ࡱ> FzFE-Qڛb>"JFIFKKMSO Palette C   ")$+*($''-2@7-0=0''8L9=CEHIH+6OUNFT@GHEC !!E.'.EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE"!!1AQqa!1 ?F3]'IƓe5,J$3?O 5LXyYL4tO%fxM\DXL`: a2HS=rtd+f\UtV5m7L?cf7 `Zx5\knf lr߷\~3qАPNG  IHDRusPLTEϣߵ ,,,[[[sssJJJ BBB99++;;;nnn~~!!**```ssߠ mQQ11͕KJHHAATT##ń朜bb|| |//糳CC쵵ZZ!!ttЛ111ccȋեfJJ[[DDUUU //[[jj??ܵ33:9|zjj͢jjо::ߤ}}"II**%%IIQQUUܭVV٭ҠXX͵䔔11& ƋCCsss{ 88ccω֫ʽxƴUU̎kk@@hhm_cR33oxxWSll>6cc**tt{{⼼NIP.7(磣鰰"`[[ss<0ӪllO=||ddL' ᴴB51{M@oD4ӝ^^^c6èNNGG>? A=ÌǛِůnj<<*` e(FF+)Hn0yR|9VVeeA>occxxv00rrGGֱzoplppMMg_cc[z@gM9 tRNS@fbKGDH cmPPJCmp0712Hs IDAThCŚuxig&3HiS [H϶)-mKm[hWpp<8²vz=H23ɾLox˻f2xX]>*0fuXSز)@->Gb!Ph49x:OU^=.&|Z8GDCjXX S(χpU@U!c Q \j^haYPڜPPhU!+rħȯ2%#!P4VAaCᦞ&VBg,u*r 8XsmFCԦ 1T NGA9ml TI mb[WjrÚ:"<kﻄ K֧EՀ2' +p?‰G ~R*o P:8W? 0aWHXyHX=(cx0l<аqUXS,۵G]L[~୭iDsPZm [Wg^G8~S`XP-TM/뛷r"MVh/n !- ԓԼZjHR4mpk ӄvn{`UC%n}Bkihc9JB]`CJ -7*3gb#/~Wצ5tT $)er% cO=[.}R++N750)VQ[Z5Gx_lYeٵg۵e3k_W9q*|O}{5v9<:(Hڭ9Oq MV?wONnkXL<±5 VE/lŸ ‘}y#A=-u9xKb,Aʐgz0ضCV? h^ LHWGpDDm `>_sR5F0a / BeWun K>L,.-L!eHY}G}>JVz֞صkP쁛ٗ=Ak¹?pL>8iBԗG ,觰j eJf˙#7P%+E]&m(SGIK`Q=UPq ծ@ƈ tY)C3j]+ݾn"#wCz)(ɷoP ?Knz9ǾQ0#_;3mnBNDp!(S-vD %j8sgo^`mBER]/ VZjqG͛ Yhp}E2efߡ`XnXؠҊ&ݍ6ă tOsNSu j9'dO-2y SP3d^,+DB3 Tbb;p322ٹmU5/&Ub9njosdŻ֌C)'4PjL^ ʲQ5pT\ʐ;ITa{Z/'2$*+Z4/- "jÒ v]v7 Th 6sZht0 ElMPI?A 3SVEBi/3hSM2:TsLWK֤ j:T:f} \[L@55;(jj3ʨY2RE])o*R РKh+UWV luNˑrpP bYBägz7zǀy!1o0w6̓%96SE]cC~iy:LY~H*cauK2LӒ̷X'7W؟˴LZ7N>Zs>9U{UKue'zHWUe^W\Pfil8.v8քjL,ӡd;WIJzN:kиJ_]+,,mPb`Yw*YR>tnZ~Q@m6pO*X+vDtgIu8o %;t/ukʑֽoGXuDƿ #RE]30Eg) [86}Y̝q*GM68}se!D:1Xׅ#3*GLMe-R`3wݭWœO]+CunǞ횕tvgu~Ou' >m4>>  ### &222).#/#6);-<-uuC2H6 + LL8&&$"LLLJJJ  887766554433221100//..--,,++**))((''&&%%$$##""!!  f܎tRNS@fbKGDH cmPPJCmp0712Hs IDATx^흱kGdݑBE+T3icCpO!`dl: IĐBpWfu'ݮv{f}󛙝5('/'k)7L}\Z=;>J0rأ>y}:?. CfR.Br;}$ rK%|y޶+a,[E(ñσ=uPBޘ8w4Z~ _ c/g R.tbM vU2wFp!l~ bM3.~ůU}JJ 9ih~OWX9†$%S)TynTsD;9=)\o@~?<^.4pmu@dA_.!\E MIُpDѾi}\V+c\3pmxNǾMj}~$umm5?e}z~~6_ WaJNmWaڜr}zB-·('}[WaڜN[ը_I\ Wa•>H뗬&p9slՙm?6~W\: /ks7&M(צH=i-0*G/Dasiz܂~(nuYFT6;uMklE܉s ،W&bg3plI{ CN5~p V{ؒ#\!v/܀sؚ!\@!~_>Dk(k|Q{= pM jBnp ѻ ! \@!~~EADB.5= @H&! kQr)[BܢRIsDz\ieT7_l>eX_Sʛ-6\IcIO5y5[}_SK%>\ȞQ&8Kw"|FXLI)#&N: m e DF4 NlNN;VkxE!:ȝܟӐӗ"wrRNCO_iK; ?})r!/E4ɋtOoRgS|٨^]p$vD *i]pdu\.xtS * ](\υr*\(\ͅ*\Q.傟 pA*|U 2_y\WyZDoP/S9~A*,.TV.H pAhT R@\:.P\xمT.,O˿N³E/*7w|\@5\T.J=!d`hd.κ 7}\ $TtvuEޛmOPg]b}/PgMiꬩ\Hxvuz+Qg]مY#Pg]хtPN# p@q% DPN# pMǝFJT.:u|]},ReNY^DeNYSP......(  & & & & &         u֍{\.BpA:ʞ† Pj >\ .HnpA&| P.B:v=e.PA]g,.T @Q0pv .HU\J ŵp] uu5\{-]% TPY[.Kb.PA]gmB@uu [90p :k : p :k v0u%.$!$\Bbmlfp :k ďbk t u ]RfA,\hz y2\xpg:…999cDU`BRg>PJu\`B…9D؅DL0HX2 s 2|BBⳡOP9Dޅ'(BB%\C\9 s jfO*fbknVoV-־gg3Hp!`Qw+^B"k3z's}.7Ub& 0(ƛrp!.jg"Ac:1hv{oۭ/fϡ4:oӲ}ơoW H ʻpGz9w. o{WmNv幢ȄKL{[^͠ _9տ.cpno^w^Ϙ#[Ԗm.ۜI  ʸŽm'?xEb]{u5-\uuKV^|V.9ϒe˴N??+ɅwRM ܹs}WuUMW_o-7,9APLK:kL҆ɅgL\x _%օkfqWoZ -XeZYSQfe&i6Յ_*.l9aĺPb޸|ҥ/QyKv- ˒Z Z T/9xѓWuA7ًk/{Yrl0Yk.>ɅBa|_PnUb]X{?,U`A2-aֳN|[h0!ML=; ĺI/XuM_7%;{͖{LKr3I&Ni.FɁg6~*.\dn5lz˚oe£ !Bg=a&iiͅԎqr7މ_%օBcͽ|5k֬Yp…^peZįgBv!{ǿbȑ#+Vx!U܅ r( b&i5qGuRMM>ũMxsSM:r(eZįgxn!CŽO?.doP.PL]Ȟ2dH}g]P>k|GspQr=5, !WwAQ^K?`|ͮg^VeZįg~Cѩm/q<w8s'OLM22u|3y*+z;ev>xUহEdeT*տIs;|?(ep̥q"2u2xt>ͅǾ_|]p!Etꬋ@[Wg~d [yUMۀq"`?wa>;w$]prx"~=k~hhFΎѵ ʢHůg/є1`8C9zvtz%.\ځ_4 Sc{?C*\9gvZz281:N~`?;=V/!OY; ϐ_1qȑ+(K׳v }ۦԦoS  2d(h3*įg?)Cԇ *Q*įgR !V׳vP1iSU@Pep p Y;uQsFY; sVY; rfY; rvY; QrY; rY; qY; qY; QqY; qY; pY; pY; QpAzA\vuh1\"Fu TĨ: uֶ ".Y $9$ *B; uC:tff[o[STA"™P. ~څRp!C=RAB8Ա uVg] FڅzG/J>V yפ;B2y]S3Vy~Vn.y);-b_F3620@9  ,Lq ~ LEdEF Vsubn̫3|K뉡=FbNW n^B$1 ;d|Bv @vhcs>) 霖y˱f~ҖK@Zjs=1fCjxsx6\ؐQ |Rm?s[ݞ2Z4 :C(ȜvUƸ6pJ8nRI=gó *Hk}+,]V ) )Hx R_C$aZ\i7F3. H9NQ=IqtAr0kVcg''djvM;zvQIvJ8fP:'mdpBi4.>7!}sZ 'IZ#,$9ưSIv0GH9lco1rtEXtOFIENDB`na 7`]!PNG  IHDR))PLTEcc ssJJ}}[[ll""SS22::AA**Y99nYYeSSlTTS99M""TAAR22YBBl``L11D$$YX//D22A**jMeJJrRK**};;}S""RHHf i((LLJAAnnfeeMMTPPY##||ei@@::k;;`XXss`##f,,++~~tooaaohh$$~r 22ZZ77--H==l??f<>>>**??l5599 W&&i aar?? ir>>BBAA@@??>>==<<;;::99887766554433221100//..--,,++**))((''&&%%$$##""!!  *`gtRNS@fbKGDH cmPPJCmp0712HsIDAT8OuwGw* D?]$!.Yq-v^{wk^{Oc'[fvA,/y;3s42*&+RhJi:ip[,w/zMy=ŪuFlX~ހڬwU[4L.ICkk@5Z֫%Z8[u,$lq:].(&6.$7sՎBrEQ XtvNΎNDy|[g' ;֙V;r\Q XkY28;sCCcp~#coWI_d(zF> LUN滱3  Sk䝫*rhJqhࣧH%ʘy^Zr+OPx]GiUN+d{&>K.vKCivL#iNr[zFOܾ+˜ AENtOo&77D3e5!xFp-_?lUI@2L,EYy{c_f۶xtvh^P9 LHY Ox2wT?QJ2eca{e8vusG@0tLۣsh\C~aMI?Pw_.aT8rx`zPԾ}<8/`he_ǰS=ŸOKCoUI2̕s.UG*yT?cɳx]Tg W boh/N?!x*0-(vR TODyyrd{Gw+F=+l.[J':::vö}hu{SD%WQGq?pgTvb:q_N,<7-jc[Mzkhb)'%î|pYPD+ YM4yYWO@yRD?6ywr_O.''&&%%$$##""!!  ܍tRNS@fbKGDH cmPPJCmp0712Hs IDAT8Ou{"Wo挠a HCDiH@ݸomw+]֞l;0h2ouwrk??k_׬q<)] 2x+ ڬg7Qk}>ʇIpQ PT@ws*Qty^%?Tۊ> rƂ,y-䯽Q`6܀ٌg 2ǠH2sN >v7،SkAg!%oĈ Fzw : 4w蝣J Eٙ58,Fݻ2=M<7c?vlJkvAlFL&3wpaq0<  Cd匿I3ldd%'?6>qϑhȿ@J ENph|>jjG}O? ;v NIIU {!R̉_g.ɜGBq~ ݎ=-g u?I\ٷ3$,+p!y/g0$"#l7z cL8;/XqKqFHNth~L)ge&%W'&'b]5eSHZyZs_- k-:rq?hC8n1{}h2xD*z*¹5\7\#[ntj>>AAA;;;^^^}}} ggg...+++vvvMMM(((555sss888bbb222񹹹[[[ȭhhhС111DDD 0tRNS@fbKGDH cmPPJCmp0712Hs+IDATx^;Σ0YJGҧET\EBHIKpHHEcM˟W00粝n( 3è慯g_m 3VSyYIfl²> o/z'{1}U"]HD΂zwѝ>mtN cAyh!G" ]8xqp0YŦMH0m$ O<Y1%iK$nݼt0l4OcƤ1vΎp` fc] Ў.IrkeG}١{]ڎ qOxke$&`\q?,_zaR!ŨXg34bp|mNqg(vkxiq'ٗ1BB]}F$fD69wH$@ H$iHgͱ!{rXEqx  \2NC#l2EqJ$% lbzG-o3qC!+3{\%?)̈&$z$lWd,FJ0_y#PKi񚨪+dfmI`ђ@I`+x/%`e07)qzS/@] $I`@BLs?pUv%d%K*KzvKq}H*pUi$r+ C7OD́@XI`(GEGJ薑xETY b"H@5@e|#~O`J/lyq' pQW&@oe'fE,&V1PX2)V.