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S  0  ``  >*  0 `   @*  0tƍ `   @*n  VA޽h ?Parchment ̙33 Default Design~ 0L0  @#(  @ @ 0P +ORGANIC CHEMISTRY A guide for GCSE studentsR(2826f<ff  @ 0T(H OKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING(2 fJ @ C "A KTRE: . @ <̙? x @ 0 0 @ <̙? x @ 0 0T @ C ,Agcselogo2  @ 0\Z"`>B 2010 SPECIFICATIONSH0 G$G  B @ s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +S 0L0 bZ8(  8 8 0&H@} MORGANIC CHEMISTRY (2 fA 8 0p  INTRODUCTION This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board. Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at... www.knockhardy.org.uk (2 2(2 ! , dB 8 <D?  T 8 C ,Agcselogo2 8 B̙? & PAll diagrams, photographs and any animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any work that is distributed for financial gain. 2H5   &  _ z 8 bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0    < (  < < 0ɎC"?0  x CONTENTS What is organic chemistry? Hydrocarbons Alkanes Alkenes Alcohols Industrial preparation of alcohols Carboxylic acids and esters Questionsp 202} 2!! .K$ + < 0C"? n@ 0 0 < 6C"? y@ 0 0 < 6C"?@ 0 0 < 6C"?@ 0 0 < 6C"? @ 0 0 < 0ՎH@} MORGANIC CHEMISTRY (2 f  < 6C"?  @ 0 0T  < C ,Agcselogo2  < 6C"?  @ 0 0  < 6C"?  @ 0 0B < s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 {(  2  <T@!?C"? @  This Powerpoint presentation does not cover& DISTILLATION OF CRUDE OIL THE PETROCHEMICAL INDUSTRY POLYMERS For further information on these topics, please see the other Powerpoints on the Knockhardy GCSE site.x 2-!5!f !fgb             0!H@} MORGANIC CHEMISTRY (2 fT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +] 0L0 ld @(  @  @ 0\sq KORGANIC CHEMISTRY(2f  @ 0s [ WHAT IS IT? H   T  @ C ,Agcselogo2B @ s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  dH(  d> d 0M0; jOrganic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. It is such a complex branch of chemistry because... Dk!7 k  d 0q KORGANIC CHEMISTRY(2f d 0 [ WHAT IS IT? H   T d C ,Agcselogo2B d s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  hV(  hL h 0vM0 JOrganic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. It is such a complex branch of chemistry because... " CARBON ATOMS FORM STRONG COVALENT BONDS TO EACH OTHER ri!   h 0Hvq KORGANIC CHEMISTRY(2f h 04v [ WHAT IS IT? H   T h C ,Agcselogo2B h s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +C 0L0 RJ (    0,M0I  ~Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. It is such a complex branch of chemistry because... " CARBON ATOMS FORM STRONG COVALENT BONDS TO EACH OTHER " THE CARBON-CARBON BONDS CAN BE SINGLE, DOUBLE OR TRIPLE i9&!    0P,q KORGANIC CHEMISTRY(2f  0@, [ WHAT IS IT? H   T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  *(     0оM0  Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. It is such a complex branch of chemistry because... " CARBON ATOMS FORM STRONG COVALENT BONDS TO EACH OTHER " THE CARBON-CARBON BONDS CAN BE SINGLE, DOUBLE OR TRIPLE " CARBON ATOMS CAN BE ARRANGED IN STRAIGHT CHAINS BRANCHED CHAINS and RINGS Oi9<%!!! O   0#,q KORGANIC CHEMISTRY(2f  00, [ WHAT IS IT? H   T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  (  |  0־M0 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. It is such a complex branch of chemistry because... " CARBON ATOMS FORM STRONG COVALENT BONDS TO EACH OTHER " THE CARBON-CARBON BONDS CAN BE SINGLE, DOUBLE OR TRIPLE " CARBON ATOMS CAN BE ARRANGED IN STRAIGHT CHAINS BRANCHED CHAINS and RINGS " OTHER ATOMS/GROUPS OF ATOMS ARE PLACED ON CARBON ATOMS i9<h!    0 1q KORGANIC CHEMISTRY(2f  0t [ WHAT IS IT? H   T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +Y 0L0 h` l(  l l 0d#vM0 Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds. It is such a complex branch of chemistry because... " CARBON ATOMS FORM STRONG COVALENT BONDS TO EACH OTHER " THE CARBON-CARBON BONDS CAN BE SINGLE, DOUBLE OR TRIPLE " CARBON ATOMS CAN BE ARRANGED IN STRAIGHT CHAINS BRANCHED CHAINS and RINGS " OTHER ATOMS/GROUPS OF ATOMS ARE PLACED ON CARBON ATOMS P!7!&!%!!!!   