ࡱ> nyu+D@ bPNG  IHDR*VPLTE333+++朜Ԕ[[[cccSSSJJJ!!!tsskkk|||;;;AAA!!11 JJԔ΃kkbbttAA[[**ެלᴴۥ彽TTƦ{||88<<Њݳ+ ׫PP|c!KqSEU*IAAOa0I99 9buDZk=y[[WHHjxxsbAS!12C9*mJ22A11տBji|H6",㹹ҏ  Ȝs8H~]B;;Ra9) xUQ zǧϨB**aSS9dEE~bb{Bž!1< W99"*:e!۽^p@e996:..7=-tյ0١kcc۴wE##_ ^.5$lB¢'+"oMƣboKx*4&&**y=={c^^ϞffTT\\YVV))T$7$$``ƃ` {wwkkgm]CCt))55jQQTg5q{_rr?D6-8#)MM.0,}iiƛѸwwz tRNS@fbKGDHIDATx|՝wgwvj{_$[vUdٖ%"Yl+6\1))!Cp$rI%\ܽ7evhVz,[ofT*$X8B{)] t4W+] d|A$ 4( n0Vqr/S ۡ;MT A6'o2OD+e0Bm%p&Ir vj",_ 1`! 12/1W:U[9EO(P n<&,垄WqZQr(Noͺ|z9CG$=fa_pbS},ښ_ Fŕٻ53gͩJU_Ut#L9VL슬=T*+RrAkQΦSK$_>78)TkRcX9M%ٌ1IrGn3#9ZK Tzc]];wcdly:>jB?l56dKt&%TR͟#8WG6.HͭK(> ״UjefWwg}2RbF*˶6x`dcIOɶhiBe֕iNb% @8V8:TIJeAA(Ų#P)c+U} GIF.{T^r J#Uǔ7I $5R鯢{@Ʀ_쀾}Zw ];!'2sh W9z˱PJUuـ) HrSr(i-NV<͒ t+V{jTJM>i|5)%2c{0Z鯂Wb6Y;1UԊl*iY6`4}qr}-LuNEx)%Vf3UX 55}uBY.#~*6"5&hаw?*d1Ef KqnR~#_ [+*+/NQlA aoVڱT3'8T)e@"٩%4l<0ky?ٽJ #\yiMXZ3gލJ);BnI $ddeƌـG*LgfjPveVf?SLHοɣ+qG#ɍ2Ng)eKا6 eJt;>qJ$ -?<l?,χ`V2#ha }3W>GiTJyҧ0Y?)Hod o) Jb=Gyc0\qYj1S8THc!IJ)]LI0D*]LIwD/(]LIw4KiֹѨ;W0?uG}%b%^, .M#!wOY:_JY 2nҳ`5v/kS⚌emwQh7*}ZYo #&xJޤ TCPF2$ո }W\G8lB^HmKgr l-n%ENx+HEIFw,hG9Kw0טbHtw]Eeh\>os  bQ _)vpiH$qyM}L_Ck E?M9^;F3b3/d3.IH(fNBXIF%I>MV,>*#ѡ ٌmK,_hԤv i ꣘d"a ٌmq)<cͦIJD9yT"Dzf\~osy}sXmGehlpP;°,P2! Ot r$i$YGUB~05z3śA2.Ϸ6f*/Tl6[aP,Љa@C˸>2qfʤ6B8<.`w}oYy$:ٌN&z}S`<0^QT:#j@.,RqNOmzBVH-Jqc$1xJ`LԸPmڥie[!hVbHX*yzҴ)A*) ʤkJ@)X*4.C++oY{[.*-nRP dKi傫.Le.HTR~|몛W=5D}`D;-R Dc2 YP\|>K*WUkNx< Xv{ QDVcբJjwN:W y{.V,r-ٹqWJV^SLRZVo\S+JmK>w$Trq\S]_q-[JwB8mĢk:0U/Vn$EgUYL%St.Z}I ZͧB.ʙlM؜L7}٥eg5ÍMI۝ ?'#kIR)2}{\V{)MoEdj4y&\Vʧ J] 0|)1D"FO {c':s8 f,>Ef2n%oOxv_12suL,]O.SAǸx>Nxr#h'1jVm-[(K1oܞͅ|5n]Z6۞w+Q QlDUoZ"R9 pOۮHH**WM=|= p*s*jztazf)'- YBX*@+#1)*90Neqm PJsc g"{"f&o75Ο8(OꪁRZ;|Vt8C3KQ=b!IdF펃6q}´?4,[#bRTODC,ˌ( o UI8kTco6qE+jYC&938\}~OZ*RۖuCƲY*;$ћ,ZdS%q5lЫ4{\Ry7iX5uG+8R9be/RLtK,bHg7ڄNJ=(]kh5W}%زO=O|L&}/]L70n #z\+Z[[cù.蝈$mN \o&+ȭ&CJI@ mjn47)i;[~<| Aj2R_b#¢D0"&C+X+L̩8tY'#>[+X**L*fzҕV@}aAMX<`9tı?datզc$tR~ca6Nm@r!B7xrts Iruȁ~]Rr%KE?5wO*|w~%Z#RbaSv臵4!k '+!SS OpҜh!7B-B _SE83IMg'Õ%"x.DanSLZQR 2(8YMX,jj:)U>%k0`: T%JJ,dB{H>H 8#FŒ"N͒jzwI+`~b HWAtG J!ïOk4vX#\"T&!G)Re2fHNkl:OJ_o0}gd))yy!NB99[y]ҏh䤶k arCXCCA""C112I99BDV(::J|7㹹9!!ΟOb0H١,k|Pܽ LCC"D G33.9eSSeJJYl8xxZ''p4Evܸţb'mmG+=ȗk{[QQƬrYff,,WWd\\fzF4oNI((Y==EP3$ }[n??##p͛n''[LLZ '*!a0[))Sd8"-SKK3+(mgeKKL^0}aa¶RYGZ22K ǫll://ffsYYv<<$$֧*gg@@IIffʾȁOWByy=@8571̿{{ {mmxY_Orii#&}}}ǼŶopnz+tRNS@fbKGDHIDATxxWF]%dcrƍbblSL3@G RHOHBBo)Mfӷg7v_ｷo_;2fYB} `gܹsJ)ZM;pbJ7 /E95AH٬VcN㠨Fҍr'Nk!)q0ymCQzw#hGe]+7۔n@"B9m $̨xYJQEQJ7 :5(5+$\?}J˹hQYixb t ϲ<z bl1ĔB}Dx;ʷ9,6 Vl}÷2e٭wk,xJb[Vz)cZ4^|0,TiQRBL+Ԓ 2|`p]0=.8xx{/%_fղj?.q*3PTc쉐|tt˹~Ntx/ސT\^ Gptgs P-E-&GhSko/lϓ\ ˅?FQ]y) &uruHP] D~ʥh(< +E9U*= &V.2804L1 OT\TL8E KT,(2;)8Hk/8U^V1\0Ty %N@*Jʋ @*/n5 x\@@PTyDU^q@@$PTyDU^@@$P TyDU^@@$P TyDU^@@,P TyU^@@,P TyU^@@4P B%ImC0ޯt `oR&9>z@6R H.K) |1RA*@*X#J F+JA*8iz$\Lu. Shz]j+PW) '9@4 1L[e#4ݣt=t`=tnp82 A>t"M* '@RW Bg|6s¿N[gi[_2}j=$V.\j_.Ւ&K&RGarZifZ_Ԩ'¹tZf=ۙ.u XYD]iY]N[l s&Y(,np{JeEpKݤCi5uff߭5DV.?L9p6%ϫ8v6ʙ>rvEΫxV>\+2:'lJuA^$2b.B6;8mV{/r3C>$Qiπ±_% Lo28xTik7kLq9igsBړe=&&YuII&sz 1 Z5h 4dsNٔ^%Pfb'wX/2#S&itef;wj͆l3-dsNٔ E,Lh[%lf0g z^Bt;t̙flI<4->9eui4R'V[h2ZתgF\DVZ?@~rNQэ7dQ,tU,A݀? pg x1 O|\I=G%Me X Cv6n[~lqjsY!sIoZ8UbYʌ!h5 *< j팕̝j629'lJ[m jc8z_Ymm-ck ؊|1"9gs>"*p8<~@WWޜ }ˍ8s68[ GFMi Ԛ f;#e̘q.9TtbRŠF mvDY4T:gGΦZB!s4K_T$;=)#z{ȱMJEfjݶ)2#RaR@*3t.wm Oh JԹYcɧ(mL%$+|f9?ٰm+uۆOjem:7KɖsydSx'Yxq"bf#͹ugKtI´9`Ǜ8ïLF/ǒ8'"c9$>հ~a1$֮23qoN zp<.ۘ"·H-9FsI%͔n5W&9#’Dߜ[m-|wH7Sy2is~QM“Y| =I lI:fJ`me|/Bt;)E̷ IFK:f`j ꍉ/>*ￌ:G[d 6;Eo^&1X%/yE~qxfw z$0D隸9vcC[#_zڃ;_:x'\37,@;<:~ r(Ty6>;S0u.t7.s%· fke~p k WcW˨ts_ޔj>Ό|_3]?`/m?TwGnl_.JsiZQY8I\W{W\X.UÓwSΝa礓Ӝ ZIgLjEJ `+F^U7W ٥S ZOnnAF*c5)s#h ȡH"lw0jSƐC** B !"Xv%}Ҫ}* RVEkFdET}巾ws’=֝BñRQ NBp1zT2 [2 Q-O̞U\YU^WTTZ=IՉA` YiT,[5g^'UxDjq~!e 8ZZ=ux²#[KQk1{n14kXA Ҍ5KI]L=k<$=$0\HP͕H}_1! Un+ƁHYJ`ET+V *U%5H) gԟU"|oΑl#UuV#T8i5KɫjٍF *H) M---M 'iBRQ4AO,TBf*plFy*=8dYJ`EU饢Nw4X KE51b `uػ&DwK2C֚UDRz 榖KoZymZ>Lz;$B8fC&ÊX:qp”Y<,%"O饎Eׯ_:4G9[ұh)__+,ykVղR ߄R3[ %x8d.D`MqCY,%"j;TfFO `:soNj+*kRy.jbEKGJYdc9pb:1\+2_pI4!ek{tɜtNdRt\߹y^[/c  8U.exRޣKZu*CU-TTH+ŕ<㠺 JfkDW j FhR1 EMf \+,q):DM{I [m~3*8XhXvcRdj޳ȧzĕ\*qP&3D5b 1AŠne8A; hx9 ϙSYY9gNq m9D)Č=aPUnje=\g͚DfJ5I3t(x,vP$=1̞={.@f~H%0#.nhV'ҽ8s+ć行KQ0{a~Wm/+Ro'-3@sָ>zLu2J}qipnkٙ'T4ܫd?y:~,,D*gY9 2UT**}ܬߟVzvׁӷd| )O~tYVnݷ ̀0j<]5☢~rG/w?~/2`$W MR7&, ]5L]~(MOf!&L( 6vH` 762]5\UT4v0G d4vՈrrڼa&jLƖ@F F*ԟf[<$n9 Ȃ]5,v/R4>E$ "v0=c~g1EUHQTo7>b 4%D>0>0o "J!bW WbJM%f7R kHUKo"yI]5ǧ&!A[UdŬ'`"vHWԻjͫJ]5H*]  jh.R)S@\*Ⱦp ̻j\ZȸFnoU#tEXtOFIENDB`n!/Xg!PNG  IHDR?{PLTEf222,,,ŔJJJޥ[[[tttkkkbbb|||!!!SSS:::AAA[Jk*:|" k "{"tctRRIIAA22kkB{{99[[bbÜ3Qssͬq0)~)ZTӵ֩g:N:ּ׼LVLAOA-,,r dkd6HSd5rWI[* \h\ʧ ȣl͟RXR{Z+< + H])C)cAU!%*  ~buBYj=ڵ@_@KbK#1 i{K$)RcRȰ(g( c 1D1ͻn:J j,7S{ƚ -e}e!B!ͮ S "M\5wttt{t޽[πx15)t~dPR刔&7zBP(Wr{=_sd/BCr2=u\p\159ll8?FGzWWOj*:Ioo ?6\6emX]?D6EEFaɤʲuIep{^q>cEHJY_O9sչ+-.\p`MtRNS@fbKGDHIDATx]y`啷#[Lql#M.;@s$)p_!\ PfK- -Kei{[vOf~H#[ʌ4{}7UUXDZI+:nǢcBNsh4΀ڃ1Kf1~t;I.|L?v( >h` Y+rgt?o4G[UͣXW_F֥Yӡe+>$r)r&ZZ-#jQRO&@.ǨCT|ր5#Gu?mnKv=Jaq^mK5=N(aN⋽ݖH57ke1p*>o'!/d|vutfY$74Nx4A^O@G[8 GC`W|ނ}G??}OI"-jꚚSή>?t8@jY+V|~r4tiAC֡!7i=5iOC֡!B{(:̵[{SY@+ uh B(%9Jmٶζn~d-6%H#֡)X*fn Ot.WRhմl.<3F; @T*Ko_kYFO WFq p@@(t?[XHr4@c.PhL?1O:L"P0L{Oj`"QEA#@&G ~>( Xş~c{@A>[()[0(}ƭC_M @!\ TZԸuhK_!r Iz*1%2n //}40(SpP8t.},&>VOcbگimq4UjNScSחK_rCI=W.}Om ]ܼK_eϖ+: Vb:4  xO"{Ks>A7̜K_A\!W9hCԡeXXBex!yi.@_8O1͆yy8ߪCǴPIFc0ԣIǠcEً6}L `W`:f7QuL(1mhR:tH;6CNV.k>̨҈=큻7 r8EAi&",T{$0L9+x^~[L-wqbe:<3at8O e!}`14CK!`6U!{]@^+a FͷF4^8|O]vy&`8\(,<|az4\6X+'>on! /C[AJO|$Eɇv)Ģ,Q(ɼs@knsb a {7` LGS2Tќ8S bLfyz>p ]ORpcP 0k8H-lg1%n)ntEE'`BJ cqA(@̞ unHyNP&12KA\0d,b'Pp Ú & futWqV%!#, 5\UD0R$ m"q"d@$|a4#7 C! P(j9Kl~8S$D1RsG2wP%P& |>[!} Lo+#@]geL|lG&A*mOU z ,NXƚbd.3o=%!;N`R ֱ 42% p1*_IcW0hA"X|tXEpҍ͆p{[w'O.CQCڃU^D[C̊MSieӊɳ63ida%D8:6V8j= P1f%%CF("u¦`as=XGcQrtUZ3֘- ^?´#4mJOUG &"-ٜnئ|)q?W%m.I} t| 6 Dڣ:F#E^XrSa(5{- L8 O͟دJb$ 0B(0H-a{;剨R'|07aVL[N }UҜ@o) @~9N۹9 +Yjk"*SFESKpmug`. ?W%98iHY3@GJT^W,WW_Ks.8[׸UiͣUR+ Yt24>!zKud8gK.8oŲey ]aO32-۽M 9sa2(7ULLG *sc߼%2KX|'M7IP7\?=w_4Q!oq<r|#!|rXRFw o;}&Gv@>4ITSa(S M  Dn4ڟ: Ͳ)t& _h|'UIeʖ콜2 ?*i͵R0+gwD `!NMgڬܒ?=¥ܼ֮[]OWʋgwK_=rYN _^TM0P`V{:]{=V:S0]yW۩۫S".73ܛJz?*|#U,~ȃ""O3dj6ˀ6]k4xlQI}O5hg9"m 5i@mlʃZaxT!bV` C6ph.6e'@³sw|R/>͗+j$ '2*A%-T^ىqؿЂ;cX=&AJ-} hDC\y˺k׫]p9ǒxՎk UFXR(SS(p?lgGWWWG;w2JذwMh.Z#>oCC x{=`Voܹ N֭ۼ򒵯 .1ba {(>.|Qln{ "q*|A33Ѷퟟ>}v>%O0)QdoDys1/V8B i zBs9O6֎uutM1Œy'3/*xx܆@ȇۊǍ=}GS҆:%P(DcTQ2JwW`29`Uf]Z@GiT[ ?Ԍ׶~XŒC2Un?Up9<"wQɕA%\ylhU%Pn3V`@4A w`u\ZTZ'pAB0ǰX9"()1)C㳒-<+U{jR2<9)u^#TEk~d %fG>I wO 4k ~ȹ\cq z7O3#Tp6>K+;;.t'[ ɿfU,~ {br nf~`eW<ń?`C M( h|X+̪X\x IQW]< |x<.f vq\tNm5lWpN jQ@! oT :AO',~D(~ ]9enT$^W92=uVO+sY?@0+w{/Uh[ߕVfq~ZxݓR5WT?-OE0ck!o%r9n!%_lV >NaWL#>{Ey~RD&[O0eWwyEFcH׷sOw)޴^b>٠'W5_Iy_ONֿz؛,J]aVǟuǮǥ'0xu%_\?U_Sk}h7tl\;NBM\!Wf-Y(.e2_PBRzJ]aVOg}}|>gW?U ]aP3?fZ @SefX|fYp;Nv&brf"T3Q|BS6c6 β%G1'PA9̌?9?13 h'F~ut(KeM nwvmPV813|H 6NJL&mhjv[lm x33/o==\U! Phj(Nt姁Z>.s KNǚmx/†2J#p =|WlAI`7psoܳzy,qX0 or\p/NQ DNI%X>̇pxvfR>2+8*M`y!LܥLhl3g݅%rL +T9P7V&f]{hGKr<K//|`ؕ"ц[PB̕*T6%HvP &LL 2bZY,= U 3!!