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S  0t~ ``  >*  0 E `   @*  0_ `   @*z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33 Default Design 0 zr@ ( )   04 P    P*    09     R*  d  c $ ?    0(<  @  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  6DA `P   P*    6$F `   R*  H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10. 0X8(   $+ X X 0T P    >*  X 0X     @*  X 6] `P   >*  X 6c `   @* H X 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.1 0L0 P P^(    031 AN INTRODUCTION TO ATOM ECONOMYD (2 f 0f$fJ  C "A KTRE: . " <̙? x @ 0 0 ( <̙? x @L 0 0 ) 0h3x m OKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING(2 f + 0` 3"`>B 2008 SPECIFICATIONS>G$G   8  PBm N 0%3x sHOPTON,(2#  O VAParchmentS" ?B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +Y  0L0 h ` 0 (  A   0_  !INTRODUCTION This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected topics at AS and A2 level Chemistry. It is based on the requirements of the AQA and OCR specifications but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes or it may be used for classroom teaching with an interactive white board. Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at... www.knockhardy.org.uk/sci.htmp (2 2(2 , dB   <D?     03{0P( OKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING(2    0L3X Z ATOM ECONOMY2 (2 $f<fF      0H3x sHOPTON,(2#   VAParchmentS" ?  N`̙))? & -All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any commercial work.$CH$   &  C B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +B 0 ia (    0pU t ATOM ECONOMY0 (2 f3  F      0 x sHOPTON,(2#   VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  Lx(  L L 0( t ATOM ECONOMY0 (2 f3  w L 0`Ys In most reactions you only want to make one of the resulting products Atom economy is a measure of how much of the products are useful A high atom economy means that there is less waste 6 F  L   L 0,x sHOPTON,(2#  L VAParchmentS" ?H L 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0   Pc(  P P 0D t ATOM ECONOMY0 (2 f3   P 0sa  }In most reactions you only want to make one of the resulting products Atom economy is a measure of how much of the products are useful A high atom economy means that there is less waste ATOM ECONOMY h@(!6 F  P   P 08x sHOPTON,(2#  P VAParchmentS" ?#  P <̙?  e MOLECULAR MASS OF DESIRED PRODUCT x 100 SUM OF MOLECULAR MASSES OF ALL PRODUCTS6>@(!`RB P s *Do W H P 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +I 0 ph d(  d d 0B {WORKED CALCULATIONS0(2f3 F  d   d 0Lx sHOPTON,(2#  d VAParchmentS" ?H d 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +x 0   `/(  ` ` 0 {WORKED CALCULATIONS0(2f3 H ` 0Ps] LCalculate the atom economy for the formation of 1,2-dichloroethane, C2H4Cl2 M@E   F  `   ` 0x sHOPTON,(2#  ` VAParchmentS" ?  ` B ?&B e Example 1$ C  H ` 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0   \(  \ \ 0z {WORKED CALCULATIONS0(2f3  \ 0Ts NTCalculate the atom economy for the formation of 1,2-dichloroethane, C2H4Cl2 Equation C2H4 + Cl2   > C2H4Cl2 Mr 28 71 99 @E   !!!!!!!!!!!!!! !&  F  \   \ 0x sHOPTON,(2#  \ VAParchmentS" ?  \ BD?&B e Example 1$ C  H \ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0    XC (  X X 0؃ {WORKED CALCULATIONS0(2f3  X 0s_  :Calculate the atom economy for the formation of 1,2-dichloroethane, C2H4Cl2 Equation C2H4 + Cl2   > C2H4Cl2 Mr 28 71 99 atom economy = molecular mass of C2H4Cl2 x 100 molecular mass of all products @B@(0@E          )%!!!!!!!