l 04:vq KORGANIC CHEMISTRY(2f l 0(=v [ WHAT IS IT? H   T l C ,Agcselogo2B l s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0   H;(  H H 0Cv"`MF  ~nCARBON ATOMS CAN BE ARRANGED IN STRAIGHT CHAINS BRANCHED CHAINS and RINGS  H@PP/@P  o P H C (A caten2p>    H 0Uv- ^ 2You can also get a combination of rings and chains3X3 3   H 0Zvq KORGANIC CHEMISTRY(2f  H 0]v `CHAINS AND RINGS H  T  H C ,Agcselogo2B H s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0    L(  L0 L 0}v"`MF @CARBON-CARBON COVALENT BONDS CAN BE SINGLE, DOUBLE OR TRIPLE R=H@P<f A P L C (A caten6p   L 0vq KORGANIC CHEMISTRY(2f  L 0v kSINGLE AND MULTIPLE BONDING H  T  L C ,Agcselogo2B L s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 `\(  \ \ 0@1c  AHYDROCARBONS Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms2B(2 0!5$fT \ C ,Agcselogo2B \ s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +| 0L0  <!(  < < 0tvq KHOMOLOGOUS SERIES(2f < Bv? ?O  hA FAMILY OF COMPOUNDS WHICH HAVE& % A GENERAL FORMULA % SIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES [#!%!!! [ T  < C ,Agcselogo2B < s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 @Y(  @ @ 0`vq KHOMOLOGOUS SERIES(2f @ Bhv? ?O  A FAMILY OF COMPOUNDS WHICH HAVE& % A GENERAL FORMULA % SIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Examples:- i#!%!!! ! i T @ C ,Agcselogo2B @ s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +B 0L0 QIH(  H H 0Lvq KHOMOLOGOUS SERIES(2f H B\v? ?O  A FAMILY OF COMPOUNDS WHICH HAVE& % A GENERAL FORMULA % SIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Examples:- i#%! ! i  H 0v Z  $ALKANES CnH2n+2 CH4 C2H6  2 f ! ! ! ! f           T H C ,Agcselogo2B H s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +G 0L0 VND(  D D 0vq KHOMOLOGOUS SERIES(2f D Bv? ?O  A FAMILY OF COMPOUNDS WHICH HAVE& % A GENERAL FORMULA % SIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES Examples:- i#%! ! i  D 0y   );ALKANES CnH2n+2 CH4 C2H6 ALKENES CnH2n C2H4 C3H6< 2 f ! ! ! ! f         f ! ! ! ! f             < T D C ,Agcselogo2B D s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 .&0P(  P P 0yq KHOMOLOGOUS SERIES(2f P Bhv? ?O  "WHAT ARE THE NEXT IN EACH SERIES? 4""! # } P 0yt [ ALKANES ALKENES CH4 C2H6 C2H4 ? C3H6 ? ? ? ?\ 2 f $ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$f$!$f$f$ $$ $ $!$! $!$! \ T P C ,Agcselogo2B P s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +c 0L0 rj L(  L L 0+yq KHOMOLOGOUS SERIES(2f L B4y? ?O  "WHAT ARE THE NEXT IN EACH SERIES? 4""! #  L 0Byt aa ALKANES ALKENES CH4 C2H6 C2H4 C3H8 C3H6 C4H10 C4H8 C5H12 C5H10b 2 f $ $$ $$ $$ $$ $$f$!$!$!$!$f$ $$ $$!$!$!$!$f$!$!$!$!$$!$!$!$!$f$!$!$!$! b T L C ,Agcselogo2B L s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 p`a(  ` ` 0@by1  mALKANES SATURATED HYDROCARBONS2 (20!$fT ` C ,Agcselogo2B ` s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +R 0L0 aY(    0|_yq AALKANES(2f  0iy ^WHAT ARE THEY? H    Bmy? ?"6?@`NNN?N%x D % HYDROCARBONS % CARBON ATOMS ARE JOINED BY SINGLE COVALENT BONDS % CONTAIN THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HYDROGEN ATOMS % ARE SATURATED HYDROCARBONSff !f.f !   T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +D 0L0 SKPX(  X X 04yq AALKANES(2f X 0hy ^WHAT ARE THEY? H   X Bpy? ?"6?@`NNN?N%x 6% HYDROCARBONS % CARBON ATOMS ARE JOINED BY SINGLE COVALENT BONDS % CONTAIN THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF HYDROGEN ATOMS % ARE SATURATED HYDROCARBONS % EXAMPLES& METHANE CH4 ETHANE C2H6 PROPANE C3H8 BUTANE C4H10 GENERAL FORMULA IS& CnH2n+2j@22.f         !!!!  T X C ,Agcselogo2B X s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  #5(    0yq KALKANE STRUCTURES(2f  BЮy? ?"6?@`NNN?N- FBMETHANE ETHANE PROPANE CH4 C2H6 C3H8 Cf! !! !! ! ! !! !! C DF aQ    V*   0ؼyaQ  B H H  C  H HP@2    " ZB   s *Do~}~ ZB   s *Do U  " VAParchmentS" ?VcT # C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0   #|a (  | | 0(yq KALKANE STRUCTURES(2f | By? ?"6?@`NNN?N- FBMETHANE ETHANE PROPANE CH4 C2H6 C3H8 Cf! !! !! ! ! !! !! C $F  % |  VF | 0y % ^ H H H  C  C  H H HP"@2    0 ZB | s *Don#nZB | s *Do#ZB | s *DopspZB  | s *DosDF aQ   | V*  | 0yaQ  B H H  C  H HP@2    " ZB  | s *Do~}~ ZB  | s *Do U  "| VAParchmentS" ?VzT #| C ,Agcselogo2B | s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 &x?(  x x 0yq KALKANE STRUCTURES(2f x By? ?"6?