@Pk~MQQP̳BG[dV@˷Llso8Jm10 y tE4% DwcC۔̷} @@ DžLK%=@;p'nee5B__=s/ H`]#zDYZw/%!-]Zd:` ]K`y}I#ϻ X ܽ քcf\.h;?NU@VO ZlC .=ކ$ ϥMwO"pB}lVqxk$7FB`b/p$x"r.o3|`TJ@P墌^%l%E`[eFj`^|on\E"ȳ$,]EK /j@t ||2˖ņ@*|vv@Ov$( '"=ľ$PH+R |p9R*vÚ &۬b7utb%ttw+*"?{?0gw.\%$B!M}ɉ +~Ks0S 9vYX3Qv`B#C^ى Ћ61:^~`@_E ~ JG`]Rb$z%E ;dHw׍@Ev?ⲳ@f{$ g`d@nPE)), oca1Z`HµhDhɬS^vNf|&=1abop/c𢜍uEYG#DaE+ciDr>;|'VƛPo-c *]qi'YCzaAZ.D0cX8,Fj&bZ5+uYeXXcM~"o #2}ʓ~K jovűNH>9(4`5M8=Vs"f%78v#XJFIE@>2s> 'ViD ZahݪZ\4+zl:є@2D`6X rf^H 30`2SD`SXE,'/ܥ`f~XsHV8ѢB22 lêz܀10h97:.UpU[Q*R Ud # ȶQ]_N CD&1|6LL\Ý@JRьvuIa^] ^gg+:/8b&͐ pbm$((`Y()]@`nkV%6GtCLw҉@^[mfv_Kӈ@i{_/@! "ak>tbZ2S}~66hgJ;uu!+53%ppJI;zaennD#u9͓D&vAsj݋k_"nVyڊhdiAdN--BAh-r'V)Hq kQ~X+_'9.}py#:P PnYf:5T ԃ.}0r;|%R#p'n1/E``B Ccaڃ+\6S_Wi%AiAii5\2' d| 4Bc0;+>WO;.a#Xl) \CUͺVܒ&kV#fyqj+ܨt{W6 Vw7[jL ן@#Z$B^V+m| =hVbpݯ3Х]C"ქft/ DtV:6b 3zXtܤ4<}w:SD%@q;41`JmBk8q ;S|Cؘo:?'*hp`.p˂Ŝ v9A@g71'v\u< r+6\6AXll+;V2lq X$X$x'삽XC/ v ga _uт. _[=_H\9]:8,gLNbvuXJ"A lvQ_5!$C۪xКݳ>C! la3rސ~eH`  f&H` rnÍq?G`(RTښC#W|LwcZ?\O1i"tp0:8yYrbu~9ݽD?E`K\(ۮ/gvTBeP#й~"t✟$凉(C!> }KDX3'e}} >w[$!tPi^38U®:.Rn0Wvע~+2Jp LpC/]4DQ >~xIyaa6;7X1_C`-}&J#დ#xѳ+]-t/7%y ~xJZSo [<x`)k2G'-G?#(7/-z}?$MYA`gS|uָszy#őYFjoۃVi@nS+ξB34v?5x.#Tq07[W6VD 7#FS[g?N8o;Y R)Q}0LV,ˠPX>/;Ժ#0e}f| l U~F` \5GX&k:l|e7a"5T z]oo?Z#&[CU.w Zu ?UOD`-Zg`U/D`-Zg`DϟZO>&k:sL3ZN৉: Au {8d돪U@&k vU퇉Z3-" Ы}xe"ZK`>t;*öZ/PZ-'6'r]BEl A$/L#aI ^eDY*p9qt-1jqyj̗*:w"&T~D_H~D '_&CcKp:?&{?D]<@NI9%p%'_֖~#h(H6Gqm sᅽ~ kKpsҺ0aaԖ@xr:M- :$at.j[Sg9SXC^|p:W-3lZ w"0V CDR'Y&@uZI}p^&HGN"+2i6fLNq6FUɆգ޾jښb."4~$ٙӪCBr r}N k"tjD`x)M ${Kh"T,D #^ ED&=f!R($01 HBD`q~"Uyh$i?PwCl D`D 8@ w?9?xdUl셯ʴ^Ul-OOonT9UMg8p)kK̿JMӚwoa/&If`)2+DY!/"vWu0˹i͐zM&#F"$?H"W3^${%p${%pc qj)E3ߧNfcr^rc?Sc P)`!8~T d^ȝq?+WL6oD&kc$N6(#Ϫ JȖ&6}іM@fh1Dd֎2xvјhti<jWms),8TO,Y3az*s'(Z+=P1NwM,X'gP(I( > }z:t49r!0s_ɘ  I eۣ PSOaux~pS"bReML#l?&E ;¤!(փk`Z28N@)C R|41 Nw#u-^{S#'5!f'p)Ҍ u~l C\ ĥ`}s￝⻡s R󘑾Omٟk4lqs#H q)x&Dg ԟ_Ia$@ڬR6s>'ժAdnE"Wg?/6w#3î6L>j~wpͼ3H#d:ȗXNT I0% o8EG^Ŏ|H`K͛.(`2 $E%  : .H{Hs']n3 ^D[]v<_2mcM<~2`J7o~󃠊X.'I D/ ')&[K{p' 4&!m $gdbD6+IΣ#6292LF"#̢28QB6YF,%֭!BخM.rgy & y0ݟqR\+0,L5U9@592`S{9na{LknGqڪ؅nl%6yS. `ӛ(#421j2#gSm#". Dkf "`{!4n\BXEs\ҎY ߊ2j2#e2v#,]J=nIz#+v9D<<o/ Lrٓe\#I=-vuU&'-sm=t6P!Y@X$;eeX-Cp@\vw`^2v@[c ;,yr}ED`OE4 5twD@vvyvcs « .!Kv3K}=U.:mh Ņ%~Fh )?xcnà$mG)l\2+^ g%ѡ>Ο5>5R.I$@ H$I$@ H$I$@ H$Fp?@Q ֨jt,$ gbj^ jCOzK 8?b"P/}̯6DtGmy6M1-=@̠xD33нM$|kAWzC8_r"P=̷43_rK 8?b"P/}̯6DtW@1ӹ^-rVŖGIENDB`nk Xue6ȡPNG  IHDR 8 PLTE---333 fff𙙙WWW666ZZZ***ccc<<<rrr瓓NNN''' KKK~~~```]]]xxx000TTT{{{QQQooo!!!BBBlllآuuu||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| |_htRNS@fbKGDH cmPPJCmp0712HsIDATx^]O"YE+E>j|$UP{U]\fu9{N*Ņv4]ڤ6~ҞmGyi ,9ztķﳜ׫mvygٞץv֞UK߿VˌWYKƣkF6Wh+rk\iO,ӲO)S'ށ2=ޕgۻb ˯Kʣ#-Oy;to2=Gߖ()U{G+SLOez+{O2==Cڞ?n"|4LCt;S,7izr Ƨrؚ4''=ٟLpL7uLOe)S'ށ2=ޕLOx{W2=ez(U\^-lQ۷NgdiOw(WO0/ɸZ{^J23뫕g9$?=/ɸZ{^J23뫕g9$?=/ɸZ{^J23뫕g9$?=/ɸ~v+4'Ҝn%dv@\4٭ҜN2Ks2&\IqiNdKs2;x .xVriNf'ĥ9OJ.$へ4'i[ɥ9d<dt3!{\ɥo6>Go/ť'v.KQ]trL8I)iL:ʥ9I)iL:ʥ9I)iL:ʥ9I)iL:ʥlr3K.]._&gShi;*Ւ =j&vf{Ծ:vK=C柝4"4=wKqz{}oz+~ՔYҞQ3nsf.#Umc,k5thxW63{^g{f&PA׭nM%{4ۓ[H =O{?tv:y:ž3iíEU{gs9I'֜ͶؚwZGsIg|N3IO˫EŰ!?%}>Uך/&odwV>(Z#d.9Pu\r.Z.D>g6植ʥ9\6:(椮jCpiN\ 9i#riN6植ʥ9\6:(椮jCpiN\ 9i#riN6植ʥ9\6:(椮jCpiN\ 9i#riN6植ʥ9\6:(椮jCpiN\ 9i#riN6植ʥ9\6:(椮jCpiN\ 9i#riN6植ʥ9\6:(椮jCpiN\ 9i#riN6植ʥ9\6:(椮jCpiN\ 9i#riN6植ʥ9\6:(椮jCpiN\ 9i#riN6植ʥ9\6:(椮jCpiN\ 9i#riN6植ʥ9\6:(椮jCpiN\ 9i#riN6植ʥ9\6:(椮jCpiN\ 9i#riN6植ʥ9\6:(椮jCpiN\ 9i#riN6植ʥ9\6:(椮jCpiN\ 9i#riN6植ʥ9\6:(椮jCpiN\ Bƣ;ʥ#vX{TN"AA])aIENDB`nuabm{PNG  IHDR++փPLTEfuԿJB1ǫsάk ĦjZz"ĝʹng<ﰈ9йʰ{ѻؽd˲~ӶP`,ȣ£f֩~(XAʧS6NG;ԸѲpɮxqV瞍hһǡ˝d }&T;ũocJJB2hQ#kKRH3lha{E1+ w)$TK9'% dP( G<((&"an?<6{ ^[VRD7LE7zjJteGR8ʺ]<2]P5p\4zouQ430ɋ]¾WhtIXH)t{[ A:*H?,q;/,(p~VfiT'71&ujU mfNV= b[NG~Jɹ862ɵh <:6hhhgggfffeeedddcccbbbaaa```___^^^]]]\\\[[[ZZZYYYXXXWWWVVVUUUTTTSSSRRRQQQPPPOOONNNMMMLLLKKKJJJIIIHHHGGGFFFEEEDDDCCCBBBAAA@@@???>>>===<<<;;;:::999888777666555444333222111000///...---,,,+++***)))((('''&&&%%%$$$###"""!!!  ;tRNS@fbKGDHIDATx}wVpUWO H ˡ ]:if$N{｛6;iqz}w-5nySVGT+,|]\sedV'%:^V #T )%9p +#(V=JT zXU2R;6u-cY]\~ Ze4XX}Gj#\ Ej/ #PZJ@eɪiIbu =l: W#ty1kwuO_bgqإ{{;LxR ¥|wHǣx~cb?nhߊ7Gb*M1k 㱳&C <y o}_gbm`0L7ЅJ^zEp7xiLV3S/_ǯ8 \bW'? pSm=? ~Ȗ bbܞ ILIXf}Kkh%| ෟ-@34'<`~. ajO[ N\QUe91.B«V!]&Qxk5[{627YIY*ηȧ/;GQ?9bh.EQ$-.Ȣvߨzm$M3PG-g[ntEXtOFIENDB`nuR+W HPPNG  IHDRh4QPLTEf3k91ZZ{:bqAvHzRtldHmͽCh yMrŲg5u(~Sȶî?e$|PsEMqn>~hʹɾ`,V_6^o-WUw8_Vx{ m<h6u͌wJm{گ{ X;ߔb~qc?Kn]*\Cetc9]o}۵[zkR1lyJ|cdzo)sO9aLĽRjHk9sVdrk#fE:nTYtfhnQyeh{q@w[Nvbº¾M0hwWq^rȸ0]GɝT}i0bI:wYQ5\uimmmlllkkkjjjiiihhhgggfffeeedddcccbbbaaa```___^^^]]]\\\[[[ZZZYYYXXXWWWVVVUUUTTTSSSRRRQQQPPPOOONNNMMMLLLKKKJJJIIIHHHGGGFFFEEEDDDCCCBBBAAA@@@???>>>===<<<;;;:::999888777666555444333222111000///...---,,,+++***)))((('''&&&%%%$$$###"""!!!  otRNS@fbKGDHIDATxShJ$@B2҄uֵ;۾oxı 2yt5Q]b~.?ぁ+jxCQU kT1 eLmoKրͦU1yk!/ز/s͑(QÈFA8n6Q#%a 3de.3-3gHR"HH)HX19=) `08G$ 7E09NˈGD jz \$ܯ, S g/YT tb?3#l Q GLݬflvbB>)/<fED.ϧVL&7[bJ$En҅1bҲJ%Jf+`00i S`;#/(f={+|J^ '* t싽sGSNlVZ0Cd4+W2quGv-f.3c`2)|ab-pϰIh7|l24؞xrB66A 94Ҙn}.{6xiLO <+{1!s2:9 ),S;)nzA1ӛ(2rAulϳkH /XE<^z-~1B,Oc[okaT-܇7T,ׄ4kݍsQ i$12azgQb ~@N 10b]u<^y*4O&hCa3cg{_ uBX@eEg:i_x(@N&@Кթ2t 4:FX֜  қSwټ,Jqd/Mқ dc<[K>Ot?C^P\_C^|/7f_/3rv/2̠ Tqi$!T<@yOh}'Ͼ:ZUJeQg'Ke\tEXtOFIENDB`n$@IxPNG  IHDR(p PLTÉxxx]]]籱ZZZ$$$<<<~~~uuucccۺ333ƙHHHKKKEEE!!!BBB```'''~~~}}}|||{{{zzzyyyxxxwwwvvvuuutttsssrrrqqqpppooonnnmmmlllkkkjjjiiihhhgggfffeeedddcccbbbaaa```___^^^]]]\\\[[[ZZZYYYXXXWWWVVVUUUTTTSSSRRRQQQPPPOOONNNMMMLLLKKKJJJIIIHHHGGGFFFEEEDDDCCCBBBAAA@@@???