@!.  sF  X   X 0lx sHOPTON,(2#  X VAParchmentS" ?RB X s *D!oi }  X Bp?&B e Example 1$ C  H X 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +>  0 e ]  T (  T T 0 {WORKED CALCULATIONS0(2f3 H T 0s  Calculate the atom economy for the formation of 1,2-dichloroethane, C2H4Cl2 Equation C2H4 + Cl2   > C2H4Cl2 Mr 28 71 99 atom economy = molecular mass of C2H4Cl2 x 100 molecular mass of all products = 99 x 100 = 100% 99@B@(a@E          N   q@  F  T   T 0dx sHOPTON,(2#  T VAParchmentS" ?RB T s *Doi }RB T s *Do    T B_̙?  :An ATOM ECONOMY of 100% is typical of an ADDITION REACTION&;:C:   T BG?&B e Example 1$ C  H T 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +>  0 e ]  < (  < < 0h {WORKED CALCULATIONS0(2f3 H < 0B0s  Calculate the atom economy for the formation of 1,2-dichloroethane, C2H4Cl2 Equation C2H4 + Cl2   > C2H4Cl2 Mr 28 71 99 atom economy = molecular mass of C2H4Cl2 x 100 molecular mass of all products = 99 x 100 = 100% 99@B@(a@E          N   q@  F  <   < 0Ex sHOPTON,(2#  < VAParchmentS" ?RB < s *Doi }RB < s *Do     < B, ̙?  :An ATOM ECONOMY of 100% is typical of an ADDITION REACTION&;:C:   < B?&B e Example 1$ C  H < 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +f 0 p  x(  x x 0XP {WORKED CALCULATIONS0(2f3 6 x 00s] FCalculate the atom economy for the formation of nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2 tG@?   F  x   x 0:x sHOPTON,(2#  x VAParchmentS" ?  x Bg0?&B e Example 2$ C  H x 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 E = `  t(  t t 0  {WORKED CALCULATIONS0(2f3  t 0Isj rXCalculate the atom economy for the formation of nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2 Equation C6H6 + HNO3   > C6H5NO2 + H2O Mr 78 63 123 18 @@(?   !!!! !! !!!!!! !!! $.  F  t   t 01x sHOPTON,(2#  t VAParchmentS" ?  t B̙? > DAn ATOM ECONOMY of 100% is not possible with a SUBSTITUTION REACTION&EDCD   t BP?&B e Example 2$ C  H t 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +h  0   P  p (  p p 0{ {WORKED CALCULATIONS0(2f3  p 0 s  ~Calculate the atom economy for the formation of nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2 Equation C6H6 + HNO3   > C6H5NO2 + H2O Mr 78 63 123 18 atom economy = molecular mass of C6H5NO2 x 100 molecular mass of all products @A@(#@F@?              #'!!!!!!0!. fF  p   p 0 x sHOPTON,(2#  p VAParchmentS" ?RB p s *D!oy y  p B?&B e Example 2$ C  H p 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 ? 7 @  l (  l l 0P {WORKED CALCULATIONS0(2f3 4 l 0s2  Calculate the atom economy for the formation of nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2 Equation C6H6 + HNO3   > C6H5NO2 + H2O Mr 78 63 123 18 atom economy = molecular mass of C6H5NO2 x 100 molecular mass of all products = 123 x 100 = 87.2% 123 + 18@A@(#@F?@?              J   1>!. F  l   l 0x sHOPTON,(2#  l VAParchmentS" ?RB l s *Doy yRB l s *D!oW  f W   l B?&B e Example 2$ C  H l 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +"  0 I A p  8 (  8 8 0( {WORKED CALCULATIONS0(2f3 " 8 0us2  Calculate the atom economy for the formation of nitrobenzene, C6H5NO2 Equation C6H6 + HNO3   > C6H5NO2 + H2O Mr 78 63 123 18 atom economy = molecular mass of C6H5NO2 x 100 molecular mass of all products = 123 x 100 = 87.2% 123 + 18@A@(#@F?@?              J   o. F  8   8 0x sHOPTON,(2#  8 VAParchmentS" ?RB 8 s *Doy yRB 8 s *DoW  f W   8 B̙? > DAn ATOM ECONOMY of 100% is not possible with a SUBSTITUTION REACTION&EDCD   8 BG?