@`NNN?N- FBMETHANE ETHANE PROPANE CH4 C2H6 C3H8 Cf! !! !! ! ! !! !! C $F  % x  VF x 0D| % ^ H H H  C  C  H H HP"@2    0 ZB x s *Don#nZB x s *Do#ZB x s *DopspZB  x s *DosDF aQ   x V*  x 0yaQ  B H H  C  H HP@2    " ZB  x s *Do~}~ ZB  x s *Do U F @  x mXb x 0|@  z H H H H  C  C  C  H H H HP+@2   > ZB x s *Do& & Q ZB x s *Do~ ~Q ZB x s *Do(  ( ZB x s *Do  ZB x s *Do Q ZB x s *Do  T "x C ,Agcselogo2v8 r }p &x r}p #x T|?))?"6?@`NNN?Nr }p |THESE ARE DISPLAYED STRUCTURES THEY SHOW ALL THE COVALENT BONDS IN THE MOLECULE Each covalent bond is represented by a lineVH2,H  !j } ZB %x s *D>B x s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 "Pt(  t t 0,B|q KALKANE STRUCTURES(2f t Blv? ?"6?@`NNN?N- FBMETHANE ETHANE PROPANE CH4 C2H6 C3H8 Cf! !! !! ! ! !! !! C $F  % t  VF t 0R| % ^ H H H  C  C  H H HP"@2    0 ZB t s *Don#nZB t s *Do#ZB t s *DopspZB  t s *DosDF aQ   t V*  t 0X|aQ  B H H  C  H HP@2    " ZB  t s *Do~}~ ZB  t s *Do U F @  t mXb t 0 b|@  z H H H H  C  C  C  H H H HP+@2   > ZB t s *Do& & Q ZB t s *Do~ ~Q ZB t s *Do(  ( ZB t s *Do  ZB t s *Do Q ZB t s *Do  F  N * Dt  N *N e 3 7 Et  N  Ft 0l|e 3 7 , H H H H H  C  C  C  C  H H H H Hf4@2  $ L ZB Gt s *Doc  ZB Ht s *Do&c & ZB It s *Do ;ZB Jt s *Do( (;ZB Kt s *Doc  ZB Lt s *Do ;ZB Mt s *Doc  ZB Nt s *Do ;e Ot By|? ?"6?@`NNN?N* BUTANE C4H10n f! !! !!  T Pt C ,Agcselogo2B t s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 ,$#+p(  p p 0|q KALKANE STRUCTURES(2f p B|? ?"6?@`NNN?N- FBMETHANE ETHANE PROPANE CH4 C2H6 C3H8 Cf! !! !! ! ! !! !! C $F  %  p  VF  p 0p| % ^ H H H  C  C  H H HP"@2    0 ZB  p s *Don#nZB  p s *Do#ZB  p s *DopspZB p s *DosDF aQ  p V* p 0|aQ  B H H  C  H HP@2    " ZB p s *Do~}~ ZB p s *Do U F @  p mXb p 0h|@  z H H H H  C  C  C  H H H HP+@2   > ZB p s *Do& & Q ZB p s *Do~ ~Q ZB p s *Do(  ( ZB p s *Do  ZB p s *Do Q ZB p s *Do  8  N * *p N *@ e 3 7 &p N  p 6`|e 3 7 , H H H H H  C  C  C  C  H H H H Hf4@2  $ L `B p 0Doc  `B p 0Do&c & `B  p 0Do ;`B !p 0Do( (;`B "p 0Doc  `B #p 0Do ;ZB $p s *Doc  ZB %p s *Do ;e 'p B`|? ?"6?@`NNN?N* BUTANE C4H10n f! !! !!   )p T(|?))?"6?@`NNN?N @ s PHOWEVER By the time you get to butane, there are two ways to arrange the carbon and hydrogen atoms& XH]f)1! e T +p C ,Agcselogo2B p s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  1 (    0|q KALKANE STRUCTURES(2fF e 3 7  f X  0|e 3 7  H H H H H  C  C  C  C  H H H H H*4@2  !!!!!!! L ZB  s *Doc  ZB  s *Do&c & ZB  s *Do ;ZB  s *Do( (;ZB  s *Doc  ZB  s *Do ;ZB  s *Doc  ZB  s *Do ;   BP|? ?"6?@`NNN?N l9  QBUTANE f  R8 B <  0<B  2 # 6B <  0 H H  C  H H H H  C    C    C  H H H Hd'@2@<@2   ! !!!!!  `B $ 0Do%%*`B % 0DoP:P`B & 0Do%%`B ' 0D!oRR `B ) 0Do2`B * 0DoRR`B + 0Do  - B? ?"6?@`NNN?N U  XMETHYLPROPANE f  O . B? ?"6?@`NNN?NSm  C C4H10j$!$!$!$!$!   / T!?))?"6?@`NNN?N w ]STRUCTURAL ISOMERS Compounds with the SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA but DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL FORMULAjHKf!! ^ T 1 C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +U 0L0 d\ 1U (    0xq KALKANE STRUCTURES(2f"8 @ d  ?_ y # ' 0D@ d  rp H H H H C C C H H H H C H HM@P@ !  !  q ZB ( s *D>{{RZB ) s *D>eeRZB * s *D!>x8ZB + s *D>\p\0ZB , s *D!>ZB - s *D!>ZB . s *D>RZB / s *D>  ZB 0 s *D>ZB 1 s *D>sms-ZB 2 s *D>AZB 3 s *D>a`B 4 0D>N8 a  >Qs i  6a  c H H C H H H C C H H H C H Hh@*@P@   ! !!  !  d `B ! 0D>`B " 0D!>`B # 0D>d8[8`B $ 0D!>z5q5ZB & s *D>22ZB 6 s *D!>kZB 7 s *D>A  ZB 8 s *D>X  `B 9 0D>  `B : 0D>oZB ; s *D>LwLZB < s *D>4DDZB = s *D>sB8 9B LQ R  A 6+9B LQ Vz H H H H H C C C C H H H H H[@P @ !!  { `B B 0D>t p t 0 `B C 0D>^p ^0 `B D 0D> V `B E 0D>UN U`B F 0D!> `B G 0D!> `B H 0D> p  0 `B I 0D>  `B J 0D!>  `B K 0D>l K l ZB O s *D>1 ( ZB P s *D>V ZB Q s *D>p 0 X S T;?̙))?"6?@`NNN?N41 (BEWARE! THESE ARE ALL THE SAME STRUCTURE>)Hf ! ) T U C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +0 0L0 ?7p?(    0@%q LISOMERS OF PENTANE(2f > T8(?̙))?"6?@`NNN?Np !C5H12 HOW MANY ISOMERS ARE THERE?z"H$f$f$f$f$$! " T ? C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0 /'`>(    0P2q LISOMERS OF PENTANE(2f} = T\;?̙))?"6?@`NNN?N C5H12 THERE ARE 3 ISOMERSrHf ff f!  T > C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +0  0L0 ? 7 P> (    0Aq LISOMERS OF PENTANE(2fF $_  T   0N$_ *h H H H H H H C C C C C H H H H H HQ@P@ + !!!! i ZB  s *D>3ZB  s *D>YZB  s *D!>H ZB  s *D!>  ZB   s *D!>\  ZB   s *D!