܩW+ A1$(2  ` 0L_)3 D1s&(2F ;   `  ; fB  ` 6Do: : fB  ` 6Df> n fB ` 6DoV X lB ` <Dn sV lB ` <Dn: l ~ ` N?? T  P x  `#  ~ ` N?? P + ~ ` N??+P  ~ ` N??P x  ` 0X;V *  A2$(2 ` 0   D2s&(2 ` 0   D2p&(2 ` 0 D4s&(2 F ;) ` ;) ` 0; A3$(2T k 7 `#  )~ ` N??kw 7~ ` N??k7~ ` N??k)7~  ` N??)k7~ !` N??w k 7fB "` 6Df>:n:fB #` 6DoU UT  P x  $`#   ~ %` N?? P + ~ &` N??+P  ~ '` N??P x lB (` <Dns@lB )` <Dn@s@lB *` <Dn@s:~ +` N??  fB ,` 6Do@ @fB -` 6Do  .` 0 D3s&(2 /` 0 D3p&(2 0` 0@ D3d&(2F NT - 1` ; fB 2` 6Df>WWN  P x  3` ` sT ?~ 4` N?? P + ~ 5` N??+P  ~ 6` N??P x lB 7` <D>PlB 8` <D>WlB 9` <D>WlB :` <D=P~ ;` N??M a -fB <` 6Doj  =` 00 A4$(2fB >` 6Doj  ?` 0s)G D4p&(2 @` 0'|)P D4d&(2 A` 0)N)" D4f&(2 C` 6d-` e)INCREASING ENERGY / DISTANCE FROM NUCLEUS *(2* 0L Zo D`# a   fB E` 6DooofB F`B 6DoZo0L Zo G`# a I a fB H` 6DooofB I`B 6DoZo0L Zo J`# A   fB K` 6DooofB L`B 6DoZo0L Zo M`# A I a fB N` 6DooofB O`B 6DoZo0L Zo P`#   fB Q` 6DooofB R`B 6DoZo0L Zo S`# I a fB T` 6DooofB U`B 6DoZo0L Zo V`# )  fB W` 6DooofB X`B 6DoZo0L Zo Y`# )I a fB Z` 6DooofB [`B 6DoZo0L Zo \`#  " fB ]` 6DooofB ^`B 6DoZo0L Zo _`#  Y q fB `` 6DooofB a`B 6DoZo0L Zo b`#  fB c` 6DooofB d`B 6DoZo0L Zo e`#  ! fB f` 6DooofB g`B 6DoZo0L Zo h`#  b z fB i` 6DooofB j`B 6DoZo0L Zo k`#  fB l` 6DooofB m`B 6DoZo0L Zo n`#  " fB o` 6DooofB p`B 6DoZo0L Zo q`# Y q fB r` 6DooofB s`B 6DoZo0L Zo t`#  fB u` 6DooofB v`B 6DoZo0L Zo w`#  ! fB x` 6DooofB y`B 6DoZo0L Zo z`# b z fB {` 6DooofB |`B 6DoZo0L Zo }`#  fB ~` 6DooofB `B 6DoZo0L Zo `# 9 * fB ` 6DooofB `B 6DoZo0L Zo `# 9a y fB ` 6DooofB `B 6DoZo0L Zo `# 9 fB ` 6DooofB `B 6DoZo0L Zo `# 9 ) fB ` 6DooofB `B 6DoZo0L Zo `# 9b z fB ` 6DooofB `B 6DoZo0L Zo `# 9 fB ` 6DooofB `B 6DoZo0L Zo `# Y " fB ` 6DooofB `B 6DoZo0L Zo `# YY q fB ` 6DooofB `B 6DoZo0L Zo `# Y fB ` 6DooofB `B 6DoZo0L Zo `# Y ! fB ` 6DooofB `B 6DoZo0L Zo `# Yb z fB ` 6DooofB `B 6DoZo0L Zo `# Y fB ` 6DooofB `B 6DoZo0L Zo `# Y  fB ` 6DooofB `B 6DoZo0L Zo `# YI a fB ` 6DooofB `B 6DoZo0L Zo `# Y fB ` 6DooofB `B 6DoZo0L Zo `# Y fB ` 6DooofB `B 6DoZo ` 0O s7THE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS OF THE FIRST 36 ELEMENTS  8(28f ` 0pUf`0(4 QGALLIUM - KRYPTON$(2- ` 0\lqM  s Ga - 4p1 Ge - 4p2 As - 4p3 Se - 4p4 Br - 4p5 Kr - 4p6 t0s2        ,Y ` 0n 0 RRemember that the 4p configurations follow Hund s Rule with the electrons remaining unpaired to give more stability.,u 2t+D ` 0r_0>  hRPrefix with& 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10* 2         dB ` <D)@0A ` 0Pp@ 0 0dB `@ <D)@X@ ` 0X0@ 0 0z ` bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +s 0L0 rrP       ! "#$#%$q(  jB c BD#oL ff # #vv*f   S "ff`  0&  T??&  T??&  T??&  T??&  T??&  T??&  ZL??& > `  0&  T??&  T??&  T??&  T??&   T??& ! 