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POOOOOSO     K&&&&       ')*+    !     9* b$L#T"M./2 356 9:;<=>?@AB CDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTXYZ[ \]^b$?0 XP@$x$b$? &%xQL]x$$b$_v+wY,:!PU}(&6+b$bpe# zt OaR$FE-Qڛb>"gb$gC^6ؑlVnb$jW=.*w)2{s~b$0VE2->$ b$lnm &["E_ b$"'黩 Mtb$lr߷\~3qАn Co$b$~ˆJʴHV\ R$ l4t'_kZ9b$!@pZ "= 1g I1b$&swL )O*?R$БT(u$= ]R$ɕLu6ChG$b${LEkŸP |1 0AA ff33!f@d g4\d\dL; 0p@p@ <4BdBd@w 0tt.g4:d:dq 0p@ pp<4!d!d@w 0tt.ʚ;ʚ;<4dddd@ x 0@r0___PPT10 qq2___PPT9/ 0? %O =S  TW10{|}3"Z[+CAE\hijkl,]-^_`amno4b>c?GF@degzfMNOL5P*QR.pqrs/tuw x y V  P  0` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>>L0  f(    6` P  T Click to edit Master title style! !  0   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  0| ``  >*  0 `   @*  0 `   @*z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33 Default Design 0 zr@ ( )   04 P    P*    0ș     R*  d  c $ ?    0@Ļ  @  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  6Lʻ `P   P*    6L `   R*  H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.0 0X8(   $+ X X 0ܻ P    >*  X 0     @*  X 6 `P   >*  X 6L `   @* H X 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.= R 0 ia (  J  C "A KTRE: .  <̙? x @ 0 0  <̙? x @ 0 0  0 WATER A guide for GCSE studentsP826f<ffT  C ,Agcselogo2  0"`>B 2010 SPECIFICATIONSH0 G$G    0e OKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING(2 fH  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.^ +D='  = @B +G 0L0 VN0(    0(\H@} AWATER (2 fA  0lcp  INTRODUCTION This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board. Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at... www.knockhardy.org.uk (2 2(2 ! , dB  <D?  T  C ,Agcselogo2  BG̙? & PAll diagrams, photographs and any animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any work that is distributed for financial gain. 2H5   &  _ z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +V  0L0 e ] `  (  T  0oC"?0  . CONTENTS Properties of water Occurrence of water  The water cycle Hardness of water  the causes Temporary hardness Permanent hardness Removing permanent hardness in water Hard water  advantages and disadvantages Water pollution and its treatment 202 2!!*"  0C"? n@ 0 0  6C"?y@\ 0 0  6C"?@" 0 0  6C"?` @2 0 0  6C"?` @8 0 0  0 H@} AWATER (2 f   6C"? _ @> 0 0T   C ,Agcselogo2   6C"? | @D 0 0   6C"?  @J 0 0B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +! 0 H@`(  ` ` 0싍 [PROPERTIES OF WATER,(2ff ` 00(sL !OGENERAL INFORMATION Structure Water consists of covalent molecules of formula H2O. Physical colourless, odourless liquid. properties boils at 100C freezes at 0C (if pure and at atmospheric pressure) Chemical Reacts with some metals to produce hydrogen. properties Uses Essential for life. An important solvent. A coolant for many industrial processes (e.g. power stations) Raw material in the manufacture of ammonia. Raw material in the conversion of ethene to ethanol. Test Turns blue cobalt chloride pink... or Turns white anhydrous copper(II) sulphate blue.4<! !2 ! !J!. !!!^d^    a @`T ` C ,Agcselogo2H ` 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +,  0 SKX( w X X 0@׍ \COMPOSITION OF WATER,(2ff X 0ٍ(s 2  S-Fill both limbs of a Hofmann Voltameter with water which has been acidified with a small amount of dilute sulphuric acid. Pass sufficient direct current through the apparatus to enable measurable amounts of gas to be collected. ANODE (+) - a colourless gas collected - the gas re-lit a glowing splint CATHODE (-) - a colourless gas collected - its volume was twice that at anode - gas exploded with a squeaky pop when a lighted splint was applied Conclusion Water can be split into its elements by passing electricity through it. .fGf fMP C  H  @`V X C .AvoltameterPJ0 r X 0 vsxT  water   > hydrogen (2 vols) + oxygen (1 vol) Dilute sulphuric acid is added to improve the conductivity of the water.8If!f!fK> 9 @`T X C ,Agcselogo2H X 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0 ](    0`I~ R OCCURRENCE, (2 ff  0LT~(si EWater is the most abundant substance on the surface of our planet. 8F 8! @`T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +M 0 tl(    0 R OCCURRENCE, (2 ff  0,~(s VWater is the most abundant substance on the surface of our planet. Importance LIVING SYSTEMS RESOURCE FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES  8! !f!f @`T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +B 0 ia(    0 R OCCURRENCE, (2 ff  0|(s  KWater is the most abundant substance on the surface of our planet. Importance LIVING SYSTEMS RESOURCE FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES Occurrence OCEANS LAKES RIVERS ATMOSPHERE - clouds and water vapour " 8! 