>  ZB   s *D>WZB   s *D>RZB   s *D>u 3u ZB  s *D>g g RZB  s *D> 3 ZB  s *D>  RZB  s *D> 3 ZB  s *D>  RZB  s *D> 1 ZB  s *D>""P} = T(V?̙))?"6?@`NNN?N C5H12 THERE ARE 3 ISOMERSrHf ff f!  T > C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 @(>Y(    0bq LISOMERS OF PENTANE(2fF $_  T   0te$_ *h H H H H H H C C C C C H H H H H HQ@P@ + !!!! i ZB  s *D>3ZB  s *D>YZB  s *D!>H ZB  s *D!>  ZB   s *D!>\  ZB   s *D!>  ZB   s *D>WZB   s *D>RZB   s *D>u 3u ZB  s *D>g g RZB  s *D> 3 ZB  s *D>  RZB  s *D> 3 ZB  s *D>  RZB  s *D> 1 ZB  s *D>""P|F    H   0u   H H H H H C C C C H H H H H C H HE@P@@@ % !!'!  ZB  s *D>S Sr ZB  s *D> W X ZB  s *D!>W tX ZB  s *D!>?Y Z ZB  s *D!>T U ZB  s *D>VT  U ZB  s *D>S= S ZB  s *D> r ZB  s *D>=  ZB   s *D!>u ug ZB ! s *D>w= w ZB " s *D> r ZB # s *D>=  ZB $ s *D>kMk`B % 0D> `B & 0D> ; } = TP?̙))?"6?@`NNN?N C5H12 THERE ARE 3 ISOMERSrHf ff f!  T > C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 0>s@`(    0q LISOMERS OF PENTANE(2f 8 $_ ?T  " 6 $_ *h H H H H H H C C C C C H H H H H HQ@P@ + !!!! i `B & 0D>3`B * 0D>YZB 1 s *D!>H ZB 2 s *D!>  ZB 3 s *D!>\  ZB 4 s *D!>  ZB 5 s *D>WZB 6 s *D>RZB 7 s *D>u 3u ZB 8 s *D>g g RZB 9 s *D> 3 ZB : s *D>  RZB ; s *D> 3 ZB < s *D>  RZB = s *D> 1 ZB > s *D>""P8   UH  A 6P   H H H H H C C C C H H H H H C H HE@P@@@ % !!'!  `B B 0D>S Sr `B C 0D> W X `B D 0D!>W tX `B E 0D!>?Y Z `B F 0D!>T U `B G 0D>VT  U `B I 0D>S= S `B J 0D> r `B K 0D>=  `B L 0D!>u ug `B M 0D>w= w `B N 0D> r `B O 0D>=  ZB R s *D>kMk`B S 0D> `B T 0D> ;  8   > qP! C W 6ǀ %  K H H H C C C H H HZ;@A@ ! ! L `B X 0D> 0 `B Y 0D>  H  `B Z 0D!>7  `B [ 0D!> z `B ] 0D>\  `B ^ 0D> `B a 0D!>Y Y `B b 0D>  `B c 0D> 0 }@ }@  i <>`B e 0D>'/'fB f 6D>PfB g 6D>w h 0Ԁ}@  H C H H@ @@!   ZB j s *D!>X X @ DZ p <5 `B l 0D>9fB m 6D>  fB n 6D>> o 6,݀DZ  H H C HN@ !  } r T?̙))?"6?@`NNN?N C5H12 THERE ARE 3 ISOMERSrHf ff f!  T s C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +[ 0L0 jbP (    0q~ hSOME PROPERTIES OF ALKANES2(2ffB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 @ e(  ]  0A X0 Boiling point increases as they get more carbon atoms in the formula CH4 (-161C) C2H6 (-88C) C3H8 (-42C) C4H10 (-0.5C) 8 !!;        !    0xq~ hSOME PROPERTIES OF ALKANES2(2ffB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 0 d(  \  0* X0_  Boiling point increases as they get more carbon atoms in the formula CH4 (-161C) C2H6 (-88C) C3H8 (-42C) C4H10 (-0.5C) Viscosity Greater number of C atoms = greater viscosity Flammability Greater number of C atoms = less flammable  ; ! !0!/    0*q~ hSOME PROPERTIES OF ALKANES2(2ffB  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  P X(  X X 0 X0  ><Boiling point increases as they get more carbon atoms in the formula CH4 (-161C) C2H6 (-88C) C3H8 (-42C) C4H10 (-0.5C) Viscosity Greater number of C atoms = greater viscosity Flammability Greater number of C atoms = less flammable Use as fuels Alkanes make useful fuels = ; z !&    X 0`q~ hSOME PROPERTIES OF ALKANES2(2ff X B? ?"6?@`NNN?Nx   #CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O$      f $ XB X 0D>   B X s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +L  0L0 [ S ` (    0X5, X0  {uBoiling point increases as they get more carbon atoms in the formula CH4 (-161C) C2H6 (-88C) C3H8 (-42C) C4H10 (-0.5C) Viscosity Greater number of C atoms = greater viscosity Flammability Greater number of C atoms = less flammable Use as fuels Alkanes make useful fuels The more carbon atoms they have the more oxygen they needv ; z !;!&  Q   0*q~ hSOME PROPERTIES OF ALKANES2(2ff  B <,? ?"6?@`NNN?Nx   #CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O$      f $ XB  0D>     B8,? ?"6?@`NNN?N %C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O&       f & XB  0D>" "B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 dc(  d d 041  o!ALKENES UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS2"(20!$fT d C ,Agcselogo2B d s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +t 0L0 { l(  l l 0q AALKENES(2f l 0 ^WHAT ARE THEY? H   l Bx ? ?"6?@`NNN?N%x f<% HYDROCARBONS % CONTAIN A DOUBLE C=C COVALENT BOND % ARE UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS  THEY CAN HAVE ATOMS ADDED TO THEM % ARE MORE REACTIVE THAN ALKANES ff !f !6f!  T  l C ,Agcselogo2B l s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +@ 0L0 OG(    0hq AALKENES(2f  0 ^WHAT ARE THEY? H    B(? ?"6?