{FPtjfm*]!1ܒc}-JǡNZdݥI`wmœf#WF 6[1?DTa@zډ(U6oQI` 4m~z}S `Hnȁ56]ɽ!)LPt3)8 쫹+38>tR-}e%h J5%3R|n7vgRӸ|y~V0⵻6d;WBU9tB6P60/';vW.1J =ƢXHEI,Rj.G8Bڨ>gd>fkYKI4ݥp5I8i%#iaCuo;/;VR5Jw)P"X djz!K6go8V۩TeLvN?-{^v--<ަCtK IOD̖ɜpJNv\K}I~~sNWӭRQ?p|Ŀa~7~cm9ޱX[:\gkR B5BswΕ罳Η;q[c8V+xS;6NR )V0(}ǏO6ҷ)o /"p .=)Ԋ'qYHC5wᎃh0ܓ J%pzU#<6a+}dtP{@^ZhC/m7xұmE.J|ZuONju)m"lZܮp姒Z鯂ɆAX8,[{੬~}oylݼZ[Tk…\wE9D,o)R'÷O= M>٭ZZQ^>O$׸uĥ{WQr)jj .\oj-qtBℛB=jm"$ެj%;xj~jש5ul"ܩRZ=?M-k)ᢴ1Fg)WZZ5`{.,sOUKCA&^-rlw>w\%u\%VPIt [>\N'+%{Zz WxWҫE)JHjMN KqI&Ժ8Bd5Fؗ?OH봤hs428U+-'[fJZLڤ %NƚW9bv9 :KdZrermRv8ZTv5h)P-d& juV˅-J̬ٱ)Wۤdq_R|VV+ta ;i\]jU+n'+)I&KpaEnY"z\ &cij==ͣ-VW=o,Z4`FşaI.u$ԮO&\'Re!vNzX ) ۡBԨUϡZ2q#Πs i_tYΫ\TBB/w֌1RrryeXxk8ϱ {>8XV+iuw2L֘BN9XڣjE yeE8wXbvTZ $iW1ZQh}4 V[bÔe c}RMȥkj+1KyׇjXp4eDM>TYt6}Ԃ_0*;#efU.pcM5#Wpɺ1V+\=VPbb#*VWBfh:(UtO#豼X^}ׯ%PԂw8c qqg,cK%ږRBsnnLz@Bkn_ŐL 8\BadyZɌ]:H.i8ϣa5}%Rp\¢ZrFH 9Y+Y#u#-捱JS,XX`|a͘ax;N;3e'XM_Q$R gݐË#zA;Wι`Yo3>E$ܺV5_U tF\%*c‡n}ԜZkb/fgRMwϬ/X_\ X<̘mj,8.r.vN¹N/ΥE-](u\.*7"8dթTˣ΁XwJúJ/4\j[jT+! J<\^K=C#Z#N- 򓦪XVrJR|IuI21UXYυV#*}WT~6ow5,*}s\l}<硎''F1W`ai탐kH!gW)X\ݪΥ:\=b]_\[01 _h\ qM"4V-g[lsrm %rsX$ozXVcu\<3Uk kʵ5\ԊR-WޮHK!ڶI [lQZ.ဍ\Xc{#VXvR6\UBlE-y7K) tu 5 aj~_5ޱ6.acCu`-Xr\ RW.P-B11s.q n?V1/ yG㪪D% T{9ۡܭDWS-bQLVkf%k(X`Ejsh<2W\X[ZX2f/-aT~«iJmGչDǕ}%VjLcn$ ?ol_g;}ʋ9{bƊ漭Z鲮DaާϬX[dywW%kCT.o[;b0yTN_̰a;ZE u+.{Zm~p_ȌWyP|٬,JA)LsP~$>mڂ\% 66%fU)[mڄyNSZ`Nֶ3$JlAk25t͘o_wXm_%w:_%< saeWC.X0`3&XrFjV,T.]XU Z_-م{1| E践vBbl.?=[Ie'V/DFk<|ZMX;o ku#ՍX[n5g`?܎=v❰ｎ;aa{R;֖kApztEXtOFIENDB`n kZL_ցQPNG  IHDRZx{PLTEf333+++kkksssJJJRSR{|{aaa"""k[[[Z{JA1*:::9BBAAA k t 22"{"RRrP{{e`kk#[[JJĜU(~(ͬӶrr 1תqvdd!;;j{M*@S ؽ``hZ ISIRd4 66dmdXk9u[ju9I9[ʦ(: BQB}aM]1)8ٴSZQn6HeuJϝbΥ 3J3mrm-4 ȣasC\m@,, $P$~/AsRƖ]f[;K $DZDŴ~`ooKcKc:R:7^79D(ϗvGY)w&)" 9 օkBK3"\" S ,q,#(uffnL˙3E3",XsEV)57;0VV0drrĴ[p[mmDHDtxtG>h>mnMU@hcǥbkSttfpfzzV_VO3c'Kp?E5B-.+glv[9 17=!1OtRNS@fbKGDH*IDATx] xy^fвfav@A@%c.;o0Gl6ƱcvǮ:u;IiM6&=^?3;VZyO3}zcD"2._Mʩ^@Ŏl[9d =q"ԕ{F7!văhmkmf#GGu lb5&HH#f1tH\Mp<OG\U%ngp3U̶FRX#{ͳn:C2+V\_ڲE 1 %(ZM8 V$DR#.o j:]PA?UߜεҀ[qzCѨ r{|`Vc{{cK;}v:2jT KgT/jZٶTw}$ҾG{c.R5<F:˨ǎ+h2yP}j/l27Ѐ- <Ig[UOV"IOD" iPuDBjPkjuÄ B~YrF$r/N#Z[[bF3_->B`ڲPg 9C2 fl5@ %L H5ZAFV.i+zZܥ&]kX,]fVcv̨B~8܂k]MM. ƬPg"?V5EѨoIQ[ '¥mmm^pfȊ}-VxQ4ȵ^Fg[ pl6UՇFcKZP=Ύh' WC,Gʇ ['JYhE}WC@&q? Ufq}qՒ ^|LG4vd̡,:p@+>F 5Ln.CoE\@O$Oj.s]gJe\^7nj: (,ҝ4b2-'чLj@Z7m*@aJ %lPq(:^x2Z6lzѤ'R6eBu<,<փF.lrI?ORPʭ&2W?F#[j}sKi61NMk籛Р6%t6Voɕ&4tz0K*U*-&#ziD'vJ,V-f- <20G%VbG>FWNhCr3ߖM^IUju`$V+*G(?VI 1N-R%å<|Y,Eobgƞ&t`Eh5=7FZjV7:cBRpK:L$TjQX>IAm(z03i!aģpe* j"&+-1fZEw;1 aaE fܥ܄E||f>E)UZ 7O@w;a cDpeBA0Ke0݄!JأcepQU #&JVm@{&㶁-Bom#Ĭsʬ6 >fvv۹ S& Y%9B|r'XPe6jb0B}+jXur`8L}C]oVT B({7 ].Bc *(YPqʒ 0M& GN *l`%X|mb$&J Ώ2IK}Sv=L0"/[U=c3 Vj x&׎}8Ջ; WOǛVsLH F\6W)3IL`|**ߎslwko^{?WeQo߬YbպǷePZ^ojK%8w9icڢv Ð fۦ~|=ռh "vy<ׂH[5P0ĺesC+g7L oVv-];PGصn㚚7 F}Z}~B ZkE(Z^H*o4Cnڲ&56&=>c2 $_0}w&r̞{0#q8_inj D~,klvEXM֒<Bz9PH -0htIr4Vj70Sf5pݠPhXÊV"\y~ :-RS*XK֎HMoڶnףKpuggf3=ʼqyqQ+XQk~A!z[R\cccK.RaN4&W'Hcl`DkĢјGhWt(k[v`< mێߵgI)‘0ja bJK>Љg'8Mkx^C1J1s#pW}$ؾrcKVp'ϠRV[e(nP[&$G J_F$$p_- J9v[nתMvS8DiL/3KZ_˭̱_Ҍ.^ˤ"lȇ;ӑTS[6AkQA5" P]@;^};ﾯǗ}Q@\e%^ŋ-*L׿h?eڅL:'Zh X80ĬϷTx()%>%,xmsů?w.YŒr'ΉN76QB$GNStyLZDh= hQkHZ"'v`-prTKWo>Po#oɒݻw/YhҨ59萰 lMM~]7Ӱr|SƷyT*٠曦<>Yj-j}-]`ҥ6VZ7VQRdIU5&UO hő(8-8NjC;x{a9: ^dtiE]iBWl/Q u@n], VcVhjnrZLv8 '9Mj5;)ɱp>6Ο~cSJeÞ@MNN#O =)g\ޛ_a_!!E맨YטkaP$Ό,L;sufç\s,*aW(vWTlhaYSZr-tUk~%PaI{׫ya[}($h?`Vhj0E|r(PK;Ti9%梚5(ym!9p:\ўNh)o3bxP WA<98甓oȾ6B 7Ln' 4 }X(`|Mc XF) ?wfsI /eŜmG ǍSj.s]g(.C V Ua33Q-CZq4cY)yVVrpse_y:s& r{U$n* ?rfm}`1yܞrc+鞏ymx:1p`gSO-KM6oOdCZejA-&TE}[s ]>$ejEK(2k#AZZ9]&f=N|S N4uMpͻQ72E|%9۫*`_ɈWE bMcBNMK*PR$qrȝܗ@vMWv-QS]b;0/JTZ6&H> Edŋ`X3Qp7OShQƜ$n#$L8آ/2עZRwGavn)\{sDHitkؑGe3vr2T "hб]֕\m*,XRyK"y])o*R РKh+UWV luNˑrpP bYBägz7zǀy!1o0w6̓%96SE]cC~iy:LY~H*cauK2LӒ̷X'7W؟˴LZ7N>Zs>9U{UKue'zHWUe^W\Pfil8.v8քjL,ӡd;WIJzN:kиJ_]+,,mPb`Yw*YR>tnZ~Q@m6pO*X+vDtgIu8o %;t/ukʑֽoGXuDƿ #RE]30Eg) [86}Y̝q*GM68}se!D:1Xׅ#3*GLMe-R`3wݭWœO]+CunǞ횕tvgu~Ou' >m4"JFIFKKMSO Palette C   ")$+*($''-2@7-0=0''8L9=CEHIH+6OUNFT@GHEC !!E.'.EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE"!!1AQqa!1 ?F3]'IƓe5,J$3?O 5LXyYL4tO%fxM\DXL`: a2HS=rtd+f\UtV5m7L?cf7 `Zx5\kn {/|z8Ol PNG  IHDRN7PLTEf@333+++tttƋZZZJKJ|||kkkbbbSSS""!AAA::: k "{"t22BB[RRJJȵqAY"{{RLk9Û[[kk~R{::ͬmqrr)~)tcZƶӶɥa+ξH ``uGhhֳi[ee-d1zMJSJ׼D8J8M_. h5 . lZl=AO@]'BU#V,,w=vZ"J׭2նǙϡdkdSZS $݄e *[k[2@K[KEܑsl}N 776JooUnγ}etS:R:$;J ->{OW b <\<ϾƱ֧wܶ_r?2D0!d!p{iwttlrl c\f\BdBww S Rb7ͼ$' '@'(2r+G+:YbJddlljt[}}^fpfV`V&Y&VV<'0~^}žUh7(j(~~;UUKS<(-1'(,!.0+ئZOtRNS@fbKGDHIDATx] |SUOn'7{nm$6i6e)Ɩj@[@ "(ʦd\gy,O,of7Ϸwν7ݒIiirrs;9JJb1QUhV]u]Bb{cD@ ciy#g5mx|[RwƁP`=7Kյ*^#'uNUj TiyצM]gV3KC#hU*Q̔xA˩ʩPN`chj]9W׈3;56KW˦4i":q=#swzmcߣ->RZãĀ8HjɁ!hX n(KB֖צɵ"jN⚭ځ@5P>?J?} IEmܾ$(5\FƂ'-tr =jE7DjTaΙ?0'IkB1 $N); і0PS+o*yC/аl rV+7)19Œ@M$7n o}U,+yA-0 u[JʢSʙI9A ClV^$){pP< jV*lSKaqZkp7r;Y,l/ry.ъX1Ăn]zމ*ny!dFԍaQFp>&\!'>pFܑEMw#ܿ}1gTӆ僼>ePSjWYP"`O_2 ܓOv9s (';1f6C1ւr۪8-:x0J4:, "R$|=PvNr&WzMJ޷yRqZLZ/ .]o([`iZC1 Cf Qpd#KEr8P7 >G( A:Ͳ{_Lh+ƙQM-Zdv3eටv(ni5Jp$-\>EYR8ihPvJbq{_ڞLV(DV&.9FP)Vd ȌgNӋގQRJ_NJ= ה KEbK~JĥE|&Wi[j$1]Y$O+z;V!(08Y xi^" r0[yR *v]taF0as^ktr+x\ ֝_kK6.LȐ Gjbr8/ ǫx.Mn*Qšr!.ʲ6GI%JfF, + bi\V rއ'l/'\D|H>>z[eH¡"S[z0 h ,&.Dx9$bd4IN$rR~Y]Д-H3n"VgwROvztݛ?wS*cΧSG~ɎSJ0 ‡1U! FOb _~ݽSn?nɑD\ ɮ`}8{6J2"ID +]N+F Ьɷ#DADM; cDQ02A{&TRDZ,͓VKNQdʘ*'ّB*^w3%&8y[N} |G(xIaA崼:PU:ܹ o=Ǒ8hq.D|[ T&n@QY)ɷnY:;xn,//_9u2{SW[V"+?VbuXz``OОB{S+.|fu8-WW.0 w'Q̚vs SSS(K /xڋ~ʧĬ`b1ǷcaYi/"lyIa'9ھbZ[dљ,ߓfnvzUnfݹw#pg+Vӿ`o?L%ڦ`} z[}xρb᫋H&αW)m׵uWzdΧ52~v5էؚ ) -6{骚O7ϬNJ+YI%Y,mߠ*ٯ"ͮ)]Ki}~ϼ Ux?!W5/:\U=/NLJvуjs3^ MM^I?6whF]&6w&Gx5t7`FI!,]MǘtqjN$[Bx!D:iVj$.Rp 0wi]xy vԩ:a_oIV,.O= r,'ٛogwEvy''xj o m8U4[5;ra)xrRL gyV"V\0}^L+L_XE]v%񛑳'L0UB=T> 3|}bހ-y=`kómPtNmD#;Y#BfspfNdI@ś" +!'t^dJܤ9Nr78"uofA& 5ƛ&995JgDrdv^͸A.bAY?߻&ZTb@MM^N QMoG9:O^u{}ܝF 8q> L2?=9Q„3cѠDŔdK `@BN׶[{{-‘R@ }%jfilgIcN{y'Qht&Fi&7 xJjt#$ӗSfî |w2s %i$3;y ;3/Of\a/ٛl*NTdk"I,o ^3 IӞg VPvIS T"Z%v>axnn0qOs>6ӊJ:͓J Gǚ̶ԊZڃV vx#Ri }wZfs]v;gHXt`۸qӧeMAJ!3F+}~w^M^Ry1 z2iCQ3ju*9g;PRW6eyvE~B:>`#m2:0`KdB{uv^ckxnqMN!:an;%KH;[0N !,>>H6ؽf=HxÌ'v8?{iM)q5f5:VP]A9YBw63rt^ߔ 1jʧSi&;o0ݨᎵC_`w6ۜ=%ysMaADu&Vòg& ؂7(o\v0Hk¥P;UU(˪.&l*eV]_hkl v[U#Es8Gf8i:vc8/˥' #1>rɓIڜRW&`龱#%6ch{c#CAIr1D#(TU_qf!k.gf\ilRx}ʹLE㈖;c[6؆[]ꦔɠt2s m?7P.LVk?[ 0y r.P\1)21ە 6l.tUXW:v9Jvq2a,}ϊ\B7Ջ!?ax܀ƧVz؊ S2OlVzqfi@+_}O.S+xWntYZ,a6 t+s#< mB|KstEXtOFIENDB`n}RPk?>p%|PNG  IHDR*KPLTEޥ 666iiiƢ󄄄퐐 uuu333'''000lllHHH---@xxx<<xuBq6hWu12ƮR'5K;*4k!V$$$]]]?999ZBBBKx9kk ?'tRNS@fbKGDH^IDATxkGƃu0,2"<` f"K29C+/*ZC?I$LV顴!5uҮ5;JwFdy}<;3+|/www/hsց 6n[産x?ԗ5.T}ar]'bލwDxp_=X̻]굊N#w}r]{{{S~ymPd n8iBSTR+K)Wȕw9r]\y7g^n}ϧ* \!G缸$q*(OQ㈓uR5rf|WdI!ʻR{/aJd(w9(rP堼Ay.]