4 !fff ff @`T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +2 0 YQ`(    0l R OCCURRENCE, (2 ff  0lv(s  ;+Water is the most abundant substance on the surface of our planet. Importance LIVING SYSTEMS RESOURCE FOR INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES Occurrence OCEANS LAKES RIVERS ATMOSPHERE - clouds and water vapour Water Cycle Shows the inter- relationship between water in different environments., 8! 4 B !KY @`T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +O 0 vnph(  h h 0 v WTHE WATER CYCLE,(2ff h 0>v(s FShows the inter- relationship between water in different environments.GG! @`N h C &Acycleg  _ h 0Mv%  OWater evaporates from seas, lakes and rivers and from the leaves of plants. The water vapour produced condenses to form clouds and later falls as rain, hail and snow. The rain and snow complete the cycle by flowing down streams and rivers into lakes or seas. Some water seeps through rocks and soils to join underground reservoirs.\PM\f]f3I3W @`T h C ,Agcselogo2H h 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0 8(  8 8 0HAv WPURITY OF WATER,(2ffK 8 0iv(s2  Natural water is never pure. It is such a good solvent that it contains dissolved substances whatever its origin. RAIN dissolved gases from the air e.g. CO2, SO2 RIVERS dissolved salts from rocks and soils; also oxygen. SEA dissolved sodium and magnesium salts (e.g. NaCl) and CO2 water also contains man-made chemicals such as detergents, acids, fertilizers and other pollutants. u!&  !7!0 !Ts @`T 8 C ,Agcselogo2H 8 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0  (    0_v YWHAT IS HARDNESS?,(2ffP  0\(s  Hard water is water which does not readily form a lather with soap EED  @`T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0 P(    0v bWHICH IONS CAUSE HARDNESS?,(2ff  0v(sw   Hard water is water which does not readily form a lather with soap Method Place a sample of one of the solutions in a test-tube to a depth of about 2cm. Using a dropping pipette, place a measured amount of soap solution into the water and shake vigorously for five seconds. Record the height of the lather. Repeat with another sample; decide which ions are responsible for hardness. VEAF8 @`T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +k  0   pP" (   PT  P C ,A softtubesh  P 0|v bWHICH IONS CAUSE HARDNESS?,(2ffT P 04v(s  J Hard water is water which does not readily form a lather with soap Method Place a sample of one of the solutions in a test-tube to a depth of about 2cm. Using a dropping pipette, place a measured amount of soap solution into the water and shake vigorously for five seconds. Record the height of the lather. Repeat with another sample; decide which ions are responsible for hardness. A sodium sulphate B magnesium sulphate C potassium chloride D calcium chloride E sodium nitrate F magnesium nitrate G calcium nitrate H sodium chlorideDEF8,x @`   P Bv #l > A B C D E F G H$?>f> T P C ,Agcselogo2H P 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +  0     (    0v bWHICH IONS CAUSE HARDNESS?,(2ffF  0y(s  J Hard water is water which does not readily form a lather with soap Method Place a sample of one of the solutions in a test-tube to a depth of about 2cm. Using a dropping pipette, place a measured amount of soap solution into the water and shake vigorously for five seconds. Record the height of the lather. Repeat with another sample; decide which ions are responsible for hardness. A sodium sulphate B magnesium sulphate C potassium chloride D calcium chloride E sodium nitrate F magnesium nitrate G calcium nitrate H sodium chloride6EF@,x @`   B0 y #l > A B C D E F G H$?>f> T   C ,A softtubesh \  C &A lather"` ;= K \  C &A lather"` K \  C &A lather"` NPK \   C &A lather"` S T   C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +  0   | (    0p'y bWHICH IONS CAUSE HARDNESS?,(2ff  0ey(s l Hard water is water which does not readily form a lather with soap Method Place a sample of one of the solutions in a test-tube to a depth of about 2cm. Using a dropping pipette, place a measured amount of soap solution into the water and shake vigorously for five seconds. Record the height of the lather. Repeat with another sample; decide which ions are responsible for hardness. Solution used ions present lather + ive - ive A sodium sulphate Na+ SO42- YES B magnesium sulphate Mg2+ SO42- NO C potassium chloride K+ Cl- YES D calcium chloride Ca2+ Cl- NO E sodium nitrate Na+ NO3- YES F magnesium nitrate Mg2+ NO3- NO G calcium nitrate Ca2+ NO3- NO H sodium chloride Na+ Cl- YES Conclusions The ion(s) responsible for hardness is / are...EF?E        '             = !2$D @`T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +K 