>>>===<<<;;;:::999888777666555444333222111000///...---,,,+++***)))((('''&&&%%%$$$###"""!!!  -tRNS@fbKGDH IDATxۊ03Rb  u Pj. g2g [82$DCU4TB$ܡ_uGOr'^71ge>J̡99 a|@ r>C)YJʷpֽԙ_h(@BW`Qc\VXlz o/l ?oEwQyE9? V_pmBfCVq_tEXtOFIENDB`ndw 4PNG  IHDR>PLTExxx]]]$$$uuu~~~<<>>===<<<;;;:::999888777666555444333222111000///...---,,,+++***)))((('''&&&%%%$$$###"""!!!  /tRNS@fbKGDHIDATxێ !rEM,FJ}[V+)Kv͙6I Rj`{+X/x ujv]黱Cw0B{>|Ε|;~dњ"C)zFjGDtAI%].0&0qy*0θn1?+h%sy~Y3$WX޸|'I6wN5s=8J]%S&8b33 BJtEXtOFIENDB`n3.A8x\X)lUPNG  IHDR++փPLTEfuԿ1ZǫsBĜz"k ĦjJά͵nﰈ9gѻ-i&f862h[A5+vdAĹTNB2-#t9o0M|hB t\+JE;y?² ϻJ>%\ w@;3|Sls_9WN<=6( PD,U$ͽleYya/YIutfK(#s462)52+`^Xȿ7&KF=64.```___^^^]]]\\\[[[ZZZYYYXXXWWWVVVUUUTTTSSSRRRQQQPPPOOONNNMMMLLLKKKJJJIIIHHHGGGFFFEEEDDDCCCBBBAAA@@@???>>>===<<<;;;:::999888777666555444333222111000///...---,,,+++***)))((('''&&&%%%$$$###"""!!!  %tRNS@fbKGDHIDATx}VpE'$Eh$P.8.s=gR&)N/vةɟq a{ ,֨ǒS,JVZ,ڵ; _Z!UIVrJ jHNHQeK抙O)ɞXgkmeE1"PVJaʛڒE޶$Ϩo65*&:GxXh1Mkaic]ufa[ 5И]& R[@i)QviWQk,?Ɔ$Fx[첁o;,fa"&*}g0f;| 1;3[ 8\hS.m3ӸŘx[fs4 NrhzmßkF9Le"a"d2a0׭xly{bߑUY~>qM2oᩙ34'/װ!#J_Zc$WDijq19- _©s-k*kn?(G82SQ1P>fO?_m; ބ+z7B5(6O9~t0Q^1Vξ=2lӑaf*_D(m)z !Cx*#{T9ݳ2=i --к#/zd|,Ū0ّ宗 ~wCl 旟҂H懸LIᝫ /)=9us(iRmE"|!'|QIfՍ؛<9jZfsx/o+8lZ~øX4,h8[GT߉Ǖ}6ךz$%֪%itC]|/WJt` -$i~jI(Q;H^mPj}?WtEXtOFIENDB`n- _ykIʾIPNG  IHDR11DB.PLTEkkKKZZbb1199**tt!!苋ꕕ悂AASS {{죣읝EE/!!_YYuuĮWDD^UUsccurrYYbb.ttXXzz=00 tkk}qq__ttT++ԩ?::||TCCyylln<>>===<<<;;;:::999888777666555444333222111000///...---,,,+++***)))((('''&&&%%%$$$###"""!!!   tRNS@fbKGDHIDATx}FeY-Yz>0^h!zFBIJ I̮lIKy>κZPvZY ^\,~Tu񾯓ޖP;N׶, ii{3 C1֔2:&kL3^b3fP|2j! Qy$|"6[y=)ȧ afǻR:-,'I1~7O_ .H! F:ҶZT(%!Dr]--J Ͳ(,mCwQ3S, Z[H(|6Xɿh]\TX;'_}sv=W؉D, Vkb.8=y˓ė~\r"5=N]؍oxœ4K$`%e_jgνc#WHGY#QK;GN|ca:gY ڳAG$8fjҹkВ;3(dn:?U~Sg|T%峁u䌫0"Vd|ՙXA$cE7wY9F:"GC>ۛ Aqh0}= SrZs4EqM+_zh-Ga|siEboogK2N6_BJV vαLoI_xb6:MtEXtOFIENDB`n sTFI_͒)PNG  IHDRE PLTE;;; 222(((kkkaaaDDDXXXuutOOONNN|||0<<33--l\gzv""MzzIcc; kkAq++#[[7JJ,~ׁc抋U33)::0WWQSS2AA'YP펟_HHEۃ<<$nnG>>7V``TYY5rrDy//FF9JJ/::)~~~}}}|||{{{zzzyyyxxxwwwvvvuuutttsssrrrqqqpppooonnnmmmlllkkkjjjiiihhhgggfffeeedddcccbbbaaa```___^^^]]]\\\[[[ZZZYYYXXXWWWVVVUUUTTTSSSRRRQQQPPPOOONNNMMMLLLKKKJJJIIIHHHGGGFFFEEEDDDCCCBBBAAA@@@???>>>===<<<;;;:::999888777666555444333222111000///...---,,,+++***)))((('''&&&%%%$$$###"""!!!  wtRNS@fbKGDHIDATx{OVq E iڮIP;i1PV/lӴ{-\҅&#ZyB|xXvⓩ_)P:?H"D*H"D*H8+JyJ8N*H"D*H4)rXo3b5S̥+b=/|C\S1Uϕ*b,_0{t/T,΂*H"**HbVS@˜Ղ*h5 Y-bVpŜRHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"j봹z\.Z\\}gɩʥlR[X9 3S!|\n\.,V._~i21N#?ǎS5kݩu8kvAJ*8V*H"Dgx}u"rS\[}ދ)^~y7R$~['t'DqCN J֊ͻס1KF7TU\htj'([CEBλEIɡgx5yzQ+]q1{gXoE\>WofIfWwOCk!3b+ Q~bfIgCfXaBpg❬V}m 84MtVzaHvKQB:87 qsq3Kg(]C;)rs^ŹP޻ XGb+W廯(;Av+O?[QM{d4\zlD|+W>{xtj4|X$MSnPB#ðӍecBv .O$ՃpYkkOawݫ842߽:ڏ^p I]YOhTI=li~d@T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"T$RHE"p'ߞъ?~ъOWvmw "!-Wo6^wJ͵ƾVx7_IKJ n=Ƹh6>>===<<<;;;:::999888777666555444333222111000///...---,,,+++***)))((('''&&&%%%$$$###"""!!!  bUtRNS@fbKGDHIDATxsVpt!$H0`01$hL6m>'dc>hW]ȄB\/.Xp-,'p!_mAj!!HN))Y`8aY.؂[7"[L}N/z,}HKNL6`2OP*@֫ AD \($noBxQY[|=Z4`ĞBn7[HJ,2xk7 \\XzxVۛ$& 3Ɩcƾ59ڨtEXtOFIENDB`n! 6=&:Dx PNG  IHDRXXFKPLTEde͝jkŌխ{|޽rrʗѣȒbcز޷۷ą†ӧvvtt䬶  lmСÈǐccױzzө*I*opwxľmm (!9!!'C'||˙3fgBtBZ["tt$?$0S1^_\]8b94[4rrhiJJ5^6'2'ϕfgk|k8S86A6KdKF{G1090fg~  ¢JVJɜddɱMN%6&$nn^^wx>Y>`ya>o?/E06N6@e@DyEabXmX:g;zzSS=m>P^PYY\\~~OPVWP_P5  EȢ ?@@  otRNS@fbKGDH cmPPJCmp0712HsIDATXG_h RDS*iVv~zlvwf7&!Iyxޙy7|Dnvc'SkbfלK\OҍW%I H_RE+T\t:?[\Ap8'bluQ7MRc4AqLQ3KVn"7'ŢϵEV,KrA*R,7cu.*cKLٱ׳K|P/pA-zzzck p;05c-zI@'x|$@o OE^{L |]tD5m#c 0ŀWc.v̎؀L Q"nO, jMuj/ 6pQЋp9 y֞|Ю fF^ sUIȎ٤N`Gfp$_naF\h$p@/:HQni Yh3Ѧ=hN&3KXo ON`2tw7dUhM9 wxhhh E4TiIg&4ٰ; {BsHM47:Njh;E&3aFN wuu4^ɡDŚEaF8U"3lFI-8dJ ZCV?5$+&XV`g#)aZYLY V+ˬLc6BD8srZ e@B1,X( 9M 6}|f4i\#X9 ]SZpr763x/d'nd(chf{2so*FnnƦ%IUݛ[~Sg ĘBБH08.'˧(Rk5M!(z MgL  ؔamo">u/qe~>1qa,Iy{.}Ofr`6e]8?c{|i-\Lb,%,|Hʒ߿ek.,0pkN E)qc|=z6hI\ + ߎ,2]|ĢˏG2`R|Rw|QR"G͵sfZ&,1hQWK%Jo#29:~oAEZ%1 9l%n\=M p,z%D)֬G1a 2 4npaM ke6 1 ٥-$a;.V-,/aӛ(JArYBXTdP6%0gm5ڌ>ʅ 30G<]1`@%M AK>"<چk},7H9uF)WhB¶)5G;!e4_/!_mS<]֠6+O$CU$8 &ޏG({_raSUY_3Aٟ|J6y/fo?~4-Xfهn\KX |]29 seIJ_V[z:W5ۿpb euAHiIcٱp^!{eC+o ʅFUԍ@ɶ[^!j;EgX󍴖gʪN{^'M&ow' fW>9<Lx摬zBrlD18#(;<>Fٹ/ Jmw}랍N M4ItzNu/)dG.'Zi1EɸdAk[Yd˅qt5B:S}uGrJP6Bpw2jniXOw ȗ@IENDB`nw8i\o[PNG  IHDRBBԊPLTEdks|''͍  a|:9"sPP2d)) lb!!icQQ7jrbl֗lQQAffb00la((]]KPP+a::2ccL[[@zBB2ԋ00'JI)qedU[[0f! }11 vߔyZxƒiIIIII8KHKXKhKxKKXPpPPPPPPPP@QQQRh u ( IցtRNS@fbKGDH cmPPJCmp0712HswIDATXGW"IƁ!s:,"u5nx9sruUuLS$ԏEnW'0&ύ>sި[<ǎq 綎ɕ/9!Nzţɕ_&Y\:f聮@8DX\x jL[ Rlvr- R<>˷$:8YnSLnb +-GV=]Gl@ ,MÐ\~'DN|H$^ZtઃzDnƍ9/fB8"O?%{Z^",Mՙq  EVrApF`޹|5ndu! p0Rt t }JI$~JD.U!o @̋6An !#H]P)V@tJR :[ߎBV^8ݤ:dDꢎmYB8*:ahI?'udxeeO3LlhW%$"ٿ;p`DnGG-a `""X%r?8"a'2zG4YHѨ:&AJaݡHz{vVǪ>}I#[B٬Q_WNE/byOhyIJWD{W AQ]y6R0"Lo|,LIUQ~5bB6| ģP_a4 `}iP _>v]uV"PA uҙH$«Px.` "HR&!dUtFmC +I@ T34p0&. ࢅ52a!wnU}:'@05&n/"V4D1?'D{-38[T{ _ՖifȘy.]d|frĤP+'O|_?y6>kX!y~O}kuR81vfp)!X'r+<\Gp c~3EGQ`ںpZl <;J%Ur!\ P?