+콤Iy"uH NX;<:^_>.c!,828ޑŕwAwQ9^-0 NwDqc]굊3<((rʻC.mc Ǎ$ x>tEXtOFIENDB`n &$rerF$46PNG  IHDR1-PLTEflll人]]]fffrrrtttB e^DDDYYYZUUU7 @777-bP\ K>M<=< d 50< _`a & ';898"KKKZZZxxxiii---<<<R $$$999TTTQQQHHH!!!000'''***ިBBBuuu???WWWoooNNN~~~ccc{{{```666zzz333EEE888///)))>>>%%%J1 O@@@[/ 2223(((III ...c HLSSSqqqppp[[[nnn"""*JJJ;;;bbbddd         *[tRNS@fbKGDH,IDATx?:m香6խ%p ba{!Z 6Vv,8?FvXwx?$9'!/Apɵ*,NJ hUu?a6 \1Q50<#HT-D lѩ-W%a o$jkyJ.9 Vd#p_*AeE$+Zj,!XimfsE7~T9WԘQAaapdB+"`&< <bR|K^\$_|# BCC|Fa }tU5<)CdǕAfH57u$YQt])U~JLR/Tf]u\n|&Ol?2ou؋w10~/mU'oҜz6tTt\'hׇ :kG[m Ycj̝Ox8R}SD\WPȖ \D )ɢVYP,DqIu*=A5# g~! KTR36VQwWoyU})1qpǛgQ'ժHABJD $&=4 {&ӄ>M(_$ 'Do#DIL;(KL'i&Nh8"=;M\6mjNWF S4pF5AXDя@zg%b2l#%LeSd#NҐ O4&YiGa f%[O*4QB3qXAНg"4F (ɪ `2Ξ⌌¡O[Xq5M*+E5"og%Vi1p?+Zͪ5!6Mv <>X-!ƍxчْ: ߠ!``CCa„Xa8B\X¯#Eïܸh`D+WAsџx-"ex C.}B~qθ۫"T i\#3(OBfT^H}3u?vs?ֆXQ&D"u"e2RJ90T ^@ȄAӃb#T%k$-C҉W&:T>C3B[*($ O鶷}K;'v;{׽~y\oૌ8p5H:dH^ˌp~:< ;j]PNG  IHDR1"oPLTEf !!!{{{***999kkkKKKdddZZZ111AAARRRsssRfPJVZZ"1) 3L|?DA{V.?#o:o c5L* %&%V+vJ%e24  jM&9l6r8F1O0n0a c /k/aaa _ a⅝qqqU{UX|Xbvvfjj0zc{{yyV[҈jjɿ_ _ wϩ\ɓ``씤U{@gwwUU=t=.j.RRqqdcttt>s>ə™6;4XtRNS@fbKGDHIDATxgq%@36sf[ZoY۲$g[r-ǘ``aܙYwTP:ڸH >0c)h|!-G02 l9ݠkG!ml iZ}t7Ǝ8Bn=]rbL9&֣|@Q7Od^JdqϤhj[c79J&lY΀ޤrEvPēz*یd'0pb${A9@vC@Y3 cHz8v7#-J-YMĜQi拌Zbka)Zbka)Zbka)Zbka)ZbkaG0I^_@^~_1ƑbዡbG`?3V[ )Qbkob*K8<SlLLU(2Giϣ0 O8Tž`bbP)ƞ#~7T+PcUBqaؿ}l |5b7E9Ց?~ B4WC[o ŀoXyRMدX4qrOrNObߡGf#  O6HDRiU My[yN1K"}X"תJkk!,EI8 l)FE 5Y=-dQJ*u6B1JqU["0訂yF4#HYwY  (z<;TJf Z)bPh.Jo7+WO|iU!-=\efPe{l Md3D[iX_",5GOyI`1$ֹqdolyru )6C!3b3q b!I$/B]݉P[Z2AWjN3 SCBrZ2*(a']q6x,J6TD2GU]%Kh1xo!fC-"3ldjJy,c&'Tv2te'%"biZmXh4,P,s4h5*v.cT#5G[GKv??/DXauCÃ2n^h#Ik/^P)׏{t{er `=dagi8j%p$c*_GYR{b`[Ϝb>3a4^9Hoiv H>ZKWr8qHO}yJG)M @ ~~䩗" B;BaΨX%}5'Ӗ>E: K誊m5K:W7/HslrZy2B_q+o=˜NaRt0[n@q)2Yu? djp~E/i3m;Ek^PĘOIZyr$o>??<\_ƛ:7kTg_r7~t}0^v&jq/S'S8˒SD͔&d w uIu%W8>m\v,)[pI$,ᐧoJg$R8XowDnRCԸ2fGZGo#Grݕ@&x!=Dy gCl9E11S1\Ջm;($j%xZ 1h;ӍH ͜<2LnVGvۆzm:":gg()yFs؍>rfZ}"'so4q09o"Iul= hW\WF;:EλU٥e+`ͮq` ~˫HF&@bAhJJAQ- ""3 z]Vm7Jlo4^ 8GNG! Q*!+O+x$ALIQzsLZ;(,r/XOB;ӣz!wiګ &D8Aʘ^^y 627C˗6 w 뛀M@\q$\Ϡ v l/ yec[(xZ4&@ٺ9ɽ~жR rșNX-"`Q9X qmWBmIrbf"cz}1zc^DA<\;`zHyеl&L7$@u?W؎Wq*$ yg&JIvmˣW4jlpZF>/X`Ys H5w~qhWQsf4;.IE#s`M@qω#Rr 2%{Xk;%xZ e"#TX`zUnڲ+6Myks%bӓDR#3)mZ3FqmZpLsUY1^)ݲ|_Sc;AurG[7K<*=XhV 6@+HF S]g}uq`MMVo<~S\f,S|RVL Wlx/&r"2.k15Uqy:L) UiŐۚ(&©` kDkRB4.Oi6Y_fW?*~zaV0;u.ud)6ZgE}79OI8'6IpWo,`߾@zOg7.W赃ILZı~&@n4ЃCݺJvJq~3`t o ()ou2>k:#}'ZqJt K旯jr[!9`|!!WjgZHߍGE9|^TF(.o,Etc`Y(}Y[7f_{ z^Ѓ)ɍ+J7w >/9SL.k:ط/PYMřt]Cz2\_x77 x  lynB}6N#aAV 'zq`e^t v ,i[o#^ND0|zD*jO/+mj>ٌ̭政5ewg__H+:& ~#'xīg`)sڱ,_ic5DwNoBͿ aE ^ {(p:"w_`i ^DC3UB!]˽Uz4?ˮ{X]ӵhQa AG;}@$:2XdAr^xoGlRh6*-SԦl{x-@|K@lU[)&ߡ;c|hu6WV[o.V+|F[Um/lځb\fr DtEXtOFIENDB`nH"ةI͗3}+PNG  IHDR?*PLTEf@333,,,sssŋՔZZZkkkJKJ|||bbbSSSAAA!!!::: k t"{"RR22BB[|PRJJȵqA*~*Y"|99{{Lrrk9Ûkk[[tͬmcq-ζӶɥa+Zξh`` uGh[l=Rd4:N:dYH D֥eeJSI-!d1w׼L]/h5\j[׬gBU#juVî%( ֒s{]'-2C ڵ=͜Vէ  $Jz^k}KK[KK!;K!+<SZSƘū8Kβrln!+CQCdldctFVΧ=\=]nRrr b ?L>)D) Q "["1F1%1^~s}bw%i%/;DX#oolrl_~iBdB@8A)(isXGR6:VV^dd.1)}}fpf~~j7:1q~[Y]QV`VYcIŶǹ%7-1'ɾtRNS@fbKGDHIDATxytřgZsh' X#-$[Ȓl– | +10&`;`0  vq$@ \@^ ow&o7ݗULӣiiT?4kb5$%@ΚdG0Qc230PHuM;2sn.ӔLA:]!ڞLݩrW `Vݞ=;::䴩ܕB ht&k2{S5nmI5 +ETFZ7iέmf2WC&׸社iTC#csH:=!ʂM;^o:ռ9S"&&HചU*n VZVsLcU#ڨFL(ASlԨmz*VN}PrOMGGbuU4w1L[Z#&VɢTv0RʯR(jԀ`JptO*9FC0,^#& ^Qy+mFwpJTr/QHU57Hc8bq=:Jh:\iuscCf`i(Sl=~ Ƽe8=ݢ,&q F`*=𒄑)[[]Pihl6:x(J:Vh@gbCoU>ʓOV\uѾέd`ʦ bq-ܕBBO4Ҟ+UlDIlZZfNWMtAS|>p0~4Z5eC@m6۞6ڷ&ֆyIϾ8nu5=Y^oZNO7E)C`{D}Z{u-q;]!#`pxz&e\҆FK+#U@i*qF:L¢ \)QI|׸i%=q5܇8BA') QaP凩q[I#uPڣJC,,mr#j9npqےWp *,<^0iş i0iwyq`0N8/7U8<<90 Ͱ WVTm-* SO,Egr2f`:|o˽5T!]# KPyB2Ԍ3 v+vڔpG𡼯ơFF:V쮑@uG*+Q4i#57Od :3o_>E%p)N8mO&=##]#F:oK0̩2`k[*wuSҳn^14"#H;S@r޽žTVbbԐv=9J[AܟawOwZ:9sG:XTS[r0TCUUWCf(L{?F %\`G<ŠeX|NJ <19H_~j1@!Bt/•;s@7ꤋ`ˁ_ ?_=RҌر [̻k2M@w)%OA :G⢯m^]6K`Ƈ3 {k>6hR# _ [П{>G')2V=SU7lcdӐGt v\q ˳a_xwM[xʘ~9S?J^^s?#0?ڼ۲.^f׆J;ٰ+dKz*q([]՘iJtmݺ{oIEKm fw]nE??Z}O:=6~(pE?k=zӓk[{|ޘ=ܩ^UNxM&WӍNJCuFO#]vW rRm(hIzӔ lb8frc1(-=FOCкTh/>V}'C$=AxKs+×̪)#mJ zҺK d8!`yq6u~00]$>Xwr^k0;jhACk|s3ctRh58gbtHvq6%<˺vϨ+Jנi}zS5;::j@t_XU]+rom*S~ S1~.91 FlQJ40R-OϾőlAq$S||cvyM7Ι~{Z)l4TsHM>ȏ'ŭ6x9:`>]43FmM@#=я%S{:i)US[xT +F%-Uxɜm6vev(ϰ=s+lo4+?FӺYq#`ΜK3OH.:jOQuX<G<-Mr\w»SI``Rz.+ݛLF#m/ _Azw㘴]4<Vg6Pi,d"EH:;9Y7VFύ_-#};KbwT0ji~daӗ޼o/l1ٽNtwAհ%j$sa@o R4=l{B|R*~x1+شn2?3LeW9H`Xco((xx6q@q T{־ʳa+-ݸi.l5J#[SZMqOi.2[;͸^jjlljc}=],6WxErw­1vJevD< Q{} bgx S?#䙷qn1cɛUYVBV0ӝ"IĄW/SH O ġlOuuJun$$d.#բ%b![Ș8ik5,+4>eKC~ KnAd[ ZFB@KIuD%?RfUD~IpߠYi}0[:QZ->'H]41< iV9D&V՞Ԟ9sɒ%3gN2(%rj&JVzԜ'#${R^jtO'CD=*Y}6RGd\Z= 34IbEQ_K92e2`ʔ)MH=Ȭ̠֠\TtBL9I-sR<#|Ҥ*#+M=wn f<$84S_  nJ}j4@)|0+P(E$X4!iR9yu,oH5KiJM2=d]|vwV`Lw?t(Rcq#Auxwds&h/_˪[^ҲKU{"|M8椊+,Z[gꄴL<\8)m7G~:[@Z]Ct3Z]9(!WN* UQx@N^427\;i01A*0DU/_} i`'=v_B-hsRq^42g4PL9i Hk6\G4vBm(IB, |#]*;R'A5 ^DY=B :e)Lvq^᥄g^ Ͳb3XcK1 *hEU;Q;FZLWdgs.Oq}.VᅄP 쬗\Kj65.2hA5yr Z9W. ^n'RY'Nd,,t-ՌZ*/*kکy#4:sˇzay;wAcI p(#ՑPBjih eȄ4 [ΰܩgesᴱgfN@C*zдZ%XaKQq[zCH{pAeU}c5؝  Ud,R͉rO00k אF\g1C!CJحR01Z8+Tb^mH)yH(Ob@lQ t#x [y)Cvo")<\7"͇7 se*U cݏT) Ccԩ g)Zmyȥ@C󃳲cAxmꝴ&GXȻ/8$ՠڔl\g M)VcV!|.u@TXs˷+}_1,lv\@M%N . {ks$UıÙ=W+Z2"J8s|z %/BHӈ>/b r{ Rl_b.J>N\$tEXtOFIENDB`nw m\DԼ PNG  IHDRoFԃmPLTERRR""")))BBBeee:::JJJjii222[[[|||ޔ[[C 99rrrKK^RRRRzz:!!G**SIICk J88KAA;CCmm**B00d\\:sszoo[MMff22{bb{ppS((re u<,,A((SDDmI11I?voo5Txxrdd0 'eUU3US;;\aYAA~h."߽!!222؊'''QQQ66999``**??HH疖33llẺ00--NNNTT99{{!!<<:::xxTT~~uuQQӐ''BB楥ۍ]]33NN**__;;墢HHcc~~''99ﴴ::{{22䇇NN ===000## ??00㫫ݷgg럟oo쬬ީQQKK$$]]]1);StRNS@fbKGDH IDATx흇[ۺm%gB @3PNipRtJ q뮮kS0łB?z2"E2,=|giKɎt:higsMQősKYǏIͺt&U\:KU`osk[Z5ru]++JJDt+CRTv"%9ͺA&Ğ  jR]ו!z*Rg'9k[es&V;~r=\Dվǫeqk`"2ܩcXXn ޭ\w(,49N4;򫓓.UF mSɋ; LӼ+A~Wq,DE쫮ktO(r~@8,j=ߟP"uOϿ9>aDu%Ox=k7$}m0~DzIQ/ك7j=>azBJOFw?auNwg6G{OJe)>aĚuuÍx)~#E"r\uExLɻ_3PnijwY pH~;Z9Yaל #@嫯}7<弑LoaOs=U·+_z믞ҕ8i#3G}RoGaC T~SGVirnG뷬ʪ,qMMT)@@;rkcwvkf~޿BgJ`Jd ޴!r =cSɡOZy[Gw8;a({Y=B.uDrc,{}P3{C&~+kQh:v]Qa[/ǂocan fu9wQ ek-n=}fo_?c? v3mj͠ HB-,q){n6!bau75n'KT"4Mh14XCPuݶ68B~[1giT4o@8[pJe/:b!7fd99 1]Zںp}oRgI= v#4'S4RЍ1ӢxYXbA7_ 2Eֈpp=0ͳ@Y(38gOE);WUT@Ӷ&Pcf :iL] !~f7nYF]ZRI 3݈t0䕎<ۋլ!S&diS8Z$˜8n2~Bl>R췛 qp>Н_cq [d Lwu:a1s9|riu9Hff 1Z嚢ao9+ladO =cja0 ˇ|$B( #Msi8!Taa;ӱRהM`ES@+ 8&u[ Ma\+[MaMALfܫE@\I"e$l}=7>gaZvq ۻ dp"i~Nb+?Sj7AR1~$Sj7AR1~$Sj7AR1~$Sj7AR1~$"%Ĕ0Z@Ud-)))7п\ጅ'J^ro&ִy<~j[Zn0B3$].c9EVRM Z2G,2J"c\Ʃq/b7sSx=勅xfy-N4EVRM;~F%t?5lI3tEXtOFIENDB`n{C>(RW)ְ\r PNG  IHDR^ FPLTE333f+++!愄J2:)kSsss Zkkk:::ZZZc{|||JJJbcbt@!!!RRRŝ BBBddלZZ ::zz彽++ŠԔDۥKK ΄BBll 22ᴴ l m۳uZuBBXk9|[dk}KޭSSPb0|buB2C@S!Şь11**#2 kk99(Ԭ̨!z!}`csI(: [[۽ccMUJͫj"{{JJtt) BQB6H\m@trR28;3 uzuؑ#461<)M8E8 ٚ}XˆHOtRNS@fbKGDH IDATx][Fn @/FAF04t =x==ƞ=๘g|Æ1&OƷ;c9$8^d!%!~Xve!'S%u)u.L=LߥOUO~ӠvcQ<#lE!vEc8CQ {r}L"Gce$iH xSD}$&bgKF[ G2:OF[ Qt(n;698SV[0/j87N#Glo|=a/nbw|m bm_fKH?;8N`rZn Ob~ZUq9J4A)DDx -3hgY^8:NK9_2 tmO|5Mәؐj%ٙIt1K/!yCVmflMxIʉEہȊSgHQa|2LާfLY6FŲ@( zLP'P>Dx47MsVaf<|>H Y` C[!KY~v*EetIEH/`]m>?@ ,l|0FTf3}-(1.y]Ռ5tIk>HXԤ7bַ7)H@kJ,#q!m@RѶCFgy\Y*ʪe`YNsѴ(?,[|f Ra9Z{ѝKv1o^*%[Bر( f(k5<,dNYirFdsP.