@`NNN?N%x 2% HYDROCARBONS % CONTAIN A DOUBLE C=C COVALENT BOND % ARE UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS  THEY CAN HAVE ATOMS ADDED TO THEM % ARE MORE REACTIVE THAN ALKANES % EXAMPLES& ETHENE C2H4 PROPENE C3H6 BUTENE C4H8 GENERAL FORMULA IS& CnH2nW@($F!f        !!!!!  T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 1h0 )(  h h 0@q KALKENE STRUCTURES(2fXB h@ 0D>_@ s  h 04Dm w bDOUBLE COVALENT BOND 2  T h C ,Ac2h4plangm   h BH? ?"6?@`NNN?N ` 5ETHENE PROPENE C2H4 C3H66f! !! !! !! !! 6 8 `p  "hp   h 6S`p  ) H H C C H HV@P    * `B h 0D> ^  @ @ 7K  hb Y ZB h s *D>@ 7 ZB h s *D>@K 7K ZB h s *D> ^ ZB  h s *D>| < ZB !h s *D>| < ~8 '   0hp  < $h 6^'   H H H H C C C H H HV3@P / I `B %h 0D>   T @ 7K  &h# )3 { ZB 'h s *D>@ 7 ZB (h s *D>@K 7K `B )h 0D>| | `B *h 0D>  `B +h 0D>| | `B -h 0D>\[ S[ `B .h 0D>N[ E[ ZB /h s *D>  T 1h C ,Agcselogo2B h s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0   N( 0     0\oq KALKANES & ALKENES(2f   0r lHOW CAN YOU TELL THEM APART? H     0tv~P ^ADD BROMINE WATER; if the reddish-brown colour is removed the substance possesses a C=C bond.*_N _ N   C &ABrH2Og     0ȃHj@  &PLACE A SOLUTION OF BROMINE IN A TEST TUBE ADD THE HYDROCARBON TO BE TESTED AND SHAKE IF THE BROWN COLOUR DISAPPEARS THEN THE HYDROCARBON IS AN ALKENE^++@  3   0ȅPqb  A B C 2 2333     0     A B CJ33  T   C ,Agcselogo2B   s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 00 r(    0Lq LADDITION REACTIONS(2f  B? ?"6?@`NNN?N u  o#ETHENE 1,2-DIBROMOETHANE$$f $ 8 rO ^  Ud ~  6rO ^  T Br Br H C C H H Hr?@P  &#  0 `B  B 0D>T& T @ 7K   # 90ZB   s *D>@ 7 ZB   s *D>@K 7K `B  0D>[ `B  0D>}[} ZB  s *D>lcZB B s *D>08 O  -T c `B  0D>bb`B  0D>! !`B  0D>   6pO  T Br Br H C C H H Hz?@P  &#  0 `B !B 0D>1`B % 0D>``B & 0D>ZZ``B (B 0D> !!^B ) 6D> P 2 8  d  ,} * B8Ƀ? ?"6?@`NNN?N d   C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2!         ! lB + <D v  X   . B˃? ?"6?@`NNN?N] THIS REACTION IS USED AS A TEST FOR UNSATURATION - BROMINE WATER IS  DECOLOURISED .UU! U T / C ,Agcselogo2 0 0! WBROMINE H  B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 Y(    0hՃq LADDITION REACTIONS(2f  B\؃? ?"6?@`NNN?N u  jETHENE ETHANEf  m  6Ud  S H H H C C H H H>@P  3 3  T XB @ 0D> i; L @ 7K  #  NE ZB  s *D>@ 7 ZB   s *D>@K 7K XB   0D>a ! XB   0D>a ! XB   0D3>QHXB  @ 0D> E iF O   T c ZB  s *D>bbZB  s *D>! !ZB  s *D>e  04O  S H H H C C H H Hz>@P3 3 3  T ZB B s *D>1ZB  s *D>`ZB  s *D>ZZ`ZB B s *D> !!^B  6D> P 2 }F  d   }  BD? ?"6?@`NNN?N d  C2H4 + H2 C2H6         lB  <D v  X    B( ? ?"6?@`NNN?Nao 5[ VCATALYST  !  P  B? ?"6?@`NNN?N] RVEGETABLE OILS CONTAINING UNSATURATED FATS ARE HARDENED TO FORM MARGARINE THIS WAYSS! S T  C ,Agcselogo2  0$* XHYDROGEN H   B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +q 0L0 x((  ( ( 0#q HPOLYMERISATION(2fT ( C ,Agcselogo2 ( <4?C"? FFor more detailed information on POLYMERS, please see the appropriate Powerpoint on the Knockhardy GCSE site. www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm<(2n!!ZF          B ( s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0   (  @  0Ю!De V" during polymerisation, alkenes undergo an addition reaction " all the atoms in the original alkenes are used to form the polymer " long hydrocarbon chains are formed Z@(B !!<    0!q HPOLYMERISATION(2fT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0   (    0PD Z" during polymerisation, alkenes undergo an addition reaction " all the atoms in the original alkenes are used to form the polymer " long hydrocarbon chains are formed ,@()  P  C (AlongpolN  0q HPOLYMERISATION(2fT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0   (  (  0rDl  " during polymerisation, alkenes undergo an addition reaction " all the atoms in the original alkenes are used to form the polymer " long hydrocarbon chains are formed " the equation shows& the original monomer and the repeating unit in the polymer @(1@ ,@('!(!  P  C (AlongpolN  0sq HPOLYMERISATION(2fT  C ,Agcselogo2^  0L s  J ethene poly(ethene) MONOMER POLYMER P*!ff@     # P  C (ApolyethD NX B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +Y  0L0 h `  (    0Dl  " during polymerisation, alkenes undergo an addition reaction " all the atoms in the original alkenes are used to form the polymer " long hydrocarbon chains are formed " the equation shows& the original monomer and the repeating unit in the polymer V@(1@ ,@(]  P  C (AlongpolN  0iq HPOLYMERISATION(2fT  C ,Agcselogo2V  0  J ethene poly(ethene) MONOMER POLYMER H*!