0 r j  (    0Ry bWHICH IONS CAUSE HARDNESS?,(2ff  0Hy(s D  Hard water is water which does not readily form a lather with soap Method Place a sample of one of the solutions in a test-tube to a depth of about 2cm. Using a dropping pipette, place a measured amount of soap solution into the water and shake vigorously for five seconds. Record the height of the lather. Repeat with another sample; decide which ions are responsible for hardness. Solution used ions present lather + ive - ive A sodium sulphate Na+ SO42- YES B magnesium sulphate Mg2+ SO42- NO C potassium chloride K+ Cl- YES D calcium chloride Ca2+ Cl- NO E sodium nitrate Na+ NO3- YES F magnesium nitrate Mg2+ NO3- NO G calcium nitrate Ca2+ NO3- NO H sodium chloride Na+ Cl- YES Conclusions The ion(s) responsible for hardness is / are... Ca2+ and Mg2+EF?E        '             > !2$S @`T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0 t(    0@y >HARD WATER  HOW DOES IT ARISE?, (2ff  0(y(s Definition  Water that does not readily form a lather with soap . Instead, it forms an unsightly scum. Causes Arises from the solvation of compounds out of rocks / soils. The compounds are SOLUBLE magnesium or calcium salts.j !c!T"! ] @`T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0  pL(  L L 0Ly >HARD WATER  HOW DOES IT ARISE?, (2ff L 0y(s Definition  Water that does not readily form a lather with soap . Instead, it forms an unsightly scum. Causes Arises from the solvation of compounds out of rocks / soils. The compounds are SOLUBLE magnesium or calcium salts.\m!T"! ] @`T L C ,Agcselogo2\ L C 4Arockdissolveg fi L 01yj   LIMESTONE (CALCIUM CARBONATE)0   L <vh[ YWATER   L 0y9 4 A 7ROCKS CONTAINING SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDSB8 7 H L 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +  0   P (  P P 0y >HARD WATER  HOW DOES IT ARISE?, (2ff P 0}(s Definition  Water that does not readily form a lather with soap . Instead, it forms an unsightly scum. Causes Arises from the solvation of compounds out of rocks / soils. The compounds are SOLUBLE magnesium or calcium salts.\m!T"! ] @`T P C ,Agcselogo2\ P C 4Arockdissolveg fiF |I F  P   `B P 0D>-I -F `B P 0D>I F `B  P 0D>|I |F `B  P 0D> I F  P 0 }j   LIMESTONE (CALCIUM CARBONATE)0   P 0 &}9 4 A 7ROCKS CONTAINING SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDSB8 7  P <@/}h[ 2WATER CONTAINING SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM IONS33 2  P 002}8E @  {)RAIN DISSOLVES THE SOLUBLE SALTS IN ROCKS**) H P 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +n  0   T% (  T T 0>} >HARD WATER  HOW DOES IT ARISE?, (2ff T 0B}(s Definition  Water that does not readily form a lather with soap . Instead, it forms an unsightly scum. Causes Arises from the solvation of compounds out of rocks / soils. The compounds are SOLUBLE magnesium or calcium salts.jl!T"! ] @`T T C ,Agcselogo2\ T C 4Arockdissolveg fiF !I BF   T  } `B  T 0D>I F `B  T 0D>I F `B T 0D>!I !F `B T 0D>BI BF  T 0(D}j   LIMESTONE (CALCIUM CARBONATE)0   T <V}h[ 2WATER CONTAINING SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM IONS33 2 O T 0<_}8!   _LIMESTONE IS INSOLUBLE IN WATER BUT DOES DISSOLVE IN RAIN WHICH IS ACIDIC DUE TO DISSOLVED CO2 X`5! _  T 0he}9 4 A 7ROCKS CONTAINING SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDSB8 7 H T 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0 @8\ (  \ \ 0l} >HARD WATER  HOW DOES IT ARISE?, (2ff \ 0 Z}(s Definition  Water that does not readily form a lather with soap . Instead, it forms an unsightly scum. Causes Arises from the solvation of compounds out of rocks / soils. The compounds are SOLUBLE magnesium or calcium salts.\m!T"! ] @`T \ C ,Agcselogo2\ \ C 4Arockdissolveg fiF |I F  \   `B \ 0D>-I -F `B \ 0D>I F `B  \ 0D>|I |F `B  \ 0D> I F F !I BF   \  } `B  \ 0D>I F `B  \ 0D>I F `B \ 0D>!I !F `B \ 0D>BI BF  \ 0}j   LIMESTONE (CALCIUM CARBONATE)0   \ <}h[ 2WATER CONTAINING SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM IONS33 2  \ 0ď}8E @  {)RAIN DISSOLVES THE SOLUBLE SALTS IN ROCKS**) / \ 0}8!   _LIMESTONE IS INSOLUBLE IN WATER BUT DOES DISSOLVE IN RAIN WHICH IS ACIDIC DUE TO DISSOLVED CO2 8`] _  \ 0D}9 4 A 7ROCKS CONTAINING SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDSB8 7 H \ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +' 0 NFX (  X X 0} >HARD WATER  HOW DOES IT ARISE?, (2ff X 0}(s Definition  Water that does not readily form a lather with soap . Instead, it forms an unsightly scum. Causes Arises from the solvation of compounds out of rocks / soils. The compounds are SOLUBLE magnesium or calcium salts.j !c!T"! ] @`T X C ,Agcselogo2\ X C 4Arockdissolveg fiF |I F  X   `B X 0D>-I -F `B X 0D>I F `B  X 0D>|I |F `B  X 0D> I F F !I BF   X  } `B  X 0D>I F `B  X 0D>I F `B X 0D>!I !F `B X 0D>BI BF  X 0D}j   LIMESTONE (CALCIUM CARBONATE)0   X <P}h[ 2WATER CONTAINING SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM IONS33 2  X 0p}8E @  {)RAIN DISSOLVES THE SOLUBLE SALTS IN ROCKS**) / X 0 }8!   _LIMESTONE IS INSOLUBLE IN WATER BUT DOES DISSOLVE IN RAIN WHICH IS ACIDIC DUE TO DISSOLVED CO2 8`] _  X 0}9 4 A 7ROCKS CONTAINING SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDSB8 7 H X 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0 L( w L L 0} >HARD WATER  HOW DOES IT ARISE?, (2ff, L 0}(s *Definition  Water that does not readily form a lather with soap . Instead, it forms an unsightly scum. Causes Arises from the solvation of compounds out of rocks / soils. The compounds are SOLUBLE magnesium or calcium salts. There are TWO main types of hardness& :)f. ])  @`T L C ,Agcselogo2H L 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0  X(      0`} >HARD WATER  HOW DOES IT ARISE?, (2ff   0 (s|  vDefinition  Water that does not readily form a lather with soap . Instead, it forms an unsightly scum. Causes Arises from the solvation of compounds out of rocks / soils. The compounds are SOLUBLE magnesium or calcium salts. There are TWO main types of hardness& PERMANENT HARDNESS TEMPORARY HARDNESSC+f !f !f3. ]) / @`T   C ,Agcselogo2H   0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0 `HN(  H H 0 ZTEMPORARY HARDNESS,(2ffT H C ,Agcselogo2H H 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +  0 - % ( (  ( ( 08} ZTEMPORARY HARDNESS,(2ff ( 02(sp VSource Atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in rain water making an acidic solution which reacts with limestone (calcium carbonate). Soluble calcium hydrogencarbonate is formed. CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)   > Ca(HCO3)2(aq) ffff fffffffP @`T ( C ,Agcselogo2\ ( C 4Arockdissolveg fiF !I BF  (  } `B ( 0D>I F `B  ( 0D>I F `B  ( 0D>!I !F `B  ( 0D>BI BF   ( 0,j   LIMESTONE (CALCIUM CARBONATE)0    ( <}h[ 2WATER CONTAINING SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM IONS33 2 O ( 0`A8!   _LIMESTONE IS INSOLUBLE IN WATER BUT DOES DISSOLVE IN RAIN WHICH IS ACIDIC DUE TO DISSOLVED CO2 X`5! _  ( 0H9 4 A 7ROCKS CONTAINING SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDSB8 7 H ( 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +  0 ( $(  $ $ 0R ZTEMPORARY HARDNESS,(2ffb $ 0 v(s  Source Atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in rain water making an acidic solution which reacts with limestone (calcium carbonate). Soluble calcium hydrogencarbonate is formed. CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)   > Ca(HCO3)2(aq) Removal Boiling the water reverses the above reaction. A white precipitate of insoluble calcium carbonate is produced. The calcium is thus removed from the water. Ca(HCO3)2(aq)   > CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) ffffffff fff> @`T $ C ,Agcselogo2H $ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +  0   0 (  0 0 0f ZTEMPORARY HARDNESS,(2ff 0 0(s  JSource Atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in rain water making an acidic solution which reacts with limestone (calcium carbonate). Soluble calcium hydrogencarbonate is formed. CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)   > Ca(HCO3)2(aq) Removal Boiling the water reverses the above reaction. A white precipitate of insoluble calcium carbonate is produced. The calcium is thus removed from the water. Ca(HCO3)2(aq)   > CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) plus Any method used for removing permanent hardness.& ffffffff fff /!x @`T 0 C ,Agcselogo2D 0 B?>  RREMEMBER Only water containing SOLUBLE calcium and magnesium ions causes hardness.HS !-R H 0 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +  0   , (  , , 0 ZTEMPORARY HARDNESS,(2ff , 0(s  JSource Atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolves in rain water making an acidic solution which reacts with limestone (calcium carbonate). Soluble calcium hydrogencarbonate is formed. CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)   > Ca(HCO3)2(aq) Removal Boiling the water reverses the above reaction. A white precipitate of insoluble calcium carbonate is produced. The calcium is thus removed from the water. Ca(HCO3)2(aq)   > CaCO3(s) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) plus Any method used for removing permanent hardness.&ffff fffffffffffffff fff:x @`T , C ,Agcselogo2D , Bt\?>  RREMEMBER Only water containing SOLUBLE calcium and magnesium ions causes hardness.HS !