}trMUzbD堳%++Z 0 @>d q+~c|T??vU_6/HtmkFV|v3)lV@!}(.;fũɰC\RNء¬RNE* T#3Q> E4WЦtI]eT}ڋgJ$bV iE"{$1)2GWJ dkd-v8)2KA!t/d7OjLUQ?g/DXz[~_%{[KKoK);즆[M`{0&XͿ}==B7ߵ.~ qBaf1ÓW{Ԉ6#(hmc+p_`|_LA;=7[Zn&ߛ-vSgzv)F*q- nw<^r$)vK~!2?nyn_7Sss`Ntwz)SszLkrIq{Q>t$L[!vSljÈe\"g" brHcϦqF)g+fx^ \m&_r<~)Qދdy߁`:{H%ߦzxLU5A7l.gb sgąbF~OgAܷ ;w\'>G%7/q!%RhzAėȧSn31>ub'țq&DaoMפ g9.l@ѻ.6z7~³ ;iЯLA'@p 6ğ=K=m9i(^Ü&:@掕Crw< EO>9W+E<.+d7ì?*_,^E]]|a)&[9sYc v g_ٓs'.Ƿg7vgnv9c :!yvDꛕYvΑ{P EkG:u/ܩ>e8.n{(.Lس+veEeZIߎ GaoZЪv GFByHr|I,E`7-+ +^E0@xIгuR5/D`̧e[@ Io^ʤ.ωW"m*g2+fF[+vKwi ~vk~az,451qBCaOK䕦OK#VRT2>wX^l|o֡W@U]z(ω^ٮzcSe0K_}6" MJhJkZb#H@ljJU0bBi yxRU6漢ю'GVrM7L~ 6&"Y"C<'Fԗex~~伛Gзּϡv\5b}J%" 3`^RX&l.cE21%0+AePQoSSw|N9|yBGFR<.~LTuU5MՐK7T0 nEЕKƕm:v}Td*r.\V2RGLJ]{C ԕȱ+bԔA7 ;Q ޅ5""=|ob)U. 6BEӡ&7}p/^ևlqe"ˤ,eV2IrMFw\_?Lc1خ)bT.2uPi'ġ-8‰A$!ŐcٙIH&b)'xĉ`bv7?#!d3p?Y;]&'-vQp0BGm1:Cu4W,һ<> r3AwN%AHT$n*z7 jb˜ORW $H A $H A $H A $H A $H A $H A $H A $H E<O2IjjwǶ~NLJUTYVkNط?{T v,WJ|SN>P/Jܚ8P$Wk>? 2K0;\Qۨ Ia(N GR4ͱJ#yčiJw {``;;G^S3?9>*)ZGE X1:O ]MOT6_X*TɶQwDPҬ ]{ztfE "ugBD "[PEk"S/}ViV9a{#fV|Kƈo±b[s`+"F$&a4Pxv%DBMSnķ,R7[ [D c奒h"˛H ~k%xcZ+Rn STVCuȢ64VjѠ0jz-s<дmhH{MPb:ύZjf>]r |8 ͤBեq9eHR׊ln7c ںs~xP}\U5WCUpI ۈފhnw{Fc/mEsSMC"~d l|(JӲo mC C&Eh{쇢5~zUR2L0mg"ԩw ih2#n/%x^u`h9GCLxpxF#իG0T%} ʨU%suLor`g} Lh15']s;U\tId 7M*B)C Wjժ\V#a +Pl= :o<}M4w}<C޺~\Yl7(>Tj]*lTtbZ]~WXw-xcnzʠmC\qEw%\ 2hpn>x8RO\z\UmsL:To>b#e ;JfJtKHdΕph ޵uq΢7ͷsn"vG[g->y?mAWD8 nך}ۅdl$@J %[1-1 &cL7q4yk.*~q9@/;M<'vn9  DYp$n<-toatF=eF;'G*XAv Ѳ%؆-600H..5.Z*H|Nevg򣷖oh(Ռs1tyInһe5Y0w%Vg޿#c_̼#tF_TH~b)F7.kylc*rwbeL#E& + $5Zؗ} YUwsIa5`@5 0 uiaUnΈX KXzwf3$|jj5 ۘծc TX6ޡ714=.Zw0Kɲ.*T^^~ʴO.ݘ}pɃٟ-_>uvp|1܎ Yji_[޹`][ k~JI3d(z<,\n8->t~}Xe K6WYɥfTO:ෟf$.М`-;T\"돝v~[Nԥ%vi{a͖'S'!|ٞ|ҹQſ!vS{sהc-y҂##80'}jV§lBT!f3=tђO6"$_5[ c$ܾŸ#YgձjGع?9J-f ¹j=Mqܦ 3La'NLFy]K 5=Ho`1wYL.:D\ul#aMo# |4i3dNj7/D(Ӎt4s-M\C?ڞ-qE-dkߋmӍ^b@ @/?Cz}osphS ^>v0ih~b+pIk6ytyFgLD6GϤwѥ~j9PO'WXp:5;µ^ÃiLKۊ72BC+% 5}$wG'{&AEg,(d=x5z:noOW:GV+cohčB _a襐Z 4w!І@Ԛc&:ܫO=P0z 6ȱmE~|徣Gj.d6.4킹0bR 4Yp~Y  g4`D&EM,*XtFF[&K$ "i:[6Y(J t40P\Q=ۂLZz)!YaQ~L<-ϙl Zax,!zI<]m^Щd~ _aB'Izׅu8e0F+4'*QQ φS(ESF)X ;`y',KN>,Ŏ`0 `0 `0 `0 `0 `0 `0 `0'6~Փ_}W+>yoൽ|=j[?yލ;vw灣mB_ѭ^Vӗ.>K@m/^ўrC8cCD?Ke6|ľ9}Z@Em!orZl1Gs }7ʉ/qm[|{"m_'[2Vɻv#O~'r {ǿ5OA0z+=T~^?QrmC#&Ov/-owH(COO\rr+o @!{~m,weULp7#G?}MÝ#Iv ܽl@f3O~$]7gDn$ڵ}5TbZYsn tSrRm Kxn/Pm'Cmy: [ -;vSv &4.<{VIIyDžoR&+DnoExR[ƺ){I?EV {~PIDAT 8rO(3D@'/_B_voׅ ˺)Qٮ^n|*x#n,l6ӑ9[z]sP~vO EnF~s؜%F9|qFS^"jV;XbIݢK_1Ieb%Y@u~Vy3# kVXo{!ŅMfMVyRR6'IeoXZSK<vm,bGy%rkOR(o?.%Q1h[OԝF KԸu}2ƭO>'Asf~zD3PR\ʼUk^%yy[Ϯ:@}?j "o~?RdԂǸ>4%642q &1"[E`N+}ݳs}E:+C1_Fxx%w!:R坡V^_*foknM:\]* 5`yyxo4kP ֟r)2}3?zo҇QomZ5 /J /țsdW?^Z*rQE^ʽ}:U㑵 A-I@ޔeH<@f4{XYx/Ei!@mm(W=)(8E5Zwo/hao[nYW1mh#E8㜧\9= )ș M O-?g/*}q&Ei_FG-Q{%T]}\Vsܧ8㻏WZL"ןX7fWE =6ݡW/IWDy/,1+<'zR{,k?yPW["1G7~Ϟ=ڧ7@zEq_/MoO%^q9:ìxǓt$ ΡD" (e卦AU$`UJ' uKbNQOPz$Q:`fl0QE3sJӑtLn2#tXц&jg"a.d=4XS H(e$Hc%bd^2XU4d d. /t3A7 D3c֫6LNDT]`XjjPE1vگ{8S铊5p8Fbbkڒ$i R2m(rZMi%mf,1z9Ծ׏M^ 0t^&-İe2,Ýʼ,[cˋdq/ |䙁գXN2XH,8D0 ֦ Ľ{n=}aAl VJp˳x@ֲ QJ' yHV? _51rh (FSF)X ;`y',G.%Yׇx0 `0 `0 `0 `0 `0 `0 `0 `0 SzZ5ƹE4ֵ:[bAYSS[a}s Unsx+vGjtm -G*[uDcC UPf nGSSSHH{zTE: r Խs+@jꀺM3[[[g668+Kv辆3MrZ-N~VjBf;Sɮ hj5kVP/P.EZg;}Z2vV[1os:[u ͊J `xq7JoZJuM]k9sf};j8PWk]`&>ӰƊ*|}CcXUUI pxhv]f~hR  k5gsf65񭩥 C];!D̮NhZt Z*#HGmƇitULל=wEςPhPt*׿A m졫UXtyhk{]j̭J5o;Qy:g[R^g]1Ξ({?>L 2Ɓy)V&K]:mf%UL}褐qc#TBuZk 1zNK_9pC[c}KToeJ٬j X%oE7S?6B=BoP_]*4|v-3ջ"+(Ϙr̺FsiWAΜ)ֆ6HW 3P&@mU`kf5D-ٿk%yDGc[s]M%S!W[cmkS`+xVCM[_3Kqi @Z'4RA Գ%@uV0U.&Bs̝KzzM5u_Ca.=pMc>CRŊGvNrF&-/[]fWҝ:٤1:]tUee*V*5i&KWtOg+c\8{`hQ OK]nm`CTR_^]5HRYCM) Ȉ뽼6Ao8e=4PZgrrHH n 5asRkK %'!5Nj: @8:@(i1ZԌhypƇXe=dIa~n*e2ℴAǜ>㭕nw Yb_1ߩt#Ƽ-c[8>7mXe[[dyk:AD;Fl;l q8@l˚$8c0qǨHH8( BPRIUT*SJQ*JҗjZU̜9Y̚=X3ߜn߼H Fl_Ѐun],_t,th⯂ A{'QZoQf3o/)4ZX3pmFlZ ƽNH2\ gQq7$]`u"/cl+P}o2eS%Ile+};O`{b+yΝ;I-L̜ߒ͠;K?'e~\;2v\O/UM6: $Ƈ\R&V  <%T+F7ZQ~oY:]g#L%#B*" ] d_X3/^4MӳKk{Lslϑ+a ֒1ˡlT}JN^\`KY*xzX!Û:8߸XD6l]j|̢<9?[<֮h/| Ss]y[~}ĤhM}~F}mIjŲ_9BfmU>ݹhؕw- -bG6u[|\eST'W/vBHv>2q3ٷ6Yʛ/KMD̕RKH{cLCz'>ĝxYb]ɩKw+^Iƍ+oѰ7=+[~ F艥0 & /]1n?޹} ߚP$_]iOı?I,;-3+zB࣍ +y ê̟Ҽ*mct=1,3ϳE؞ΆPF59;\ Ba{k ZG56y w%ʆ×z)'/H7XƟԏ(UrNͯjsYr~./bR S//51~~ыFkC\tvV^, zؼ<1iz0o(a!onMā6gzt^v%/RIO/ >4@}Bޟ)13Pf.jQ;¸R,ێTW#~0́Hɬ79N +2M$^]AzW,񟁮p6bbpV6Iɝ{wq4xn|9o]-aX<-F^8F5\1{)ϔ:.İGv[OLnqJ]MABSC[;J7VQoH3Wó|ۅ;Kecem{@vL“WN.k קN5$~}^޾b'f1=~(<^UffӟJf1zwfrn%&^> ϢUWߎt1U,uvιӿ8oRe -:h7gSIa7i[:8PDm$sH>_t6>7o, dWDv]~REH#B^C> LWzEgTS.IE1VTԔ͖8N@y^NXZB~R R%_M|+LoLU! V?.5w౭Қ*Gumn#&.B-QC0V쮻kC[)]o)q5p[`)"1iRE#IFRW_U̴ˁt5fST1egt|;hX1_]ݾREz}36PaqK遄rX$r:jY[k\l*g}Zoke-lTƘKLOm);fpS")({k];OxHU\Ź[錱亘rtjE\,~&>|ݑ3(gJyuw\Ru-sLF^)i;Ҝ3~=56:7 'Z低Q:Y_C>u֐1"q4%42t%nBZEА#UdDQHTXZwPYIsDea'Y:'Y*8U%N񋕅t# "G:DGv9Ú@iHȘ4s>^WIk#Hh/9]l2m\ H_4:!p͢]UE1S)t8:Ere[[[ڝeLUڜcƁ^46UQ>#_NȋZnѣn$J8P}ohq!(m}rJ}@mfӋANld2c_L&}zy+ z# 5O!N.SHc|曱ߧW )/BEY4^!@gOJ }'5LSϤ-ۦiZ/ jtEXtOFIENDB`n S- 7dPNG  IHDR|BPLTE)))222BBBJJJ;;;!!!RRR[[[eeejjj{{{?vvvŴ99]RRKKK44Օ9 bbjjAAA""QQ,,ttrdZZ:?))22{yyKAAE<))A11''RIIbUUj J77YY9wl\\` H||kbbTCC] 0ff+ztt;00!Y|rrDYIIq bTU88 0 Ld [C 9rrK^RRz:!G*SICk J8KA;Cm*1<tRNS@fbKGDH wIDATx흉w1 dcl/I}q3dktM̼r{؀- $NDE`AH]cAK!l0tɺڎ|SkM/ߊ*((XVOd JRuQ%(縚X?-!k x} a*Sn!qa}ww \„-9q+MB|nEt#)yk۸_^oT,d1p![%p4cXge{cA8G[ALu/,mnږݿƯԝ<1nO|N[;يKǿ[Avtm![tOSO7cs-;]g`Ŧеf}%>'LAr5G ' 6,{NJ~?98%M[Y[0td6ͽL-!$ӳ[|оlnd~ 9Zw)9%kL?t%tun͡%GIuk%8BOAaA{^5MI_W/_v jrc!5_~RbO o`> }BcK>դ|N vho;a1n9SyN6V&}Fy֘nًPxw/L;& #oa b^%+Lo7/O3Mq(>㗟ޖN<VC7=_],YA?3_Jv[,%9Wnc/l2\ΛIV_%+S_k'1se}E zrJ'>~6ٱ공'(vZDو!ĵ$,1xQWEU_Uۿh1o< Ұ?tL>G{sM; v PjeF"&t6_p#TKP{3"֓{e&vt,GS/L+}W'eYgw9vYN|W}'4V(G^M@aʴ8]ae,3:y?M@^[a:o!]P}W@@vHR*c/YGahԠlSdžbŤk]`iuzr+|p@*ˢ$woC2 cnlEaٿХZ*|&4#Oh~{1@}ګ)Eav- )@FQ.H +$Q{e~̥f u=zHQ]k v2g.Y=qϹW@ܻ5 ! `KweZ b҆e>qEWAXa$0"#ͦV 0z-=2|s-q s%M7YFpʒ,9?/eL| PWN"֧u%GEvIAac.A r>9@m4M XϪ7Jɏߐ TVŕede.oYGXH'>bb0,ŽaU#.[vxH6kO0{ߪ _k␞8Q7#B,Xj!(G"ZfE?:S]KR^8t)+5#u_ wm=!FoU.%xܨYyٟZ؟sF Qύ׵<rw|0]:NɎ[7mZqNRdp"? 5;^ZkG Y1DR?&j#_I^#Xgk!+N wުafUoI~-s\pXch}]гAɑQ^N[&m$+԰\[J@ ]^Zo E%z+dH'>V"",Bڱ's5+ru/js D 7H0ZM"!ˆITr["YjRV{!g⊁dmS#UuA$3D[flR {Lu56J٪FKy9a1_(@nГaZ!Jõ`cډ.0@ƒ/Ӗ*|,p&^g,;6RcuR7Rkh/qu1~>X뾓I,[WsL4DKZ}Y7k鋏/;V_!lȶ݉ eC$QQi!0Fed2ϴ3]Z/Ze˗sqY: 9i;}g2 :_٭gUK!&J8{1ZvKTk⣁Ѳ[򅍩sz-FB|C M渱GJeH|l߂BG9,_(ȯӧH~=5f/SvD{ $T.e E$s?*0j/tEXtOFIENDB`8(     D L   o  p  r  t  v  x  z  |  ~                                                         ! ) * 2 = D K T [ 2/ 0DTimes New Romantt6 0DArial Blackmantt6 0" DTahomalackmantt6 0"0DAriallackmantt6 0"@DCourier Newmantt6 01PDTimesr Newmantt6 0@ .  @n?" dd@  @@`` L D  9*   !    J@ii^h^QSQGRGSFp $    (        : ` +     T         <CTe         b$yu+D@ b b$bMA  b$)f;(k07)@9$b$^ZP @x|iXb$ވ*{ën_.- ib$bpe# zt OR$FE-Qڛb>"4b$Xaw8, 10b$}RPk?>p%|V$b$&$rerF$46 9b$> ;j]Tb$ةI͗3}+P">b${y߶N_m: b$>(RW)ְ\r C b$~)7H* Q 0AA ff33ff3f@fd g4_d_d< 0lpp <4BdBd@w 0t\6g4:d:d 0p@ pp<4!d!d@w 0t\6ʚ;ʚ;<4dddd@ x 0@r0___PPT10 ZZ2___PPT9/ 0? %O ==<=G>?A3@&(.'HBEIF5JKC6D P  0` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>>L0  f(    6 P  T Click to edit Master title style! !  