@     # P  C (ApolyethD NX XB  0DԔ +   0 D {n represents a large number0 2f  XB  @ 0DԔ: k8    0 0  Mthe number of repeating units is the same as the number of original molecules*N 2Mf N B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  ,(  ,  , 0ܖP7 9The animation shows the monomers turning into the polymer::! : T  , C ,Apolyanim1y= , 0eq HPOLYMERISATION(2fT , C ,Agcselogo2B , s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 8(    0,18 DALCOHOLS (2 0!T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +) 0L0 80(    04q BALCOHOLS (2 f  0x  ^WHAT ARE THEY? H    B? ?"6?@`NNN?N%x p% NOT HYDROCARBONS % CONTAIN THE  OH FUNCTIONAL GROUP z9fff ! 9 T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +- 0L0 <4(    0q BALCOHOLS (2 f  0 ^WHAT ARE THEY? H    B"? ?"6?@`NNN?N%x 8% NOT HYDROCARBONS % CONTAIN THE  OH FUNCTIONAL GROUP % EXAMPLES& METHANOL CH3OH ETHANOL C2H5OH PROPANOL C3H7OH GENERAL FORMULA IS& CnH2n+1OH9d@(!!f     !!!!!  T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +X 0L0 g_"9@(    05q LALCOHOL STRUCTURES(2f  BH:? ?"6?@`NNN?N  <METHANOL ETHANOL CH3OH C2H5OH=f! !! !! !! = }8    ( -  6PE   / H H C O H H`'@P    0 `B   0D>C C`B   0D>pZp`B   0D>pp`B  0D>CC`B  0D>ll7  6O  A H H H C C O H H H`3@P  ' B XB  0D>88XB  0D>WXB   0D> XB ! 0D>88dXB " 0D>XB $ 0D>wnXB % 0D>XB & 0D>dT ) C ,Agcselogo28 -  8 ? * 0 b-  G H H H H C C C O H H H H`7@P  +  H ZB + s *D>6  ZB , s *D> ZB - s *D>   ZB . s *D>ZB / s *D>  ZB 0 s *D> ZB 1 s *D>z 6 z ZB 2 s *D>r r ZB 3 s *D>  ZB 4 s *D>s > s ZB 5 s *D>s s ` 9 Bi? ?"6?@`NNN?N  PROPANOL C3H7OHn f! !! !!  B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0   3t  (  t t 0rq YSTRUCTURAL ISOMERS OF PROPANOL  (2 fT t C ,Agcselogo2F -  t ( ? t 0z-  G H H H H C C C O H H H H`7@P  +  H ZB t s *D>6  ZB t s *D> ZB t s *D>   ZB t s *D>ZB t s *D>  ZB t s *D> ZB t s *D>z 6 z ZB t s *D>r r ZB t s *D>  ZB  t s *D>s > s ZB !t s *D>s s  "t B? ?"6?@`NNN?N3  h  WPROPANOL C3H7OH or CH3CH2CH2OH  f! !! !!!!3 33 33 33  m 1t Tܓ?))?"6?@`NNN?NX  EThere is another alcohol with the same molecular formula What is it?69H :  F B t s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +2 0L0 A9  !x(  x x 0q YSTRUCTURAL ISOMERS OF PROPANOL  (2 fT x C ,Agcselogo2F -  x ( ? x 0-  G H H H H C C C O H H H H`7@P  +  H ZB x s *D>6  ZB x s *D> ZB x s *D>   ZB  x s *D>ZB  x s *D>  ZB  x s *D> ZB  x s *D>z 6 z ZB  x s *D>r r ZB x s *D>  ZB x s *D>s > s ZB x s *D>s s 7F 6 06 x  6 x 0Լ6 06 CK H H H H C C C H H O H H2@P  &!! L ZB x s *D> n ZB x s *D>   ZB x s *D>)   ZB x s *D> L ZB x s *D>  ZB x s *D>  ZB x s *D> n ZB x s *D>{ {L ZB x s *D!>dzdZB x s *D>t tv ZB x s *D>t tT m x T?))?"6?@`NNN?NX  EThere is another alcohol with the same molecular formula What is it?69H :  F   x BՎ? ?"6?@`NNN?N  6 9#PROPAN-2-OL C3H7OH or CH3CH(OH)CH3$ f! !! !!!!3 33 33 $   !x B? ?"6?@`NNN?N3  h  Z"PROPAN-1-OL C3H7OH or CH3CH2CH2OH# f! !! !!!!3 33 33 33 # B x s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +e 0L0 tl  (    0@3!q OREACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS(2fG  B*? ?"6?@`NNN?Np    C2H5OH + 3O2 2CO2 + 3H2O ETHANOL OXYGEN CARBON WATER DIOXIDE .@(M f        !Cf    Bx*? ?"6?@`NNN?N# V COMBUSTION  !    0* @  ALCOHOLS MAKE USEFUL FUELS ETHANOL IS A CLEAN FUEL - DOESN T FORM POLLUTANTS ETHANOL CAN BE MADE BY FERMENTATION (RENEWABLE)n@( !! (!  T   C ,Agcselogo2XB  0D> 3 B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  5(    0Rq OREACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS(2f_  0W @  ALCOHOLS CAN BE OXIDISED TO CARBOXYLIC ACIDS ETHANOL IS OXIDISED TO ETHANOIC ACID (ACETIC ACID) THIS IS WHY WINE GOES SOUR WHEN LEFT TOO LONG<@(c!0  T  C ,Agcselogo2  B^? ?"6?@`NNN?NK$# U OXIDATION  !     0*   F Air ETHANOL ETHANOIC ACID Wine Vinegar@"8! G XB   0D>@  @ B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0    #j (    0/q OREACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS(2f  B3? ?"6?