~,3O&NT ̍2hΜ''d/xI/׺Ω^9o,:nOBExp#׭q:>_N۲ cqjq5>VS:clf\ݔ;3w\/~]/6:@ŎHP2=JndYm w+iűY+jniV5#¨+&]QIENDB`nUW.2r0ܥjsPNG  IHDR=VPLTE,--ffff$--333+33x  ZZZLLL999Դ;Jyyy jjj1R*[@@@B}uuuHZZ4@@嫫c||SSSu qNNv#|~G>|c;w$r2d p<,49ѡ,ءqhjҌ~9!rDk_̵p>Q?)Qv )(%:l8`\]e9 Zd6uh/ረWg / vipB5VViDo7 Oo$;mb{T'z4O iT]eTܸNnR>i19MOp-L~Aܬ_տd- ~-Ikigs=i*.L]V.ρ\ VύQ V|%y('΃OCu*{\yfGѭ#V%·YĮ :QtUŜYq :ќ.OUX}+ëuepյgh/|4:>IIW_Is9)̖ѮQ'dxrA>] j޻R7p,/b0׷-xO YJ\J4ǟd}hArSj}o7-R;)0nOI#c Hr1OSt7rم2Zky)Op79wjo ٰ=#mO@]3l|>|LI>$SG)#c Hr1|$9>|LI>$SG)#c Hr1|$9>|LI>$SG)#mH83o0Ny"՟* ;vPާ,2?Ӯ3Eh-O|x ҳp`K}ByN\n||ۃ [S>O2' IF$#q|>|\d>.O2' IF$#q|>|\d>.O2' IF$#q|>|\d>.O24hGXa~I}=\vAowen_Ϻ;.SK \[S_r %.kk}"<9ǫ߿\> Y#c Hr1|$9>|LI>$SG)#c Hr1|$9>|LI>$SG)#c Hr1|$9>|LI>$SG)#c Hr1|$9>|LI>$SG)#mݛ+WŇ/KsnU|>73U˂|l>vO6'].cds |9>|l>vO6']6nTre>}w,,|Fz! _|mT>X|`U U>|*V>X|`U w6|F,K>~#| 6Kas||,6Kas||,6Kas||,6Kas||,6Kas|y {YՕ*+kO}(ݾU?}Tuѽf}u}Xݦ_=꺱'xQץyOT5'ze]z6brwFGY׿>a}Cʫui}mG>m$j$ϼK]ևo#-yQuj}m§.F{D飪+lpu>FFrGSHH>m$Z裫gh#Q{GWW(HHXf]]U7ˬKU֋+sS q]=uW~Z T;дZ(r4m$:;ؼD~(rcMݝ:ظ.]C uu1m±ȒӒuHtj{dõuWFFrdɢd]6_Stl"뾢.}W~M6KF̱;m$n$].Ե+?J&eZFйMֵjG%:#*B^\ٺ^ ۛ8ש $O/&ss{> euhP#ɽN.,Y].)]|MvϦAgӠ]J5mt{e'&%0=9TsMM,}Ֆ =mj+ܔp|" DTsMW$_%R)= 6GŎjjjj?fW{@tEXtOFIENDB`(in    U"Slide 7"Slide 7  D+Slide 40342,4,Slide 4D1Slide 90465,9,Slide 9J7Slide 200395,20,Slide 20J=Slide 290359,29,Slide 29JCSlide 430393,43,Slide 43JISlide 560441,56,Slide 56JOSlide 800495,80,Slide 80JUSlide 970458,97,Slide 97D/ 0|DTimes New Romantṫv 0DArial Blackmantṫv 0" DTahomalackmantṫv 0"0DAriallackmantṫv 0"@DCourier Newmantṫv 01@ .  @n?" dd@  @@``   "@d)           +.PPPPQPPQQS    6%1  23N   G,. D 4 -/G)+-GO +,- ./1!23456%9 <#=H?@)+-GHGVW Z[\]^bc d e f ghi jklmn  uvGzy{|} ~ ||.I||CII]^]$]H8%5   "",--! #""oR$FE-Qڛb>"b$lr߷\~3qАn bb$T _ew$b$OrhVY!a9 b$nZ@_C\J 'b$a 7`]!$ [?b$Ao=9w`Iggc|Fb$DzYj4B./Nb$Xue6ȡs |$b$!sTC9TUPb${db/utlk0hb$Ob*0/ b$q&>βb$ 'a*#Yq%S f;! b$N%y7K+'75Hb$K:3+ 6`3 ^* }b$E73}mR=])b$6=&:Dx ) vb$w8i\o[ b$W.2r0ܥjs] 0AA f33̙@g4\d\dlv 0p`pO <4BdBd@w 0tv- <4!d!d@x 0tʚ;ʚ;<4dddd@ x 0@r0___PPT10 pp2___PPT9/ 0? %0   UVggvwwx~y}z{~|GHKObdce``aadfebkkfcll    0` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>>  f(    64v P v T Click to edit Master title style! !  0v  v RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  0v `` v >*  0v `  v @*  0v `  v @*n  VA޽h ?Parchment ̙33 Default Designh D(  D D 0H 9   R*    D 0@ L h9  T*    D 6 4m   R*    D 6ܝ 4L hm  T*   H D 0e ? 3380___PPT10.LɊY 0 phT(  TJ T C "A KTRE: . T <̙? x @ 0 0 T <̙? x @ 0 0 T 0 &ELECTROLYSIS A guide for GCSE studentsP 82 6f<ffT T C ,Agcselogo2 T 0!"`>B 2010 SPECIFICATIONSH0 G$G   T 0D'e OKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING(2 fH T 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.^ +D=' = @B +N 0L0 ]UX(  X X 0vH@} H ELECTROLYSIS (2  fA X 0np  INTRODUCTION This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board. Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at... www.knockhardy.org.uk (2 2(2 ! , dB X <D?  T X C ,Agcselogo2 X B~̙? & PAll diagrams, photographs and any animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any work that is distributed for financial gain. 2H5   &  _ z X bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +e  0L0 t l  \ (  \\ \ 0DC"?0   CONTENTS What is electrolysis? Electrolysis of ionic compounds Electrolysis of molten sodium chloride Electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (brine) Diaphragm cell Electrolysis of aluminium oxide Other electrolytic systems Electrolysis of water 202 2!! < \ 0C"?O n@+ 0 0 \ 6C"?y@1 0 0 \ 6C"?)@7 0 0 \ 6C"?U@= 0 0 \ 6C"? @C 0 0 \ 0H@} H ELECTROLYSIS (2  f  \ 6C"? * @I 0 0T  \ C ,Agcselogo2  \ 6C"?  @O 0 0  \ 6C"? O @U 0 0B \ s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +7 0L0 F>(  f  0آX |Passing an electric current through ionic substances that are molten or in aqueous solution, breaks them down into elements.Z} 2>!!+ }   0ī t ELECTROLYSIS0 (2 f3  T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 `8(    08Xo hPassing an electric current through ionic substances that are molten or in aqueous solution, breaks them down into elements. The process is known as ELECTROLYSIS  2>!!B f    0 t ELECTROLYSIS0 (2 f3  T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  ](    0Xz  Passing an electric current through ionic substances that are molten or in aqueous solution, breaks them down into elements. The process is known as ELECTROLYSIS The substance broken down is called the ELECTROLYTE ~ 2' f!   0l t ELECTROLYSIS0 (2 f3  T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +o 0L0 ~v (  D  00%X  Passing an electric current through ionic substances that are molten or in aqueous solution, breaks them down into elements. The process is known as ELECTROLYSIS The substance broken down is called the ELECTROLYTE During electrolysis& Positively charged ions move to the negative electrode - CATHODE Negatively charged ions move to the positive electrode - ANODE n 2' 9!9!!m   0% t ELECTROLYSIS0 (2 f3  RB  s *DjJYT  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 pr(  N  0%X Passing an electric current through ionic substances that are molten or in aqueous solution, breaks them down into elements. The process is known as ELECTROLYSIS The substance broken down is called the ELECTROLYTE During electrolysis& Positively charged ions move to the negative electrode - CATHODE Negatively charged ions move to the positive electrode - ANODE CATHODE +ive ions gain electrons REDUCTION ANODE - ive ions give up (lose) electrons OXIDATION 2' ! !