0   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  0 ``  >*  0 `   @*  0 `   @*z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33 Default Design 0 zr@ ( )   0 P    P*    0     R*  d  c $ ?    0Ļ  @  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  6 `P   P*    6$ `   R*  H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10. 0X8(   $+ X X 0t P    >*  X 0Xq     @*  X 6< `P   >*  X 6ѝ `   @* H X 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.1h 0L0 woP ) (    0Xm .AN INTRODUCTION TO SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRYV/(2 f0f*f<fH  C ADHS> @  J  C "A KTRE: . " <̙? x @ 0 0dB # <D)P0Q $ 0Pp@ 0 0 ( <̙? x @L 0 0 ) 0x m OKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING(2 fB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +g  0L0 v n `  (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  B*? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2   _   0\Ca INTRODUCTION This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected topics at AS and A2 level Chemistry. It is based on the requirements of the AQA and OCR specifications but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes or it may be used for classroom teaching if an interactive white board is available. Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at... www.argonet.co.uk/users/hoptonj/sci.htm Navigation is achieved by... either clicking on the grey arrows at the foot of each page or using the left and right arrow keys on the keyboard (2 2((2 2  ' 75, 'dB   <D?     04W{0P( OKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING(2    0\Xx UORGANIC REACTION SEQUENCES (2f  0. M r@o  0 0B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 p,Sp(  p p H2?̙?; l   RESTERS(2   dB p <D)P0Q p 0Pp@ 0 0dB p@ <D)PXP p 0X0@ 0 0  p 0_q~ lREACTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS2(2ff  p H0e?̙?*Z SALKANES(2     p Hli?̙?,1 SALKENES(2     p Hm?̙?;   [HALOGENOALKANES(2     p Hp?̙?,  TALCOHOLS (2     p Hpt?̙? ,g RAMINES(2    p Hhx?̙?Z  U ALDEHYDES (2     p H|?̙?( SKETONES(2    p H?̙? :g \CARBOXYLIC ACIDS(2   XB p@ 0DoXB p 0Do-f XB p 0Do/fXB p 0Do J? XB p 0Dow XB p@ 0Do76XB #p 0Do, 0 ^B ,p 6ZDo|Q ^B -p@ 6ZDo6z 0p 6̙?_ TPOLYMERS (2    ^B 4p 6ZDoQ Z3  5p H?̙? g TNITRILES (2    XB 8p 0Do  | XB 9p@ 0Do   =p H ?̙? } ZDIBROMOALKANES(2   XB ?p 0Doe XB Ap 0DoX  XB Hp 0Do& XB Ip 0Do+XB Jp 0Do XB Kp@ 0Do| e ^B Lp@ 6ZDoX Z  XB Mp 0Doe XB Np 0DoS XB Op 0Dok  XB Pp 0DoY 99 XB Qp@ 0DoS .  Rp B? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2    Sp 6. M r@p  0 0B p s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +: 0L0 99[dt79(  tXB (t 0Do  |  +t 6.? jR [K*(2   XB )t@ 0Do  XB Ft 0Do, 0  t Ht3?̙?; l   RESTERS(2   dB t <D)P0Q t 0Pp@ 0 0dB t@ <D)PXP t 0X0@ 0 0  t 0 9q~ lREACTIONS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS2(2ff  t H>?̙?*Z SALKANES(2     t HB?̙?,1 SALKENES(2     t HF?̙?;   [HALOGENOALKANES(2     t HDJ?̙?,  TALCOHOLS (2     t HM?̙? ,g RAMINES(2    t HQ?̙?Z  U ALDEHYDES (2     t HV?̙?( SKETONES(2    t HY?̙? :g \CARBOXYLIC ACIDS(2   XB t@ 0DoXB t 0Do-f XB t 0Do/fXB t 0Do J? XB t 0Dow XB t@ 0Do76 t 6X^? 0 cA2(2    t 6Tc?f [P*(2    t 6$h?i [S*(2    t 6l?!7  [T*(2    t 6t 6 f3? a cM2(2    ?t 6L?.   [Q*(2    @t 6?+ a  [O*(2    At 6ŗ?#] MF(2    Bt 6xɗ?Y ] MC(2    Ct s *1@  0 0XB Gt@ 0DoS .  Ht 6͗?i  m  cV2(2    Kt 0y<@  0 0 Lt 0I u@  0 0 Mt 0 @  0 0 Nt 0"y<@  0 0 Ot 0!u@  0 0 Pt 0Q  @  0 0 Qt 0  @  0 0 Rt 0  @  0 0 St 0 .y@2 0 0 Vt 0f@  0 0 Wt 0 e@ 0 0 Xt 0 @ 0 0 Zt 0}@[ 0 0 [t 0+  @K 0 0 \t 0@2 0 0 ]t 0m 0  @ 0 0 ^t 01 @  0 0 _t 0Y D @) 0 0 `t 0F D @! 0 0 at 01@* 0 0 bt 0a@D 0 0 ct 0$ i @= 0 0 dt 0@T 0 0 Ut 0 m@  0 0B t s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +H 0L0 WO (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0̣q~ eCHLORINATION OF METHANE2(2ff|   0\ Initiation Cl2   > 2Cl" radicals created Propagation Cl" + CH4   > CH3" + HCl radicals used and Cl2 + CH3"   > CH3Cl + Cl" then re-generated Termination Cl" + Cl"   > Cl2 radicals removed Cl" + CH3"   > CH3Cl CH3" + CH3"   > C2H6 W@  33 33  3 3333 3  33 33 33 3   33 33  333 33 3333 3333K  #  A  .    +  <    0  Summary Due to the lack of reactivity of alkanes you need a very reactive species to persuade them to react Free radicals need to be formed by homolytic fission of covalent bonds This is done by shining UV light on the mixture (heat could be used) Chlorine radicals are produced because the Cl-Cl bond is the weakest You only need one chlorine radical to start things off With excess chlorine you will get further substitution and a mixture of chlorinated products<@3Z)  _         6?"`; cA2(2      B? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2     6. M r@r  0 0B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 -% x (  xdB x <D)P0Q x 0Pp@ 0 0dB x@ <D)PXP x 0X0@ 0 0 x 0q~ ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION OF HBr2(2ff  x 0?h ~Reagent Hydrogen bromide... it is electrophilic as the H is slightly positive Condition Room temperature. Equation C2H4(g) + HBr(g)    > C2H5Br(l) bromoethane Mechanism Step 1 As the HBr nears the alkene, one of the carbon-carbon bonds breaks The pair of electrons attaches to the slightly positive H end of H-Br. The HBr bond breaks to form a bromide ion. A carbocation (positively charged carbon species) is formed. Step 2 The bromide ion behaves as a nucleophile and attacks the carbocation. Overall there has been addition of HBr across the double bond.@2N fffffffff  0)   \     "     u  '   U      &   L  x C $A eaddg  H   x 6%?"`; MB(2     x B)? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2    x 6. M r@t  0 0B x s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0    |Y (  |dB | <D)P0Q | 0Pp@ 0 0dB |@ <D)PXP | 0X0@ 0 0  | 02?  *Reagent Bromine. (Neat liquid or dissolved in tetrachloromethane, CCl4 ) Conditions Room temperature. No catalyst or UV light required! Equation C2H4(g) + Br2(l)   > CH2BrCH2Br(l) 1,2 - dibromoethane Mechanism It is surprising that bromine should act as an electrophile as it is non-polar.@2kF  #3fffff fffffff 3R3 3Z6     F    T  | C ,Abr2polar2\   | 6lP?"`; MC(2     | 0T:q~ o!ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION OF BROMINE2"(2!ff | BX? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2    | 6. M r@v  0 0B | s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +g 0L0 v n  (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0`q~ iDIRECT HYDRATION OF ALKENES2(2ff   0hg?PM  cReagent steam Conditions high pressure Catalyst phosphoric acid Product alcohol Equation C2H4(g) + H2O(g) C2H5OH(g) ethanol Use ethanol manufacture Comments It may be surprising that water needs such vigorous conditions to react with ethene. It is a highly polar molecule and you would expect it to be a good electrophile. However, the O-H bonds are very strong so require a great deal of energy to be broken. This necessitates the need for a catalyst.