-R H , 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0 dN(  d d 0 ZPERMANENT HARDNESS,(2ffT d C ,Agcselogo2H d 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +Y  0  x ` (  ` ` 0 ZPERMANENT HARDNESS,(2ff} ` 0(s Source Soluble calcium and magnesium compounds which dissolve in streams and rivers as they pass over and through rocks and soils. Z!!  @`T ` C ,Agcselogo2\ ` C 4Arockdissolveg EF |I F  ` P M `B ` 0D>-I -F `B  ` 0D>I F `B  ` 0D>|I |F `B  ` 0D> I F   ` 0$p = FO  LIMESTONE (CALCIUM CARBONATE)0    ` 0D l  7ROCKS CONTAINING SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDSB8 7  ` <% 2WATER CONTAINING SOLUBLE CALCIUM OR MAGNESIUM IONS33 2  ` 0T }  {)RAIN DISSOLVES THE SOLUBLE SALTS IN ROCKS**) H ` 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0 ht(  h h 0h ZPERMANENT HARDNESS,(2ff h 0/(sV  @Source Soluble calcium and magnesium compounds which dissolve in streams and rivers as they pass over and through rocks and soils. SOLUBLE calcium chloride CaCl2 magnesium chloride MgCl2 magnesium sulphate MgSO4 INSOLUBLE calcium carbonate CaCO3 magnesium carbonate MgCO3*A!!!      ! V @`T h C ,Agcselogo2H h 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +  0 0(l(  l l 0D& ZPERMANENT HARDNESS,(2ff l 0U(sV  @Source Soluble calcium and magnesium compounds which dissolve in streams and rivers as they pass over and through rocks and soils. SOLUBLE calcium chloride CaCl2 magnesium chloride MgCl2 magnesium sulphate MgSO4 INSOLUBLE calcium carbonate CaCO3 magnesium carbonate MgCO3*A!!!      ! V @`T l C ,Agcselogo2D l BDI?>  RREMEMBER Only water containing SOLUBLE calcium and magnesium ions causes hardness.HS !-R H l 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0   8=(  8 8 0h dPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL,(2ff 8 0n(s } DISTILLATION > !! @`T  8 C ,Agcselogo2H 8 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0  =( ,M   0v dPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL,(2ff  0t(s0 DISTILLATION Boil the water and collect pure water as the distillate. All the dissolved solids will be left behind. This is the only method to produce pure water. However, it is an expensive method because of the energy requirements. h !!KfR  @`T  C ,A distil1agtdB  <Do $ dB  <Do7 b  0 I P HARD WATER* (2 f  0E f  T PURE WATER. (2 ff   0  @ i  K CONDENSER& (2 dB   <Do/ ~ @ o T   C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0 4N(  4 4 0d dPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL,(2ff 4 0(s| ION-EXCHANGE RESIN H!! @`T 4 C ,Agcselogo2H 4 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +\ 0 { ( Ow@   0 dPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL,(2ffN  C &Aionex1 D  0(s) .ION-EXCHANGE RESIN " Ion-exchange resins are special compounds containing Na+ or H+ ions " Hard water contains soluble calcium and/or magnesium ions!!:  C @`dB  <D>4{  0,~& x ERESIN$(2T   C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +d  0    (    08 dPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL,(2ffL  0`(s ION-EXCHANGE RESIN " Ion-exchange resins are special compounds containing Na+ or H+ ions " Ca2+and Mg2+ ions in the hard water swap with those on the resin " The water comes out with Na+ ions in it " Ca2+and Mg2+ ions remain attached to the resin " Na+ and H+ ions do not cause hardness. Ca2+(aq) + 2Na+   > Ca2+ + 2Na+(aq) in hard water on resin on resin in softened water0!!:  R   '  &fffffffffM @`dB  <D> gN  C &A ionex24 J   0~& x ERESIN$(2T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0  (    0܁ dPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL,(2ffJ  0 (s  ION-EXCHANGE RESIN " Ion-exchange resins are special compounds containing Na+ or H+ ions " Eventually, all the Na+ ions get used up so the resin must be replaced or flushed through with sodium chloride solution to replace the calcium.!!: | @`dB  <D> gN   C &A ionex24 J    0~& x ERESIN$(2dB   <D>T   C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +v 0  -(    0D) dPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL,(2ff  0D4(s mSOAP 6! @`T   C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0 )!0<(  <R < s *  < 09 dPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL,(2ff < 0=(s0  xSOAP Soap molecules have two distinctly different ends; HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC  water hating  water liking attracts oil and grease attracts water!5,f f(!;f3 @`N < C &A soap1gGT < C ,Agcselogo2 < 0Eao  iCHAIN OF CARBON ATOMS(2 H < 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0 A9@@(  @R @ s *  @ 0C dPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL,(2ff @ 0[(s> SOAP Soap molecules have two distinctly different ends; HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC  water hating  water liking attracts oil and grease attracts water When soap is placed in hard water, it reacts with the calcium and magnesium ions to produce an unsightly, insoluble grey scum. V!5,f f(!