#!Hv  )  (   01% t ELECTROLYSIS0 (2 f3  RB  s *DjJYRB  s *DjJ1 Y1 T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 }(    06%  ELECTROLYSIS OF IONIC COMPOUNDS2 (20f03 T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 ` r(    0:% ~CONDUCTING ELECTRICITY0(2f3 T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 P (    0|H%Xr zFor a substance to conduct electricity it must have either& > 2>  0@% ~CONDUCTING ELECTRICITY0(2f3 T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 @ h(    0C%X For a substance to conduct electricity it must have either& electrons which are free to move about (metals / graphite) X 2=*!f   0 ]% ~CONDUCTING ELECTRICITY0(2f3 T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +u 0L0 |0 (    0Dd%X :JFor a substance to conduct electricity it must have either& electrons which are free to move about (metals / graphite) or ions which are free to move about  2=&!!!f   0q% ~CONDUCTING ELECTRICITY0(2f3 T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +_ 0L0 nfp (    0{%X+  $:For a substance to conduct electricity it must have either& electrons which are free to move about (metals / graphite) or ions which are free to move about When an ionic substance is melted or dissolved in water, the ions are free to move about within the liquid or solution.  2x=*!!yf   0Ђ% ~CONDUCTING ELECTRICITY0(2f3 T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +$ 0 KC ,H(    0(%x YELECTROLYSIS OF IONIC COMPOUNDS (2 fF M  3N    f2  6fjJ   0%  iNa+6@      N % 7  Mf2  6jJ% 7   0%K Cl->@  N     lf2   6fjJ    0%  iNa+6@      N % 7   \f2  6jJ% 7  0%K Cl->@  T   # ,8Mf2  6fjJ   04%  iNa+6@      T % 7 # Wf2  6jJ% 7  04%K Cl->@  T   # lPf2  6fjJ   0P%  iNa+6@      T % 7 # =Wf2  6jJ% 7  0%K Cl->@  N   ]HN    4`U/f2  6fjJ   0<%  iNa+6@      N % 7   $f2 ! 6jJ% 7 " 0%K Cl->@  N   # `/f2 $ 6fjJ  % 0%  iNa+6@      N % 7 & Ef2 ' 6jJ% 7 ( 0%K Cl->@  # ) 0%D {  GWHEN SOLID, THE IONS ARE NOT FREE TO MOVE NO CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITYLHXZ ! H  C 0,%C"?  aSOLID,XZ  Z F BP%?-z ^SOLID IONIC COMPOUNDS DON T CONDUCT ELECTRICITYZ0!!  0 T G C ,Agcselogo2T  <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +* 0 ))GH^)(    0l%x YELECTROLYSIS OF IONIC COMPOUNDS (2 fF M  3N    f2  6fjJ   0)  iNa+6@      N % 7  Mf2   6jJ% 7   0)K Cl->@  N     lf2   6fjJ    0 )  iNa+6@      N % 7  \f2  6jJ% 7  0)K Cl->@  T   # ,8Mf2  6fjJ   0)  iNa+6@      T % 7 # Wf2  6jJ% 7  0h)K Cl->@  T   # lPf2  6fjJ   0")  iNa+6@      T % 7 # =Wf2  6jJ% 7  08()K Cl->@  N   ]HN    4`U/f2  6fjJ    0.)  iNa+6@      N % 7 ! $f2 " 6jJ% 7 # 0T4)K Cl->@  N   $ `/f2 % 6fjJ  & 0p:)  iNa+6@      N % 7 ' Ef2 ( 6jJ% 7 ) 0B)K Cl->@    * 0F)D {  GWHEN SOLID, THE IONS ARE NOT FREE TO MOVE NO CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY4HXZG H L   +# zIf2 , 6fjJ  - 0L)  iNa+6@      L % 7 .# %ef2 / 6jJ% 7 0 0R)K Cl->@  L   1# %Fjf2 2 6fjJ  3 0X)  iNa+6@      L % 7 4# ~:f2 5 6jJ% 7 6 0|^)K Cl->@  L   7# R!f2 8 6fjJ  9 0d)  iNa+6@      L % 7 :# d"f2 ; 6jJ% 7 < 0xj)K Cl->@  L   =# C>_f2 > 6fjJ  ? 0p)  iNa+6@      L % 7 @# 9f2 A 6jJ% 7 B 0P{)K Cl->@  XB C 0D  D 04)C"?  iSOLID4XZ   E 0`)C"? bMOLTEN,XZ   F 0D)D q   @WHEN MOLTEN, THE IONS ARE FREE TO MOVE ELECTRICITY IS CONDUCTED>AXZ ! A ) G B)?-z -MOLTEN IONIC COMPOUNDS DO CONDUCT ELECTRICITYZ.!!  . T H C ,Agcselogo2T  <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +$ 0 KC ,\(    0)x YELECTROLYSIS OF IONIC COMPOUNDS (2 fF M  3N    f2  6fjJ   0)  iNa+6@      N % 7  Mf2  6jJ% 7   0)K Cl->@  N     lf2   6fjJ    0)  iNa+6@      N % 7   \f2  6jJ% 7  0 )K Cl->@  T   # ,8Mf2  6fjJ   0)  iNa+6@      T % 7 # Wf2  6jJ% 7  04)K Cl->@  T   # lPf2  6fjJ   0D)  iNa+6@      T % 7 # =Wf2  6jJ% 7  0)K Cl->@  N   ]HN    4`U/f2  6fjJ   0)  iNa+6@      N % 7   $f2 ! 6jJ% 7 " 0)K Cl->@  N   # `/f2 $ 6fjJ  % 0)  iNa+6@      N % 7 & Ef2 ' 6jJ% 7 ( 0)K Cl->@  # ) 0)D {  GWHEN SOLID, THE IONS ARE NOT FREE TO MOVE NO CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITYLHXZ ! H  C 0|)C"?  aSOLID,XZ  Z F B0)?&M: ^SOLID IONIC COMPOUNDS DON T CONDUCT ELECTRICITYZ0!!  0 T G C ,Agcselogo2T  <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +A$ 0 h#`# B]"(    0 -x YELECTROLYSIS OF IONIC COMPOUNDS (2 fF M  3N    f2  6fjJ   0-  iNa+6@      N % 7  Mf2  6jJ% 7   0-K Cl->@  N     lf2   6fjJ    0ئ)  iNa+6@      N % 7   \f2  6jJ% 7  0 -K Cl->@  T   # ,8Mf2  6fjJ   0"-  iNa+6@      T % 7 # Wf2  6jJ% 7  0(-K Cl->@  T   # lPf2  6fjJ   0.-  iNa+6@      T % 7 # =Wf2  6jJ% 7  04-K Cl->@  N   ]HN    4`U/f2  6fjJ   0:-  iNa+6@      N % 7   $f2 ! 6jJ% 7 " 0@-K Cl->@  N   # `/f2 $ 6fjJ  % 0F-  iNa+6@      N % 7 & Ef2 ' 6jJ% 7 ( 0L-K Cl->@    ) 0T-D {  GWHEN SOLID, THE IONS ARE NOT FREE TO MOVE NO CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY4HXZG H XB B 0D{_ e C 0>-C"?  iSOLID4XZ  7 F BQ-?&M: ;AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF IONIC COMPOUNDS DO CONDUCT ELECTRICITYZ<%!!  < T G C ,Agcselogo2F ` H k, N  D I : j xB J H_ж_жDo DxB K H_ж_жDo@@xB L H_ж_жDo @xB M H_ж_жDf3) N N_ж_жk"  a R O C "A cl-g6#  V P C &Ana+pptyo ' R Q C "A cl-g  V R C &Ana+ppt 85 R S C "A cl-gj l# V T C &Ana+ppt#  R U C "A cl-g` V V C &Ana+pptgf R W C "A cl-ga  V X C &Ana+ppt` R Y C "A cl-g  V Z C &Ana+ppt  B [ TZ_ж_жD!)   ] 0g- V  d Add to water (2 !  T  <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +^3 0 2}2 \\ 2(    04t-x YELECTROLYSIS OF IONIC COMPOUNDS (2 fF M  3N    f2  6fjJ   0w-  iNa+6@      N % 7  Mf2  6jJ% 7   0-K Cl->@  N     lf2   6fjJ    0-  iNa+6@      N % 7   \f2  6jJ% 7  0-K Cl->@  T   # ,8Mf2  6fjJ   0-  iNa+6@      T % 7 # Wf2  6jJ% 7  0-K Cl->@  T   # lPf2  6fjJ   0p-  iNa+6@      T % 7 # =Wf2  6jJ% 7  0K Cl->@  N   ]HN    4`U/f2  6fjJ   0 -  iNa+6@      N % 7   $f2 ! 6jJ% 7 " 0е-K Cl->@  N   # `/f2 $ 6fjJ  % 0l-  iNa+6@      N % 7 & Ef2 ' 6jJ% 7 ( 0-K Cl->@    ) 0`-D {  GWHEN SOLID, THE IONS ARE NOT FREE TO MOVE NO CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY4HXZG H L   *# z If2 + 6fjJ  , 0-  iNa+6@      L % 7 -# kef2 . 6jJ% 7 / 0d-K Cl->@  L   0# kjf2 1 6fjJ  2 04-  iNa+6@      L % 7 3# ~ f2 4 6jJ% 7 5 0-K Cl->@  L   6# R2!f2 7 6fjJ  8 0H-  iNa+6@      L % 7 9# 3"f2 : 6jJ% 7 ; 0L-K Cl->@  L   <# Cf2 = 6fjJ  > 0:  iNa+6@      L % 7 ?# J9f2 @ 6jJ% 7 A 0:K Cl->@  XB B 0D{_ e C 0l-C"?  iSOLID4XZ   D 0:C"?) oIN AQUEOUS SOLUTION,XZ   E 04:D F  LWHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER, THE IONS ARE FREE TO MOVE ELECTRICITY IS CONDUCTED>MXZ! M 7 F B:?&M: ;AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF IONIC COMPOUNDS DO CONDUCT ELECTRICITYZ<%!!  < T G C ,Agcselogo2F ` H k, N  D I : j xB J H_ж_жDo DxB K H_ж_жDo@@xB L H_ж_жDo @xB M H_ж_жDf3) N N_ж_жk"  a R O C "A cl-g6#  V P C &Ana+pptyo ' R Q C "A cl-g  V R C &Ana+ppt 85 R S C "A cl-gj l# V T C &Ana+ppt#  R U C "A cl-g` V V C &Ana+pptgf R W C "A cl-ga  V X C &Ana+ppt` R Y C "A cl-g  V Z C &Ana+ppt  B [ TZ_ж_жD!)  XB \ 0Dl% VT  <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 t(  t t 0#:   &ELECTROLYSIS OF MOLTEN SODIUM CHLORIDE2'(2&0f03& T t C ,Agcselogo2H t 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 `8{(  8 8 0,: ELECTROLYSIS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE0 (2f3  8 0d2: B DOWNS CELL  !N  8 C &A downsg%!T 8 C ,Agcselogo2H 8 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +W 0 ~v p(  pR p C *Alabdiagg g C* P p C (AdiaphCl^   p 09: ELECTROLYSIS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE0 (2f3 q p 0D?:o g kSOLID SODIUM CHLORIDE DOES NOT CONDUCT ELECTRICITY BECAUSE THE IONS ARE NOT FREE TO MOVE TO THE ELECTRODES l!!!!FP p C (AdiaphNa  P  p C (AdiaphCl~  P  p C (AdiaphNaT V P  p C (AdiaphCl> v P  p C (AdiaphNa| ~ P p C (AdiaphClT P p C (AdiaphNa:< T p C ,Agcselogo2H p 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +- 0 TL |(  |R | C *Alabdiagg g C* P | C (AdiaphCl >  | 0M: ELECTROLYSIS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE0 (2f3 G | 0W:o n SOLID SODIUM CHLORIDE DOES NOT CONDUCT ELECTRICITY BECAUSE THE IONS ARE NOT FREE TO MOVE TO THE ELECTRODES WHEN MOLTEN, THE IONS HAVE MORE FREEDOM AND CAN MOVE *k7P | C (AdiaphNa pr P | C (AdiaphCl  P | C (AdiaphNaT ^`V P  | C (AdiaphCl V P  | C (AdiaphNa " P | C (AdiaphClV   P | C (AdiaphNa  T | C ,Agcselogo2H | 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 '"( w `@6 R  C *Alabdiagg g C*   0 P  C (AdiaphNa* , P  C (AdiaphCl  P  C (AdiaphNa  P  C (AdiaphCl V P  C (AdiaphNa( * P   C (AdiaphClV   P ! C (AdiaphNa T " C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 ;3(  R  C *Alabdiagg g C*   0y: ELECTROLYSIS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE0 (2f3   0:o "  SOLID SODIUM CHLORIDE DOES NOT CONDUCT ELECTRICITY BECAUSE THE IONS ARE NOT FREE TO MOVE TO THE ELECTRODES WHEN MOLTEN, THE IONS HAVE MORE FREEDOM AND CAN MOVE SODIUM IONS GO TO THE CATHODE AND EACH PICK UP AN ELECTRON Na+ + e- Nak5@   R  64}:3= <  pB  HDԔ @ P  C (AdiaphCl > P  C (AdiaphNa* , P   C (AdiaphCl  P   C (AdiaphCl V P   C (AdiaphNa( * P   C (AdiaphClV   Z  C 2A DIAPHNAONLYG Z  C 2A DIAPHNAONLYGT  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +x  0   / ( |f R  C *Alabdiagg g C*   0: ELECTROLYSIS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE0 (2f3   0:o  \jSOLID SODIUM CHLORIDE DOES NOT CONDUCT ELECTRICITY BECAUSE THE IONS ARE NOT FREE TO MOVE TO THE ELECTRODES WHEN MOLTEN, THE IONS HAVE MORE FREEDOM AND CAN MOVE SODIUM IONS GO TO THE CATHODE AND EACH PICK UP AN ELECTRON Na+ + e- Na CHLORIDE IONS GO TO THE ANODE AND EACH GIVE UP AN ELECTRON Cl- Cl + e- 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-kk5?;     ,5+RR   s *3(kpB   HDԔ @ Z  C 2A DIAPHNAONLYG Z  C 2A DIAPHNAONLYGP  C (AdiaphNa* , P  C (AdiaphNa( * P  C (AdiaphClx z P  C (AdiaphCl: r P  C (AdiaphCl0rh P  C (AdiaphCl  pB  HDԔ@@pB  HDԔT  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +"  0 I A  (  R  C *Alabdiagg g C*   0t: ELECTROLYSIS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE0 (2f3   0T:o  \jSOLID SODIUM CHLORIDE DOES NOT CONDUCT ELECTRICITY BECAUSE THE IONS ARE NOT FREE TO MOVE TO THE ELECTRODES WHEN MOLTEN, THE IONS HAVE MORE FREEDOM AND CAN MOVE SODIUM IONS GO TO THE CATHODE AND