&B e Example 2$ C  H 8 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +Z 0 y  @(  @ @ 0ȫ {WORKED CALCULATIONS0(2f3 * @ 0-s rCalculate the atom economy for the preparation of ammonia from the thermal decomposition of ammonium sulphate. s@seF  @   @ 0x sHOPTON,(2#  @ VAParchmentS" ?  @ B$Z?&B e Example 3$ C  H @ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0   (    0  {WORKED CALCULATIONS0(2f3   08s? NCalculate the atom economy for the preparation of ammonia from the thermal decomposition of ammonium sulphate. Equation (NH4)2SO4   > H2SO4 + 2NH3 Mr 132 98 17 6@@(!!!!!!!!!!!! 3,eC3F      0 x sHOPTON,(2#   VAParchmentS" ?   B?&B e Example 3$ C  H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +"  0 I A  (    0| {WORKED CALCULATIONS0(2f3   0ps  8Calculate the atom economy for the preparation of ammonia from the thermal decomposition of ammonium sulphate. Equation (NH4)2SO4   > H2SO4 + 2NH3 Mr 132 98 17 atom economy = 2 x molecular mass of NH3 x 100 molecular mass of all products J@D@(/@       2/!!;!,eCF      0x sHOPTON,(2#   VAParchmentS" ?RB  s *D!oOl O   B?&B e Example 3$ C  H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0     (    0)0 {WORKED CALCULATIONS0(2f3   0 s   Calculate the atom economy for the preparation of ammonia from the thermal decomposition of ammonium sulphate. Equation (NH4)2SO4   > H2SO4 + 2NH3 Mr 132 98 17 atom economy = 2 x molecular mass of NH3 x 100 molecular mass of all products = 2 x 17 = 25.8% 98 + (2 x 17)4@D@(e@       a <6!@eC F      0O0x sHOPTON,(2#   VAParchmentS" ?RB  s *DoOl ORB  s *D!o 4 L    B ?&B e Example 3$ C  H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +R  0 y q  | (  | | 0 {WORKED CALCULATIONS0(2f3  | 0as   Calculate the atom economy for the preparation of ammonia from the thermal decomposition of ammonium sulphate. Equation (NH4)2SO4   > H2SO4 + 2NH3 Mr 132 98 17 atom economy = 2 x molecular mass of NH3 x 100 molecular mass of all products = 2 x 17 = 25.8% 98 + (2 x 17)"@D@(e@       a r@eC F  |   | 0x sHOPTON,(2#  | VAParchmentS" ?RB | s *DoOl ORB | s *Do 4 L v  | B>̙?z " In industry a low ATOM ECONOMY isn t necessarily that bad if you can use some of the other products. If this reaction was used industrially, which it isn t, the sulphuric acid would be a very useful by-product. &C   | B[?&B e Example 3$ C  H | 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0    D (  D D 0  t CALCULATIONS0 (2 f3   D 0/s#  0$Calculate the atom economy of the following reactions (the required product is shown in red) " CH3COCl + C2H5NH2   > CH3CONHC2H5 + HCl " C2H5Cl + NaOH   > C2H5OH + NaCl " C2H5Cl + NaOH   > C2H4 + H2O + NaCl J7! !      !!!!!!   !!!!!   !!!!  ] 8  $F  D   D 08x sHOPTON,(2#  D VAParchmentS" ?H D 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0    \ (    0( t CALCULATIONS0 (2 f3    0 Ns#  0$Calculate the atom economy of the following reactions (the required product is shown in red) " CH3COCl + C2H5NH2   > CH3CONHC2H5 + HCl " C2H5Cl + NaOH   > C2H5OH + NaCl " C2H5Cl + NaOH   > C2H4 + H2O + NaCl J7! !      !!!!!!   !!!!!   !!!!  ] 8  $F      0hx sHOPTON,(2#   VAParchmentS" ?  <? Jv1 W70.2%(2 H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +p  0    ' (    0Ҝ t CALCULATIONS0 (2 f3    0s#  0$Calculate the atom economy of the following reactions (the required product is shown in red) " CH3COCl + C2H5NH2   > CH3CONHC2H5 + HCl " C2H5Cl + NaOH   > C2H5OH + NaCl " C2H5Cl + NaOH   > C2H4 + H2O + NaCl J7! !      !!!!!!   !!!!!   !!!!  ] 8  $F      0x sHOPTON,(2#   VAParchmentS" ?  <? Jv1 W70.2%(2   <?Jv W55.8%(2 H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +;  0 b Z   (    0p t CALCULATIONS0 (2 f3    0$us#  0$Calculate the atom economy of the following reactions (the required product is shown in red) " CH3COCl + C2H5NH2   > CH3CONHC2H5 + HCl " C2H5Cl + NaOH   > C2H5OH + NaCl " C2H5Cl + NaOH   > C2H4 + H2O + NaCl J7! !      !!!!!!   !!!!!   !!!!  ] 8  $F      0x sHOPTON,(2#   VAParchmentS" ?  <? Jv1 W70.2%(2   <0?Jv W55.8%(2    <4?i Jv  W33.9%(2 H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +> 0 e] H(  H H 0xU pOVERVIEW0 (2f3 F  H   H 0nx sHOPTON,(2#  H VAParchmentS" ?H H 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +@ 0 g_ (    0t pOVERVIEW0 (2f3   0+s f" addition reactions will have 100% atom economy " substitution reactions will have less than 100% atom economy " elimination reactions will have less than 100% atom economy F      0px sHOPTON,(2#   VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +& 0 ME(    0  pOVERVIEW0 (2f3   07so  " addition reactions will have 100% atom economy " substitution reactions will have less than 100% atom economy " elimination reactions will have less than 100% atom economy " high atom economy = fewer waste materials = GREENER and MORE ECONOMICAL *] F      0hx sHOPTON,(2#   VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 (    0H8 pOVERVIEW0 (2f3   0,bs  R" addition reactions will have 100% atom economy " substitution reactions will have less than 100% atom economy " elimination reactions will have less than 100% atom economy " high atom economy = fewer waste materials = GREENER and MORE ECONOMICAL The percentage yield of a reaction must also be taken into consideration. " some reactions may have a high yield but a low atom economy " some reactions may have a high atom economy but a low yield R[@@@K!(L  F      0x sHOPTON,(2#   VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0  A(    0 pOVERVIEW0 (2f3 D  0xsU $" addition reactions will have 100% atom economy " substitution reactions will have less than 100% atom economy " elimination reactions will have less than 100% atom economy " high atom economy = fewer waste materials = GREENER and MORE ECONOMICAL The percentage yield of a reaction must also be taken into consideration. " some reactions may have a high yield but a low atom economy " some reactions may have a high atom economy but a low yield Reactions involving equilibria must also be consideredR[@@x7!JL     F      0\x sHOPTON,(2#   VAParchmentS" ?H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  %@(   X @ @ <̙? x @D 0 0J @ C "A KTRE: . @ 0x m g-2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING.(2. f @ 0$3fM  ATHE END(2f "@ 0 31 AN INTRODUCTION TO ATOM ECONOMYD (2 f 0f$fF  #@ # I M N  $@ 0x sHOPTON,(2#  %@ VAParchmentS" ?H @ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +r@-#A)y5?P2|ƺ`$DIQUr\Xeox |(8&b!X'.7eH=Oh+'0T hp  No Slide TitleHOPTONJONATHAN HOPTON1158Microsoft PowerPoint@+'|@@hNx@Q#GSg  )'    """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3ff333f333333333f33333333f33f3ff3f3f3f3333f33̙33333f333333f3333f3ffffff3f33ff3f3f3f3fff3ffffffffff3ffff̙fff3fffff3fff333f3f3ff3ff33f̙̙3̙ff̙̙̙3f̙3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3f3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3ffffffffff!___www.p4'A x(xKʦ 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