<f3! @`N @ C &A soap1gGT @ C ,Agcselogo2 @ 0@Uao  iCHAIN OF CARBON ATOMS(2 H @ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +f  0 `H(  HR H s *  H 0w dPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL,(2ff< H 0|(s SOAP Soap molecules have two distinctly different ends; HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC  water hating  water liking attracts oil and grease attracts water When soap is placed in hard water, it reacts with the calcium and magnesium ions to produce an unsightly, insoluble grey scum. The scum is a calcium compound and is thus removed from the water. When all the hardness has been removed, the soap can act in the normal way.!5,f f(!<f3! @`N H C &A soap1gGT H C ,Agcselogo2 H 0~ao  iCHAIN OF CARBON ATOMS(2 H H 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +  0 5- (  R  s *   0h dPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL,(2ff  0(s7  SOAP Soap molecules have two distinctly different ends; HYDROPHOBIC HYDROPHILIC  water hating  water liking attracts oil and grease attracts water !4,f f(!<f3 @`N  C &A soap1gGT  C ,Agcselogo2  0ao  iCHAIN OF CARBON ATOMS(2    B ? z zIn HARD WATER AREAS it is better to use SOAPLESS DETERGENTS which have structures similar to soap. Detergents form a lather without forming a scum. Because of this they DO NOT REMOVE HARDNESS.x!!p!- H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0 PDA(  D D 0k dPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL,(2ff D 0Ѕ(s" WASHING SODA (sodium carbonate)0 !! @`T D C ,Agcselogo2H D 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +  0  L( w   0օ dPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL,(2ff  0H(s" WASHING SODA (sodium carbonate)0 !! @` 9 0- u fSodium carbonate is one of the few soluble carbonates - it is a good source of soluble carbonate ions.gg @`R > s *Zr L P  ?# bfr fB @ 6DoV VfB A 6Do  fB B 6DoPR C C *Ana+hardg2"R D C *Ana+hardg"R E C *Ana+hardg2fR F C *Ana+hardg"R G C *Ana+hardg5 R H C *Ana+hardgRF R I C *Aco3hardg R J C *Aco3hardgzR K C *Aco3hardgT L C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +  0   0S ( w   0 dPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL,(2ff  0(s" WASHING SODA (sodium carbonate)0 !! @` ; 0- fx  8Hard water contains soluble calcium (or magnesium) ions.99 @` < 0p- u fSodium carbonate is one of the few soluble carbonates - it is a good source of soluble carbonate ions.gg @`R = s *Zr L P  ># bfr fB ? 6DoV VfB @ 6Do  fB A 6DoPR B C *Ana+hardg2"R C C *Ana+hardg"R D C *Ana+hardg2fR E C *Ana+hardg"R F C *Ana+hardg5 R G C *Ana+hardgRF R H C *Aco3hardg R I C *Aco3hardgzR J C *Aco3hardgR K s *Jr L P  L# bJr fB M 6DoV VfB N 6Do  fB O 6DoPT P C ,Aca2+hardg <T Q C ,Aca2+hardg DB T R C ,Aca2+hardgD~RT S C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0 @,K0 ^(    0, dPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL,(2ff  0<;(s" WASHING SODA (sodium carbonate)0 !! @`X  0Zr L P  # bfr fB  6DoV VfB  6Do  fB   6DoPX   S 0Ana+hardg2"X   S 0Ana+hardg"X  S 0Ana+hardg2fX  S 0Ana+hardg"X  S 0Ana+hardg5 X  S 0Ana+hardgRF X  0R t r L P  # b r fB  6DoV VfB  6Do  fB  6DoPX  S 0Ana+hardg s eX  S 0Ana+hardg`  X  S 0Ana+hardgb @ X   S 0Ana+hardg2`  X " 0Jr L P  ## bJr fB $ 6DoV VfB % 6Do  fB & 6DoP : 0C-   /Add the two solutions in order to mix the ions.(0/ @` < 0V- fx  8Hard water contains soluble calcium (or magnesium) ions.99 @` = 0X- u fSodium carbonate is one of the few soluble carbonates - it is a good source of soluble carbonate ions.gg @`T > C ,Aca2+hardg <R ? C *Aco3hardg"z * T @ C ,Aca2+hardg DB T B C ,Aca2+hardgD~RT C C ,Aca2+hardg T D C ,Aca2+hardgv  R E C *Aco3hardgE R F C *Aco3hardg R G C *Aco3hardgzR H C *Aco3hardgT I C ,Agcselogo2XB J 0D>bbXB K@ 0D>bbH  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0 P+a ,( ! X . 0U y u X < 0 u u L P  /# e u fB 0 6DoV VfB 1 6Do  fB 2 6DoPX 6 S 0Ana+hardga  hX 7 S 0Ana+hardg hX 8 S 0Ana+hardgu 4 (X : S 0Ana+hardg1   0k dPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL,(2ff  0@o(s" WASHING SODA (sodium carbonate)0 !! @` B 0-  3The Ca2+ and CO32- ions come together to form a precipitate of insoluble calcium carbonate. The calcium ions are removed from the water so it is now soft.d    @`T E C ,Aca2+hardg  R F C *Aco3hardg l T G C ,Aca2+hardg' R a R H C *Aco3hardgBB J R I s *Zr L P  J# bfr fB K 6DoV VfB L 6Do  fB M 6DoPR N C *Ana+hardg2"R O C *Ana+hardg"R P C *Ana+hardg2fR Q C *Ana+hardg"R R C *Ana+hardg5 R S C *Ana+hardgRF R T C *Aco3hardg R U C *Aco3hardgzR V C *Aco3hardgR W s *Jr L P  X# bJr fB Y 6DoV VfB Z 6Do  fB [ 6DoPT \ C ,Aca2+hardg <T ] C ,Aca2+hardg DB T ^ C ,Aca2+hardgD~RT _ C ,Agcselogo2XB `@ 0D>bbXB a 0D>bbH  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +  0 xz( @ x x 0 dPERMANENT HARDNESS - REMOVAL,(2ff x 0(s  6WASHING SODA (sodium carbonate) - SUMMARY Sodium carbonate is one of the few soluble carbonates - it is a good source of soluble carbonate ions. Addition of washing soda to a solution containing magnesium ions or calcium ions results in the precipitation of insoluble carbonates. Once the magnesium, or calcium, has been removed from the water, the water is no longer hard - it is soft. equation CaCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)   > 2NaCl(aq) + CaCO3(s) ionic equation Ca2+(aq) + CO32-(aq)   > Ca2+CO32-(s)R**!!d!fff fffffffff!fffffffffff @`T x C ,Agcselogo2H x 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0 ( Ow@   08 R HARD WATER, (2 ff5  0(s yDisadvantages Furring up of pipes and boilers; the heating is not as effective blockages may lead to an explosion*z!l @`T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +w 0 pD.( w D D 0 R HARD WATER, (2 ff D 0 ۋ(sp (Disadvantages Furring up of pipes and boilers; the heating is not as effective blockages may lead to an explosion Furring up of kettle elements; wastes electricityJ!k3 @`P D C (Akettle2(mT D C ,Agcselogo2H D 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +> 0 e]( \+   0P R HARD WATER, (2 ff  0(s$  Disadvantages Furring up of pipes and boilers; the heating is not as effective blockages may lead to an explosion Furring up of kettle elements; wastes electricity Wastes soap; as some is needed to remove the hardness unsightly scum is formed during washingJ!g @`T  C ,Aglassscum hT  C ,Abasinscum NhT  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0  ( Ow@   0 R HARD WATER, (2 ffO  0(s2  sDisadvantages Furring up of pipes and boilers; the heating is not as effective blockages may lead to an explosion Furring up of kettle elements; wastes electricity Wastes soap; as some is needed to remove the hardness unsightly scum is formed during washing Advantages calcium strengthens teeth and bones. better for preventing heart diseasesJt 3S @`T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0 TK(  T T 0l WWATER POLLUTION,(2ffT T C ,Agcselogo2H T 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0 *"l(  l l 0, WWATER POLLUTION,(2ffg l 0/(s Origin nitrates and phosphates in farm fertilizers animal waste products industrial chemical waste lead ions (Pb2+) from old pipes H!t  @`T l C ,Agcselogo2H l 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +:  0 aYp(  p p 01 WWATER POLLUTION,(2ff p 06(s >vOrigin nitrates and phosphates in farm fertilizers animal waste products industrial chemical waste lead ions (Pb2+) from old pipes Effects Nitrates from fertilizers encourage plant and algae growth. When algae die they are decomposed by aerobic bacteria which need oxygen. The oxygen is thus removed from the water making the river  dead and incapable of supporting fish populations. Nitrates can also be converted to nitrites (which affect haemoglobin in blood) and into carcinogenic nitrosamines. Industrial waste can be in many forms including cyanide, detergents and heavy metals and radioactive products. A build up of lead can lead to brain damage.tz!  @`T p C ,Agcselogo2H p 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +P  0 wot(  t t 0, WWATER POLLUTION,(2ff t 0[(s TpOrigin nitrates and phosphates in farm fertilizers animal waste products industrial chemical waste lead ions (Pb2+) from old pipes Effects Nitrates from fertilizers encourage plant and algae growth. When algae die they are decomposed by aerobic bacteria which need oxygen. The oxygen is thus removed from the water making the river  dead and incapable of supporting fish populations. Nitrates can also be converted to nitrites (which affect haemoglobin in blood) and into carcinogenic nitrosamines. Industrial waste can be in many forms including cyanide, detergents, heavy metals and radioactive products. A build up of lead can lead to brain damage.z!