EACH PICK UP AN ELECTRON Na+ + e- Na CHLORIDE IONS GO TO THE ANODE AND EACH GIVE UP AN ELECTRON Cl- Cl + e- 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-kk5?;     ,5+RR  s *3(kpB  HDԔ @ pB  HDԔ@@pB  HDԔZ   C 2A DIAPHNAONLYG Z   C 2A DIAPHNAONLYGR   C *A diaphcl2P   C (AdiaphNa* , P   C (AdiaphNa( * P  C (AdiaphCl: r P  C (AdiaphCl  T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 : 2  (  `@6 R  C *Alabdiagg g C*   0: ELECTROLYSIS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE0 (2f3 Z  0Ao  jSOLID SODIUM CHLORIDE DOES NOT CONDUCT ELECTRICITY BECAUSE THE IONS ARE NOT FREE TO MOVE TO THE ELECTRODES WHEN MOLTEN, THE IONS HAVE MORE FREEDOM AND CAN MOVE SODIUM IONS GO TO THE CATHODE AND EACH PICK UP AN ELECTRON Na+ + e- Na CHLORIDE IONS GO TO THE ANODE AND EACH GIVE UP AN ELECTRON Cl- Cl + e- 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e-@k  I     ,5+R   6A3= <  RR   s *3(kpB   HDԔ @   0| A ASUMMARY!Z  C 2A DIAPHNAONLYG Z  C 2A DIAPHNAONLYGR  C *A diaphcl2P  C (AdiaphNa* , P  C (AdiaphNa( * P  C (AdiaphCl: r P  C (AdiaphCl  pB  HDԔ@@pB  HDԔT  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 @ (     0NK   /ELECTROLYSIS OF AQUEOUS SODIUM CHLORIDE (BRINE)D0(2(0f00/ T   C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 $Q(  $R $ C *Alabdiagg g C* P $ C (AdiaphNa  P  $ C (AdiaphCl   $ 0XK }ELECTROLYSIS OF BRINE0(2f3   $ 0RK ` n:WHEN SODIUM CHLORIDE DISSOLVES IN WATER, THE IONS SEPARATE;;T $ C ,Agcselogo2H $ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  D,(  DR D C *Alabdiagg g C* N D C &AdiaphH" H P D C (AdiaphNa  P D C (AdiaphOH  P D C (AdiaphCl   D 0tgK }ELECTROLYSIS OF BRINE0(2f3   D 0_K  UWHEN SODIUM CHLORIDE DISSOLVES IN WATER, THE IONS SEPARATE WATER CONTAINS A FEW IONS*V<T  D C ,Agcselogo2H D 0޽h ? ̙33 0 LD @( w @R @ C *Alabdiagg g C* N @ C &AdiaphH" H P @ C (AdiaphNa  P @ C (AdiaphOH  P @ C (AdiaphCl   @ 0pK }ELECTROLYSIS OF BRINE0(2f3 pB @@ HD)  3 @ 0vK  WHEN SODIUM CHLORIDE DISSOLVES IN WATER, THE IONS SEPARATE WATER CONTAINS A FEW IONS POSITIVE IONS ARE ATTRACTED TO THE NEGATIVE CATHODE...*W7T @ C ,Agcselogo2H @ 0޽h ? ̙33 0 VN <( w <R < C *Alabdiagg g C* N < C &AdiaphHp* P < C (AdiaphNa  P < C (AdiaphOH  P < C (AdiaphCl   < 0K }ELECTROLYSIS OF BRINE0(2f3 N  < C &AdiaphHF  _ < 0K   WHEN SODIUM CHLORIDE DISSOLVES IN WATER, THE IONS SEPARATE WATER CONTAINS A FEW IONS POSITIVE IONS ARE ATTRACTED TO THE NEGATIVE CATHODE... OF THE TWO, HYDROGEN IONS ARE PREFERRED.(!T < C ,Agcselogo2H < 0޽h ? ̙33P 0  H(  HR H C *Alabdiagg g C* P H C (AdiaphOH  P H C (AdiaphCl   H 0dK }ELECTROLYSIS OF BRINE0(2f3 pB  H HD)v  N  H C &AdiaphHp* P H C (AdiaphNa  N H C &AdiaphHF   H 0ȗK "  1WHEN SODIUM CHLORIDE DISSOLVES IN WATER, THE IONS SEPARATE WATER CONTAINS A FEW IONS POSITIVE IONS ARE ATTRACTED TO THE NEGATIVE CATHODE... OF THE TWO, HYDROGEN IONS ARE PREFERRED NEGATIVE IONS ARE ATTRACTED TO THE POSITIVE ANODE...*6T H C ,Agcselogo2H H 0޽h ? ̙33x 0 (  L( ` LR L C *Alabdiagg g C* P L C (AdiaphOH  P L C (AdiaphClHF  L 0K }ELECTROLYSIS OF BRINE0(2f3  L 0K |  yWHEN SODIUM CHLORIDE DISSOLVES IN WATER, THE IONS SEPARATE WATER CONTAINS A FEW IONS POSITIVE IONS ARE ATTRACTED TO THE NEGATIVE CATHODE... OF THE TWO, HYDROGEN IONS ARE PREFERRED NEGATIVE IONS ARE ATTRACTED TO THE POSITIVE ANODE... OF THE TWO, CHLORIDE IONS ARE PREFERREDJ6'3N  L C &AdiaphHp* P  L C (AdiaphNa  N  L C &AdiaphHF  P L C (AdiaphCl^ H T L C ,Agcselogo2H L 0޽h ? ̙33 0 SK@ `(  `R ` C *Alabdiagg g C* P ` C (AdiaphOH   ` 0İK }ELECTROLYSIS OF BRINE0(2f3 2 ` 0(Ko g bAT THE NEGATIVE CATHODE HYDROGEN IONS PICK UP AN ELECTRON AND BECOME ATOMS H+ + e- HTcN   N ` C &AdiaphHp* P  ` C (AdiaphNa  N  ` C &AdiaphHF  P  ` C (AdiaphClHF P  ` C (AdiaphCl^ H pB  ` HDԔ RR ` s *3=T ` C ,Agcselogo2H ` 0޽h ? ̙33 0 0 \%( w \R \ C *Alabdiagg g C* P \ C (AdiaphH2F P \ C (AdiaphOH   \ 0K }ELECTROLYSIS OF BRINE0(2f3 P \ 0Ko ;  AT THE NEGATIVE CATHODE HYDROGEN IONS PICK UP AN ELECTRON AND BECOME ATOMS H+ + e- H 2H+ + 2e- H2 The atoms form molecules and hydrogen gas H2 is produced 9N      +!!!9 P  \ C (AdiaphNa  P  \ C (AdiaphClHF P  \ C (AdiaphCl^ H pB  \ HDԔ pB \ HDԔM MRR \ s *3=T \ C ,Agcselogo2H \ 0޽h ? ̙33E  0  X(  XR X C *Alabdiagg g C* P X C (AdiaphH2F P X C (AdiaphOH   X 0 c W!SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION REMAINS"" d 0BRo  S AT THE NEGATIVE CATHODE HYDROGEN IONS PICK UP AN ELECTRON AND BECOME ATOMS H+ + e- H 2H+ + 2e- H2 AT THE POSITIVE ANODE CHLORIDE IONS GIVE UP AN ELECTRON AND BECOME ATOMS Cl- Cl + e- 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e- N L    ,,pB d HDԔ pB d HDԔM MpB d HDԔ  pB d HDԔ  T d C ,Agcselogo2H d 0޽h ? ̙33  0   `h+ ( 0N hR h C *Alabdiagg g C* R h C *A diaphcl2P h C (AdiaphH2F P h C (AdiaphOH   h 0[R }ELECTROLYSIS OF BRINE0(2f3 N h C &AdiaphHp* P  h C (AdiaphNa  N  h C &AdiaphHF  P  h C (AdiaphClHF P  h C (AdiaphCl^ H pB  h HDԔ pB h HDԔM MpB h HDԔ  RR h s *3=RR h s *3(k h 0cRb > c W!SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION REMAINS""pB h HDԔ  G h 0 jRo   AT THE NEGATIVE CATHODE HYDROGEN IONS PICK UP AN ELECTRON AND BECOME ATOMS H+ + e- H 2H+ + 2e- H2 AT THE POSITIVE ANODE CHLORIDE IONS GIVE UP AN ELECTRON AND BECOME ATOMS Cl- Cl + e- 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e- N      L      ,,T h C ,Agcselogo2H h 0޽h ? ̙33  0   L< (  LR L C *Alabdiagg g C* R L C *A diaphcl2P L C (AdiaphH2F P L C (AdiaphOH   L 0R }ELECTROLYSIS OF BRINE0(2f3  L 0XRo  O AT THE NEGATIVE CATHODE HYDROGEN IONS PICK UP AN ELECTRON AND BECOME ATOMS H+ + e- H 2H+ + 2e- H2 AT THE POSITIVE ANODE CHLORIDE IONS GIVE UP AN ELECTRON AND BECOME ATOMS Cl- Cl + e- 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e- N  !!!! !! L    !! !!!!! !!,,N L C &AdiaphHp* P  L C (AdiaphNa  N  L C &AdiaphHF  P  L C (AdiaphClHF P  L C (AdiaphCl^ H pB  L HDԔ pB L HD!