@`NNN?Np    CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O ETHANOIC ETHANOL ETHYL WATER ACID ETHANOATE 3@(^ f         !\f     BXA? ?"6?@`NNN?N# ZESTERIFICATION!    0hF @* 8 ALCOHOLS REACT WITH CARBOXYLIC ACIDS THE REACTION IS REVERSIBLE COMPOUNDS CALLED ESTERS ARE FORMED ESTERS HAVE CHARACTERISTIC SMELLS|@( ! !!$  F ?   % " 8N   fB  6DolB  <BDo{>T  # L)?fB  6DolB   <BDo{T ! C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +Z 0L0 ia (    0<#q OREACTIONS OF ALCOHOLS(2fM  B,? ?"6?@`NNN?N8   2Na + 2C2H5OH 2C2H5ONa + H2 SODIUM ETHANOL SODIUM HYDROGEN ETHOXIDE 8@(I f      !Ef  C  0 @ 7 ALCOHOLS REACT WITH SODIUM HYDROGEN GAS IS PRODUCED|8@( ! !! 8 XB  0D>Q    B8? ?"6?@`NNN?NK$# `REACTION WITH SODIUM!  B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 p P(    0,q ` \"INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLS#(2#fT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0   R(    0eq ` \"INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLS#(2#f  08ky  rd1. FERMENTATION Reagent(s) GLUCOSE - produced by the hydrolysis of starch Conditions yeast warm, but no higher than 37C Equation C6H12O6   > 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 H@! !0 !f3!f ff ff ff ff ff ff&    T   C ,Agcselogo2    0xN P  H SUGAR ETHANOL CARBON (GLUCOSE) DIOXIDE@I3!A3H B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 p&(    0Ёq ` \"INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLS#(2#f  0䇐 n1. FERMENTATION Reagent(s) GLUCOSE - produced by the hydrolysis of starch Conditions yeast warm, but no higher than 37C Equation C6H12O6   > 2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 Advantages LOW ENERGY PROCESS USES RENEWABLE RESOURCES - PLANT MATERIAL SIMPLE EQUIPMENT Disadvantages SLOW PRODUCES IMPURE ETHANOL BATCH PROCESSH=@!u       !T !0&   3 T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  h(  *  00  2. HYDRATION OF ETHENE Reagent(s) ETHENE - from cracking of fractions from crude oil Conditions catalyst - phosphoric acid high temperature and pressure Equation C2H4 + H2O   > 2 C2H5OH H@ !!! !4 !=!f ff f f ff ff ff&      00q ` \"INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLS#(2#fT  C ,Agcselogo2   08U X  ~*ETHENE STEAM ETHANOL ++3* B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 .&@ (  l  080 2. HYDRATION OF ETHENE Reagent(s) ETHENE - from cracking of fractions from crude oil Conditions catalyst - phosphoric acid high temperature and pressure Equation C2H4 + H2O   > 2 C2H5OH Advantages FAST PURE ETHANOL PRODUCED CONTINUOUS PROCESS Disadvantages HIGH ENERGY PROCESS EXPENSIVE PLANT REQUIRED USES NON-RENEWABLE FOSSIL FUELS TO MAKE ETHENEHc@ !!!       !3 !a&   Y    0,q ` \"INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLS#(2#fT   C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 `n(    00 USES OF ETHANOL ALCOHOLIC DRINKS SOLVENT - industrial alcohol / methylated spirits FUEL - petrol substitute in countries with limited oil reservesH@@!ff0f@&K   P   0ȸq ` \"INDUSTRIAL PREPARATION OF ALCOHOLS#(2#fT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 @(    0@޸1 LCARBOXYLIC ACIDS (20!T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +5 0L0 D<(    0,q JCARBOXYLIC ACIDS(2f  0 ^WHAT ARE THEY? H    B? ?"6?@`NNN?N%x t% NOT HYDROCARBONS % CONTAIN THE  COOH FUNCTIONAL GROUP z;fff ! ; T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 6(    0q JCARBOXYLIC ACIDS(2f  0 ^WHAT ARE THEY? H  *  B? ?"6?@`NNN?N%x z.% NOT HYDROCARBONS % CONTAIN THE  COOH FUNCTIONAL GROUP % EXAMPLES& METHANOIC ACID HCOOH ETHANOIC ACID CH3COOH PROPANOIC ACID C2H5COOH ;]@(#!f6   !  T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +f  0L0 u m   (    0q TCARBOXYLIC ACID STRUCTURES(2fu  B? ?"6?@`NNN?N   IMETHANOIC ACID ETHANOIC ACID HCOOH CH3COOHLJ#f!! !! J H8  +  +  6 + & O H C O H4'@P   ' `B  0D>.`B  0D>~Z~`B  0D>~~`B   0D>d.d`B   0D>zz8      V   6&   < H O H C C O H H |3@P   " = `B   0D>8.8`B  0D>W~~`B  0D> ~ ~`B  0D>8 8`B  0D>zz`B  0D>w~n~`B  0D>.`B  0D>/./T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 T(    05q JCARBOXYLIC ACIDS(2f  0: TUSES H  R  BT>? ?"6?