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p fB r 6DjJoofB sB 6DjJZo8T Zo t# " } fB u 6DjJoofB vB 6DjJZo8T Zo w# "\ z q fB x 6DjJoofB yB 6DjJZo8T Zo z# " y fB { 6DjJoofB |B 6DjJZo8T Zo }# "_ y t fB ~ 6DjJoofB B 6DjJZojB  BD#::T  6#}@ D1s1 1s2 1s2 2s1 1s2 2s2 1s2 2s2 2p1 1s2 2s2 2p2 1s2 2s2 2p3 1s2 2s2 2p4 1s2 2s2 2p5 1s2 2s2 2p6 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d7 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10E0                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      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20P2,6  0$s SODIUM Na 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1 electron removed from the 3s orbital Na+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 CHLORINE Cl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 1 electron added to the 3p orbital Cl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 2    +         " #     ,dAdB   <D>` ` dB   <D)@0A  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)@X@  0X0@ 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  (( w   0JH@ n ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION OF IONS2!(2 f f  0Ps0N q Positive ions (cations) are formed by removing electrons from atoms Negative ions (anions) are formed by adding electrons to atoms Electrons are removed first from the highest occupied orbitals (EXC. transition metals)BE 20P2,  0$^s &SODIUM Na 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 1 electron removed from the 3s orbital Na+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 CHLORINE Cl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 1 electron added to the 3p orbital Cl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 2 + "',dA  0~ 5  :FIRST ROW TRANSITION METALS Despite being of lower energy and being filled first, electrons in the 4s orbital are removed before any electrons in the 3d orbitals.Z(2 2f6O}  0  u  TITANIUM Ti 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2 Ti+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d2 Ti2+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d2 Ti3+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d1 Ti4+ 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6P@                                    dB  <D>` ` dB  <D)@0A   0Pp@ 0 0dB  @ <D)@X@   0X0@ 0 0z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 $(  dB  @ <D)@X@   0X0@ 0 0   0TƺP@ "ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS THE ENDv (2822 8n26f<fff  0(ϺeT h. 2008 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING/(2/ fJ  C "A KTRE: .z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +r@j(#O_Q0YDC8QLVo<XjWOOIh@ӵ]ZRn8:RvVn$lKe1yJ}0EbPۿ}݋?K 6W/dFi .V 0cn Oh+'0T px    (No Slide TitleHOPTONJONATHAN HOPTON269Microsoft PowerPoint@jZ @FY@@hNx@$t4 GSg  )'    """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3ff333f333333333f33333333f33f3ff3f3f3f3333f33̙33333f333333f3333f3ffffff3f33ff3f3f3f3fff3ffffffffff3ffff̙fff3fffff3fff333f3f3ff3ff33f̙̙3̙ff̙̙̙3f̙3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3f3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3ffffffffff!___www4'A x(xKʦ 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