@2R  3333 33 33333  F@&  L    F ?   l _8N    fB   6D3olB  <BD3o{>T  # L)?fB  6D3olB  <BD3o{  6?"`N MD(2    B? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2     6. M r@x  0 0B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +n  0L0 } u  \ (  \dB \ <D)P0Q \ 0Pp@ 0 0dB \@ <D)PXP \ 0X0@ 0 0 \ 0쒩q~ [ HYDROGENATION2(2 ff  \ 6X?"`N ME(2    \ 0?= TReagent hydrogen Conditions nickel catalyst - finely divided Product alkanes Equation C2H4(g) + H2(g)    > C2H6(g) ethane Use margarine manufacture@2 '3333 3333333 &X  d   \ Bp? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2     \ 6. M r@z  0 0B \ s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0    (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  08q~ gPOLYMERISATION OF ALKENES2(2ff   0 @ bETHENE,H( 3      0ĩ3j }#EXAMPLES OF ADDITION POLYMERISATION*$# $ N   C &A4polsg.b&   0ɩ, gPROPENE0H( 33     0Ω o  kTETRAFLUOROETHENE*@( 3     0ҩx @a  l CHLOROETHENE0 H(  33    0ש Rh Z POLY(ETHENE) @(  3    00۩,Rh [ POLY(PROPENE)@( 3    0(ߩx R  +POLY(CHLOROETHENE) POLYVINYLCHLORIDE PVC:,@( 3  3 ,   0$ b0p `POLY(TETRAFLUOROETHENE) PTFE  Teflon *1@( 3  1   6?"`N MF(2    B? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2     6. M r@|  0 0B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +P 0L0 _ W  $ ( w $dB $ <D)P0Q $ 0Pp@ 0 0dB $@ <D)PXP $ 0X0@ 0 0$  $ 0 AQUEOUS SODIUM HYDROXIDE Reagent Aqueous* sodium (or potassium) hydroxide Conditions Reflux in aqueous solution (SOLVENT IS IMPORTANT) Product Alcohol Nucleophile hydroxide ion (OH) Equation e.g. C2H5Br(l) + NaOH(aq)    > C2H5OH(l) + NaBr(aq) Mechanism * WARNING It is important to quote the solvent when answering questions. Elimination takes place when ethanol is the solvent The reaction (and the one with water) is known as HYDROLYSIS^H@3  3  6  333333333 33Z   >       $ 00Aq~ gNUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION2(2ffP  $ C (A nsOHeth}  $ 6Ef?"`; [G*(2    $ BJ? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2    $ 6. M r@~  0 0B $ s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  ( w dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  <̙? x @  0 0  0Sq~ gNUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION2(2ff   0Z JAMMONIA Reagent Aqueous, alcoholic ammonia (in EXCESS) Conditions Reflux in aqueous, alcoholic solution under pressure Product Amine Nucleophile Ammonia (NH3) Equation e.g. C2H5Br + 2NH3 (aq / alc)   > C2H5NH2 + NH4Br (i) C2H5Br + NH3 (aq / alc)   > C2H5NH2 + HBr (ii) HBr + NH3 (aq / alc)   > NH4Br Mechanism Notes The equation shows two ammonia molecules. The second one ensures that a salt is not formed. Excess ammonia is used to prevent further substitution (SEE NEXT SLIDE)6H,@5Px @   3 5   3333 33333333 33333333 33333333 3333333]J   8    <               R   C *Ansnh3eth X   6 f?"`; [H*(2     B@? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2     6. M r@  0 0B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0   4(  4dB 4 <D)P0Q 4 0Pp@ 0 0dB 4@ <D)PXP 4 0X0@ 0 0 4 0q~ gNUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION2(2ff2  4 0 AMMONIA Why excess ammonia? The second ammonia molecule ensures the removal of HBr which would lead to the formation of a salt. A large excess ammonia ensures that further substitution doesn t take place - see below Problem The amine produced is also a nucleophile (lone pair on N) and can attack another molecule of halogenoalkane to produce a 2 amine. This in turn is a nucleophile and reacts further producing a 3 amine and, eventually a quarternary ammonium salt. C2H5NH2 + C2H5Br   > HBr + (C2H5)2NH diethylamine, a 2 amine (C2H5)2NH + C2H5Br   > HBr + (C2H5)3N triethylamine, a 3 amine (C2H5)3N + C2H5Br   > (C2H5)4N+ Br tetraethylammonium bromide, a 4 salt  H@ 333333 33333333333#333333 33333333333'333333 3333333333333* P     5  +   <   2     1     C     4 6f?"`; [H*(2     4 B? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2     4 6. M r@  0 0B 4 s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  E( w  dB   <D)P0Q   0Pp@ 0 0dB  @ <D)PXP   0X0@ 0 0   0a @@   :   00 POTASSIUM CYANIDE Reagent Aqueous, alcoholic potassium (or sodium) cyanide Conditions Reflux in aqueous , alcoholic solution Product Nitrile (cyanide) Nucleophile cyanide ion (CN) Equation e.g. C2H5Br + KCN (aq/alc)    > C2H5CN + KBr(aq) Mechanism Importance it extends the carbon chain by one carbon atom the CN group can then be converted to carboxylic acids or amines. Reduction C2H5CN + 4[H]   > C2H5CH2NH2 Hydrolysis C2H5CN + 2H2O   > C2H5COOH + NH3 *H@2@?@@ 3 ( 3333!33333  r    t      @        0@7q~ gNUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION2(2ffP   C (Anscneth    6T;f?"`; [I*(2      6@? 7 [J*(2      6D?{. [K*(2      BI? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2      6. M r@  0 0B   s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0    { (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0Qq~ Y ELIMINATION2 (2 ff   0X? PfReagent Alcoholic sodium (or potassium) hydroxide Conditions Reflux in alcoholic solution Product Alkene Mechanism Elimination Equation C3H7Br + NaOH(alc)    > C3H6 + H2O + NaBr Mechanism the OH ion acts as a base and picks up a proton the proton comes from a C atom next to the one bonded to the halogen the electron pair moves to form a second bond between the carbon atoms the halogen is displaced; overall there is ELIMINATION of HBr. With unsymmetrical halogenoalkanes, a mixture of products may be formed.8@@PH 3!    3333!3333 333   Pfd  0  &      ' P   C (AelimOHgJ"    6|f3?"`; cL2(2      Bd? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2      6. M r@  0 0B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 0 (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0\q~ p"ELIMINATION OF WATER (DEHYDRATION)2#(2"fff   0D? Reagent/catalyst conc. sulphuric acid (H2SO4) or conc. phosphoric acid (H3PO4) Conditions reflux at 180C Product alkene Equation e.g. C2H5OH(l)     > CH2 = CH2(g) + H2O(l) Mechanism Step 1 protonation of the alcohol using a lone pair on oxygen Step 2 loss of a water molecule to generate a carbocation Step 3 loss of a proton (H+) to give the alkene Note Alcohols with the OH in the middle of a chain can have two ways of losing water. In Step 3 of the mechanism, a proton can be lost from either side of the carbocation. This gives a mixture of alkenes from unsymmetrical alcohols...