@`NNN?N%x % VINEGAR CONTAINS ETHANOIC ACID - ethanoic acid is used in the manufacture of rayon % ORANGES AND LEMONS CONTAIN CITRIC ACID % ASPIRIN IS A CARBOXYLIC ACID - it is used for pain relief and prevention heart attacks % VITAMIN C CONTAINS ASCORBIC ACID - it is used for pain relief and prevention heart attacksFf:'ffA!f>&'   T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 (    0Qq JCARBOXYLIC ACIDS(2f  0xV Y REACTIONS H     B$Z? ?"6?@`NNN?N%-  H% WEAK ACIDS - neutralised by alkalis to form salts - react with carbonates making salts, carbon dioxide and water % REACT WITH ALCOHOLS TO PRODUCE ESTERSv fp%f  T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  |6(  | | 0hg18 BESTERS (20!T | C ,Agcselogo2B | s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B ++ 0L0 :2 (    0mq @ESTERS(2f  0q ^WHAT ARE THEY? H    B$v? ?"6?@`NNN?N%x t% NOT HYDROCARBONS % CONTAIN THE  COOC FUNCTIONAL GROUP z;fff ! ; T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  (    0T3q @ESTERS(2f  0I ^WHAT ARE THEY? H    Bt;? ?"6?@`NNN?N%x % NOT HYDROCARBONS % CONTAIN THE  COOC FUNCTIONAL GROUP % FORMATION& Formed by replacing the H on the COOH of a carboxylic acid by a carbon atom group METHANOIC (HCOOH) METHYL (HCOOCH3) ACID METHANOATE ETHANOIC (CH3COOH) METHYL (CH3COOCH3) ACID ETHANOATE :@(#!fe!!!(3 ! !!(3 g T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0   (    0؀q @ESTERS(2f  0 ^WHAT ARE THEY? H    B? ?"6?@`NNN?N%x &% NOT HYDROCARBONS % CONTAIN THE  COOC FUNCTIONAL GROUP % FORMATION& Formed by replacing the H on the COOH of a carboxylic acid by a carbon atom group METHANOIC (HCOOH) METHYL (HCOOCH3) ACID METHANOATE ETHANOIC (CH3COOH) METHYL (CH3COOCH3) ACID ETHANOATE % USE& Flavourings  many have fruity odours:@(L#!e/C/f+  T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 9(  T  C ,Agcselogo2  0*18 E QUESTIONS (2 0!B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +c 0L0 rj@ (    0s&q C QUESTIONS (2 f  B<? ?"6?@`NNN?N  @4 C10H22 C3H6 C2H6 C2H6O C6H12O6 C3H7COOH5         !      5   0=$ q!WHICH FORMULAE REPRESENT ALKANES? "(2" " T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  j(    0q C QUESTIONS (2 fR  B? ?"6?@`NNN?N  4 C10H22 C3H6 C2H6 C2H6O C6H12O6 C3H7COOH>5ffffffff 5 T  C ,Agcselogo2  0LQ=$ q!WHICH FORMULAE REPRESENT ALKANES? "(2" " B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +Q 0L0 `X0 (    0Hc&q C QUESTIONS (2 f  B? ?"6?@`NNN?N   6J HCOOC2H5 C3H7COOH C6H6COOCH3 C2H5COOC3H7 CH3COOH K                K   0=$ iCARBOXYLIC ACID OR ESTER? (2  T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +0 0L0 ?7` (    01*q C QUESTIONS (2 f  Bt? ?"6?@`NNN?N   w HCOOC2H5 ESTER C3H7COOH CARBOXYLIC ACID C6H6COOCH3 ESTER C2H5COOC3H7 ESTER CH3COOH CARBOXYLIC ACIDnx 33333f3f3f3f3f3f3 333333 3 333333333f3f3f3 x   0Z&=$ iCARBOXYLIC ACID OR ESTER? (2  T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 P 3>0 (    0&q C QUESTIONS (2 f  0\޹=$ z*WHAT TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUND ARE THESE?  +(2+ + T  C ,Agcselogo2F @    b  0&@  z H H H H  C  C  C  H H H HP+@2   > ZB  s *Do& & Q ZB   s *Do~ ~Q ZB   s *Do(  ( ZB   s *Do  ZB   s *Do Q ZB   s *Do   8    D]  6X&  C H H O H C C C O H H H|7@P   & D `B  0D>o o `B  0D>'u'`B  0D> ' '`B  0D>o o u`B  0D> ##`B  0D>''`B  0D>66`B  0D>ZB  s *D>""ZB  s *D>FFZB  s *D>GGuW8   ,/ (>q  62&  W H H O H H C C C O C H H H H|C@P  2 X `B  0D>3 3 `B  0D>rM 9M `B   0D> M M `B ! 0D>3 3 `B " 0D> I I `B # 0D>M M `B $ 0D>  `B % 0D>J J `B & 0D>{H rH `B ' 0D>   `B ( 0D>   ZB ) s *D>Z Z ZB * s *D>  ZB + s *D>  8 S b : @O*Y . 6S b ? H H H C C H H O H|.@P    @ `B / 0D>c cA `B 1 0D>  `B 2 0D>c_ c`B 3 0D>  `B 4 0D>`B 7 0D>  `B 8 0D>: :K `B 9 0D>;_ ;B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 p 77g(    0S*q C QUESTIONS (2 f  0\*=$ z*WHAT TYPES OF ORGANIC COMPOUND ARE THESE?  +(2+ + T  C ,Agcselogo2F @    b  0&@  z H H H H  C  C  C  H H H HP+@2   > ZB  s *Do& & Q ZB  s *Do~ ~Q ZB   s *Do(  ( ZB   s *Do  ZB   s *Do Q ZB   s *Do  F      DW  0T  C H H O H C C C O H H H|7@P   & D ZB  s *D>o o ZB  s *D>'u'ZB  s *D> ' 'ZB  s *D>o o uZB  s *D> ##ZB  s *D>''ZB  s *D>66ZB  s *D>ZB  s *D>""ZB  s *D>FFZB  s *D>GGuF    / (>k  0P  W H H O H H C C C O C H H H H|C@P  2 X ZB  s *D>3 3 ZB  s *D>rM 9M ZB  s *D> M M ZB  s *D>3 3 ZB   s *D> I I ZB ! s *D>M M ZB " s *D>  ZB # s *D>J J ZB $ s *D>{H rH ZB % s *D>   ZB & s *D>   ZB ' s *D>Z Z ZB ( s *D>  ZB ) s *D>  F S b *  @O*S + 08S b ? 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