~  @`T t C ,Agcselogo2H t 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0  xN(  x x 0i ZWATER PURIFICATION,(2ffT x C ,Agcselogo2H x 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0  \( ̙33 \ \ 0z ZWATER PURIFICATION,(2ffO \ 0|(si Water of the correct quality is essential for life. For humans, drinking water should have sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes. (! @`T \ C ,Agcselogo2H \ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +9 0 `X0|(  | | 0 ZWATER PURIFICATION,(2ff | 0(s$  :Water of the correct quality is essential for life. For humans, drinking water should have sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes. Filtration removes insoluble organic matter; the sludge is digested to produce methane. Aeration removes organic waste using oxygen-requiring bacteria. Chlorination kills bacteria to allow water to be used for drinking purposes. ! fRf9 fB @`T | C ,Agcselogo2H | 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +v 0 @-(    0X ZWATER PURIFICATION,(2ff  0p(s~  wWater of the correct quality is essential for life. For humans, drinking water should have sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes. Filtration removes insoluble organic matter; the sludge is digested to produce methane. Aeration removes organic waste using oxygen-requiring bacteria. Chlorination kills bacteria to allow water to be used for drinking purposes. IT CAN THEN BE SENT TO HOUSES THROUGH THE MAINS p0!/f/  @`T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0 >(    0? ZWATER PURIFICATION,(2ff  0H(s3  Water of the correct quality is essential for life. For humans, drinking water should have sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes. Filtration removes insoluble organic matter; the sludge is digested to produce methane. Aeration removes organic waste using oxygen-requiring bacteria. Chlorination kills bacteria to allow water to be used for drinking purposes. OTHER THINGS THAT CAN BE DONE Fluoridation Fluoride compounds are added to water in some areas to aid the prevention of tooth decay. The fluoride is only helpful to children and can be given in tablet form. Many people object to the addition of fluoride to drinking water. !! ! f  @`T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +~ 0 5(    0g ZWATER PURIFICATION,(2ff  0Hm(s5 GWater of the correct quality is essential for life. For humans, drinking water should have sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes. Filtration removes insoluble organic matter; the sludge is digested to produce methane. Aeration removes organic waste using oxygen-requiring bacteria. Chlorination kills bacteria to allow water to be used for drinking purposes. OTHER THINGS THAT CAN BE DONE Fluoridation Fluoride compounds are added to water in some areas to aid the prevention of tooth decay. The fluoride is only helpful to children and can be given in tablet form. Many people object to the addition of fluoride to drinking water. Water filters These contain carbon, silver and ion exchange resins and can remove some dissolved substances from tap water to improve the taste and quality. !! ! f f0   @`T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B + 0 (    0苻 ZWATER PURIFICATION,(2ff?  0(s5 Water of the correct quality is essential for life. For humans, drinking water should have sufficiently low levels of dissolved salts and microbes. Filtration removes insoluble organic matter; the sludge is digested to produce methane. Aeration removes organic waste using oxygen-requiring bacteria. Chlorination kills bacteria to allow water to be used for drinking purposes. OTHER THINGS THAT CAN BE DONE Fluoridation Fluoride compounds are added to water in some areas to aid the prevention of tooth decay. The fluoride is only helpful to children and can be given in tablet form. Many people object to the addition of fluoride to drinking water. Water filters These contain carbon, silver and ion exchange resins and can remove some dissolved substances from tap water to improve the taste and quality. Distillation Needs a lot of energy so is expensive but makes the purest water.!! ! f f fC0 O  @`T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D='  = @B +z 0 P!(    0e |0 2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING01(2 & f( fJ  C "A KTRE: .  <̙? x @ 0 0  <̙? x @ 0 0  0@  WATER THE ENDf(2826f<f$f$fT  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.^ +D='  = @B +rT p ^)`/1l"w*H= UN30kq@Nz>@X e}CE0}upkLrR*E39V \C)BZ}к<%0QUma0:\w{;>{Hhs  "'wpa-3v;ʙ^bfH}Oh+'0T px    (No Slide TitleHOPTONJONATHAN HOPTON487Microsoft PowerPoint@eog@`l @@hNx@RGSg  )'    """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3ff333f333333333f33333333f33f3ff3f3f3f3333f33̙33333f333333f3333f3ffffff3f33ff3f3f3f3fff3ffffffffff3ffff̙fff3fffff3fff333f3f3ff3ff33f̙̙3̙ff̙̙̙3f̙3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3f3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3ffffffffff!___www4'A x(xKʦ 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HOPTON  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnoqrstuvwyz{|}~Root EntrydO)Pictures<Current UserxSummaryInformation(EUPowerPoint Document(^JDocumentSummaryInformation8p