@@Px      33333333 333  333s  ]   [   +     C L   C $A  alc1g}    6f3?"` ; cM2(2      B<? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2     6. M r@  0 0R  C *Adehydr3gB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +N 0L0 ]U@(  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0Ɖq~ kOXIDATION OF PRIMARY ALCOHOLS2(2ffX   0͉14 "Primary alcohols are easily oxidised to aldehydes e.g. CH3CH2OH(l) + [O]    > CH3CHO(l) + H2O(l) it is essential to distil off the aldehyde before it gets oxidised to the acid CH3CHO(l) + [O]    > CH3COOH(l)r2H@2333333333X33333@(   z  _    6?"`; [N*(2   T   C ,A distil1bg      0,  OAldehyde has a lower boiling point so distils off before being oxidised furtherPHP H    0   #OXIDATION TO ALDEHYDES DISTILLATION:$H    $   0` >   $OXIDATION TO CARBOXYLIC ACIDS REFLUX:%H    %   0  FAldehyde condenses back into the mixture and gets oxidised to the acidGHG ? ^B  6DjJ!!P  C (A dist1cg_H   B? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2     6. M r@  0 0B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 P (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0@q~ dOXIDATION OF ALDEHYDES2(2ff&   0G16 Aldehydes are easily oxidised to carboxylic acids e.g. CH3CHO(l) + [O]    > CH3COOH(l) one way to tell an aldehyde from a ketone is to see how it reacts to mild oxidation ALDEHYES are EASILY OXIDISED KETONES are RESISTANT TO MILD OXIDATION reagents include TOLLENS REAGENT and FEHLING S SOLUTION TOLLENS REAGENT Reagent ammoniacal silver nitrate solution Observation a silver mirror is formed on the inside of the test tube Products silver + carboxylic acid Equation Ag+ + e-   > Ag FEHLING S SOLUTION Reagent a solution of a copper(II) complex Observation a red precipitate forms in the blue solution Products copper(I) oxide + carboxylic acid Equation Cu2+ + e-   > Cu+P2F@?nn233333Y   3%  f* 33 33 3& f' 33 33 33h         {    6 ?"`; [O*(2     B<? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2     6. M r@  0 0B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +,  0L0 ; 3 `  (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0q~ mOXIDATION OF SECONDARY ALCOHOLS2 (2ff   0t1P Secondary alcohols are easily oxidised to ketones e.g. CH3CHOHCH3(l) + [O]    > CH3COCH3(l) + H2O(l) The alcohol is refluxed with acidified K2Cr2O7. However, on prolonged treatment with a powerful oxidising agent they can be further oxidised to a mixture of acids with fewer carbon atoms than the original alcohol.2H,@233333333 333(   &*  - ^B  6DjJ  6?"`; [P*(2     B? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2     6. M r@  0 0B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +n  0L0 } u p X (  XdB X <D)P0Q X 0Pp@ 0 0dB X@ <D)PXP X 0X0@ 0 0 X 0q~ kREDUCTION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS2(2ff  X 6PŌ?"`; [Q*(2     X 0Lˌ 14 6Reagent/catalyst lithium tetrahydridoaluminate(III) LiAlH4 Conditions reflux in ethoxyethane Product aldehyde Equation e.g. CH3COOH(l) + 2[H]    > CH3CHO(l) + H2O(l),@+   ff!fffffZ         W   X Bx݌? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2     X 6. M r@  0 0B X s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +k  0L0 z r   (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0pq~ dREDUCTION OF ALDEHYDES2(2ff   6?"`; [R*(2      0 14 :jReagent sodium tetrahydridoborate(III) NaBH4 Conditions warm in water or ethanol Product primary alcohol Equation e.g. C2H5CHO(l) + 2[H]    > C3H7OH(l)@ %   ffffff fffff3&      BP? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2      6. M r@  0 0B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +u  0L0  |   (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0q~ bREDUCTION OF KETONES2(2ff   6$?"`; [S*(2      0P 14 FvReagent sodium tetrahydridoborate(III) NaBH4 Conditions warm in water or ethanol Product secondary alcohol Equation e.g. CH3COCH3(l) + 2[H]    > CH3CH(OH)CH3(l)@&  ffffff fffff3&      B(/? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2      6. M r@  0 0B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 z(  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  08q~ \ESTERIFICATION2(2ff   0> - tReagent(s) carboxylic acid + strong acid catalyst (e.g conc. H2SO4 ) Conditions reflux Product ester Equation e.g. CH3CH2OH(l) + CH3COOH(l) CH3COOC2H5(l) + H2O(l) Notes Concentrated H2SO4 is also a dehydrating agent, it removes water as it is formed causing the equilibrium to move to the right and thus increasing the yield of ester. Uses of esters Esters are fairly unreactive but that doesn t make them useless Used as flavourings Naming esters Named from the alcohol and carboxylic acid which made them... CH3OH + CH3COOH CH3COOCH3 + H2O from ethanoic acid CH3COOCH3 from methanol METHYL ETHANOATE@@L@9@7Z,x 5    3333 33333333 333  U 333 33   33  3    3    @     S F ?   oM {8N    fB   6D3olB   <BD3o{>T  # L)?fB  6D3olB  <BD3o{F ?   . \ 8N   fB  6DolB  <BDo{>T  # L)?fB  6DolB  <BDo{XB  0D `H   6?"`; [T*(2     B8? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2     6. M r@  0 0B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 $T(  TdB T <D)P0Q T 0Pp@ 0 0dB T@ <D)PXP T 0X0@ 0 0 T 0,q~ bHYDROLYSIS OF ESTERS2(2ff  T 6?"`; [U*(2   j  T 04 0h  Reagent(s) dilute acid or dilute alkali Conditions reflux Product carboxylic acid and an alcohol Equation e.g. CH3COOC2H5(l) + H2O(l) CH3CH2OH(l) + CH3COOH(l) Notes If alkali is used for the hydrolysis the salt of the acid is formed CH3COOC2H5(l) + NaOH(aq)    > CH3CH2OH(l) + CH3COO-Na+(aq)@@LPnJP  !333333 333 3333 33 3 3333333ffff3333 3333333&"  + F ?  T uK y 8N   T fB  T 6D3olB T <BD3o{>T  T# L)?fB T 6D3olB T <BD3o{ T Bߏ? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2    T 6. M r@  0 0B T s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +; 0L0 JB (  dB  <D)P0Q  0Pp@ 0 0dB @ <D)PXP  0X0@ 0 0  0q~ eBROMINATION OF ALCOHOLS2(2ff   0  w  NReagent(s) conc. hydrobromic acid HBr(aq) or sodium (or potassium) bromide and concentrated sulphuric acid Conditions reflux Product haloalkane Equation C2H5OH(l) + conc. HBr(aq)    > C2H5Br(l) + H2O(l) Mechanism The mechanism starts off in a similar way to dehydration (protonation of the alcohol and loss of water) but the carbocation (carbonium ion) is attacked by a nucleophilic bromide ion in step 3./a@#a@ t 3333(3333 333      p   "  o   +          Q   0&f UX Step 1 protonation of the alcohol using a lone pair on oxygen Step 2 loss of a water molecule to generate a carbocation (carbonium ion) Step 3 a bromide ion behaves as a nucleophile and attacks the carbocationnPn383D3D   Z      (          62?"`; cV2(2     B7? r K CONVERSIONS$ (2     6. M r@  0 0R  C *Adehydr2gZ s B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +b 0L0 qi @(   X @dB  @ <D)P0Q  @ 0Pp@ 0 0dB  @@ <D)PXP @ 0X0@ 0 0 @ <̙? x @D 0 0J @ C "A KTRE: . @ 00Ax m h. 2003 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING/(2/ f @ 0PFfM  cTHE END@(2ff<f  @ 0Km .AN INTRODUCTION TO SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMISTRYV/(2 f0f*f<fH @ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +r@@P-.#0)3&0$. 3q5 &|i</?6X F=MoВ.]3KOh+'0T hp   No Slide TitleHOPTONJONATHAN HOPTON888Microsoft PowerPoint@*@@hNx@LݹPGSg  )'    """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3ff333f333333333f33333333f33f3ff3f3f3f3333f33̙33333f333333f3333f3ffffff3f33ff3f3f3f3fff3ffffffffff3ffff̙fff3fffff3fff333f3f3ff3ff33f̙̙3̙ff̙̙̙3f̙3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3f3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3ffffffffff!___www4'A x(xKʦ """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙f3333f3333333333f3333333f3f33ff3f3f3f3333f3333333f3̙33333f333ff3ffffff3f33f3ff3f3f3ffff3fffffffff3fffffff3f̙ffff3ff333f3ff33fff33f3ff̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff̙̙3̙f̙̙̙3f̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙3ffffffffff!___wwwýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýý___________________________________ýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýý________________________________ýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýrsrýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýKnýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýtnýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýnüýýüýüýýüýüýýýýüýüýýýüýýýüýýüýüýýrxKýýýýüýüýýýüýýýüýýüýüýýüýüýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýx-Onnýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýý-wnD-ýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýIsKEPOýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýüÓtJVOýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýxJ('Orýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýý-xP'-OýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüxOO(OOüýýýýýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýý-OOP-ýüýüýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýýýýýrxOO'O'O'ýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýx-ONOxrýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýO-O'-'O-ýýýýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýüýüýr--O'---OýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýO'-'-'-OýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýP---'--xýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýO-'-'-OýýýýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýsU-UOýýýýýýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýüýýüýýýüýýüýüýýüýüýýýýüýüýýüýýýüýýüýüýýüýüýýýýüýüýýüýýýüýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýüýýýýýýýüýýýýüýüýýýýýüýýýýüýýýýýýýüýýýýüýüýýýýýüýýýýüýýýýýýýüýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýü÷dýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýiýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýϨýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýφτiýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýý÷ϧϨýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüñφciDĈüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýýýýýýýýPJȎýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýbPJýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýɄKJiMiýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüddcajboýýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýɨýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýý÷iioiýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýüýýüýüýýüýüýýýýüýüýýýüýýýüýýüýüýýüýüýýýýüýüýýýüýýýüýýüýüýýüýüýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýüýý______________________________ýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýü____________________________ý______ýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýü_____________________________üýýýýýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýý_____________________ü___ý_________üýýýýýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýýýý________________________________ýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýý_____ý_____________________________________ýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýý___________________________________ýýýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýü_____ý____ý_____________ü_____ýýý________ý_________________üýýýýýýýüýüýýý_______ý_________________________ý___________________________________ýýýýýýýýýýýýý__ý__ý_______________ý______ý____________________________ýýýýýýýý__________________________________________________________ýýüýýýýýüý_____________________________ý________ý______ü___________ýýüýýýýý_____________________________________________________ý_____________________ýýýýýýýýýý_____ýý_____________________________ý___ýý________ýý____ý___ý______ý___ýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýüýýüýýýüýýüýüýýüýüýýýýüýüýýüýýýüýýüýüýýüýüýýýýüýüýýüýýýüýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýüýýýýýýýüýüüýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýüýýýýüýýý________________________________________ýýýýýýýýüýýýýý_______ý_____ý______________________ý____ýüýýýýýýýýýý__________________________________________üýüýýýýýýýýýüýýý_________________ý________________ü____ýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýý_________________________ý_________________________ýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýý՜.+,D՜.+,h$    On-screen Show = !Times New Roman Arial BlackTahomaArial Courier NewTimesDefault DesignSlide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9 Slide 10 Slide 11 Slide 12 Slide 13 Slide 14 Slide 15 Slide 16 Slide 17 Slide 18 Slide 19 Slide 20 Slide 21 Slide 22 Slide 23 Slide 24 Slide 25 Slide 26  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titles 8@ _PID_HLINKSA8316,3,Slide 3316,3,Slide 3316,3,Slide 3316,3,Slide 3455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4455,4,Slide 4465,5,Slide 5456,6,Slide 6457,7,Slide 7459,8,Slide 8450,9,Slide 9458,10,Slide 10440,11,Slide 11438,12,Slide 12439,14,Slide 14439,14,Slide 14466,15,Slide 15460,16,Slide 16460,16,Slide 16462,25,Slide 25461,23,Slide 23461,23,Slide 23448,24,Slide 24448,24,Slide 24463,17,Slide 17467,18,Slide 18464,19,Slide 19449,20,Slide 20468,21,Slide 21469,22,Slide 22439,14,Slide 14'_JONATHAN HOPTONJONATHAN HOPTON  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)Pictures_Current UserSummaryInformation(TPowerPoint Document(DocumentSummaryInformation8D