ԔM MpB L HDԔ  RR L s *3=RR L s *3(k L 0 c W!SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION REMAINS"" L 0HR ASUMMARY!pB L HD!Ԕ  T L C ,Agcselogo2H L 0޽h ? ̙33 0 Pl}( tH l l 0R   !INDUSTRIAL ELECTROLYSIS OF BRINE0"!0f03! T l C ,Agcselogo2H l 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +h  0 ` d(  dV d C .AdiaphcellgU=  d 0`R wSODIUM CHLORIDE0(2f3  d 0Rgt  B CHLORINE GAS   d 0REZ \THE DIAPHRAGM CELL. d 0\R%  B HYDROGEN GAS   d 0LRy ` ;BRINE  d 0 Rp ]7 (SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION (CAUSTIC SODA)<)33  d 0D[R V }5DIAPHRAGM STOPS CHLORINE MIXING WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE,6 ,3^B d 6DԔ :    d 0XR`,  LIONS,3  d 0R> ,  LIONS,3T d C ,Agcselogo2H d 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 p c( w V  C .Adiaphcellg @   0R zTHE DIAPHRAGM CELL0(2f3   0XREZ KIMPORTANT ASPECTS   <8Ro? x 7 OWHAT IS AN ADVANTAGE OF ELECTROLYSING BRINE RATHER THAN MOLTEN SODIUM CHLORIDE?PP   0R3{<  >CHLORINE    0\U3P - >HYDROGEN    0Uq IBRINE(  0H UG  wSODIUM HYDROXIDE (CAUSTIC SODA)< 33  0U x  x  ? DIAPHRAGM    0U,  LIONS,3  0U p  LIONS,3T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 I A 0 ( p̙d V  C .Adiaphcellg @   0U zTHE DIAPHRAGM CELL0(2f3   0|#UEZ KIMPORTANT ASPECTS  <&Uo? x 7 OWHAT IS AN ADVANTAGE OF ELECTROLYSING BRINE RATHER THAN MOLTEN SODIUM CHLORIDE?PP  0+U3{<  >CHLORINE    0)U3P - >HYDROGEN    02Uq IBRINE(   06UG  wSODIUM HYDROXIDE (CAUSTIC SODA)< 33   0CHLORINE    0DiU3P - >HYDROGEN    0nUq IBRINE(   0tUG  wSODIUM HYDROXIDE (CAUSTIC SODA)< 33   00|U x  x  ? DIAPHRAGM     0U,  LIONS,3   0$U p  LIONS,3T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33H  0    (  V  C .Adiaphcellg @   0xU zTHE DIAPHRAGM CELL0(2f3   0mUEZ KIMPORTANT ASPECTS  <(Uo? x  Z$WHAT HAPPENS AT THE POSITIVE ANODE?%%  0U3{<  >CHLORINE    0U3P - >HYDROGEN    0$Uq IBRINE(   0UG  wSODIUM HYDROXIDE (CAUSTIC SODA)< 33   0ܧU x  x  ? DIAPHRAGM     0hU,  LIONS,3   0U p  LIONS,3X   <ܭUo? A CHLORIDE IONS ARE OXIDISED Cl  e Cl 2Cl  2e Cl2 fffffffff,! pB  HDԔ Y pB  HDԔYT  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33 0 p 9( N V  C .Adiaphcellg @   0U zTHE DIAPHRAGM CELL0(2f3   0UEZ KIMPORTANT ASPECTS  <Uo? x  [%WHAT HAPPENS AT THE NEGATIVE CATHODE?&&  00U3{<  >CHLORINE    0$U3P - >HYDROGEN    0 Uq IBRINE(   0UG  wSODIUM HYDROXIDE (CAUSTIC SODA)< 33   0\U x  x  ? DIAPHRAGM     0U,  LIONS,3   0U p  LIONS,3T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33  0 A 9  (  V  C .Adiaphcellg @   0DY zTHE DIAPHRAGM CELL0(2f3   0hYEZ KIMPORTANT ASPECTS  < Yo? x  [%WHAT HAPPENS AT THE NEGATIVE CATHODE?&&  0d Y3{<  >CHLORINE    0Y3P - >HYDROGEN    0Yq IBRINE(   0YG  wSODIUM HYDROXIDE (CAUSTIC SODA)< 33   0#Y x  x  ? DIAPHRAGM     0'Y,  LIONS,3   0Y p  LIONS,3   <T5Yo? G 4XHYDROGEN IONS ARE REDUCED H+ + e H 2H+ + 2e H2  ffffffpB  HDԔ q pB  HDԔqT  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33 0  .( hc V  C .Adiaphcellg @   03Y zTHE DIAPHRAGM CELL0(2f3   08BYEZ KIMPORTANT ASPECTS  <,FYo? x  PWHAT IS THE DIAPHRAGM FOR?  0GY3{<  >CHLORINE    0l Y3P - >HYDROGEN    0@RYq IBRINE(   0CHLORINE    0(|Y3P - >HYDROGEN    0zYq IBRINE(   0YG  wSODIUM HYDROXIDE (CAUSTIC SODA)< 33   0Y x  x  ? DIAPHRAGM     0Y,  LIONS,3   0Y p  LIONS,3   <ЎYo? G ?PREVENTS CHLORINE COMING INTO CONTACT WITH ANY SODIUM HYDROXIDE(@?T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33 0  *(  V  C .Adiaphcellg @   00Y zTHE DIAPHRAGM CELL0(2f3   0 YEZ KIMPORTANT ASPECTS  <ԦYo? x  LWHAT IS ALSO PRODUCED?  0ܪY3{<  >CHLORINE    0Y3P - >HYDROGEN    0xYq IBRINE(   0hYG  wSODIUM HYDROXIDE (CAUSTIC SODA)< 33   0 Y x  x  ? DIAPHRAGM     0lY,  LIONS,3   0Y p  LIONS,3T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33  0   6 (  V  C .Adiaphcellg @   0Y zTHE DIAPHRAGM CELL0(2f3   0YEZ KIMPORTANT ASPECTS  <Yo? x  LWHAT IS ALSO PRODUCED?  0$Y3{<  >CHLORINE    0|Y6P -  >HYDROGEN    0lYq IBRINE(   0|YG  wSODIUM HYDROXIDE (CAUSTIC SODA)< 33   0Y x  x  ? DIAPHRAGM     0Y,  LIONS,3   0lY p  LIONS,3   <@Yo? G TTHE SOLUTION CONTAINS SODIUM IONS AND HYDROXIDE IONS SO SODIUM HYDROXIDE IS PRODUCED(UTT  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33 0 qiP(  P P 0 zTHE DIAPHRAGM CELL0(2f3  P 08EZ OINDUSTRIAL IMPORTANCET P C ,Agcselogo2 P 0   t&The products of the electrolysis of brine are of great industrial importance& CHLORINE making bleach making plastics such as pvc HYDROGEN used as fuel used in margarine production SODIUM production of soaps and detergents HYDROXIDE used in the paper industryP3-3f"f&fNN 5  S H P 0޽h ? ̙33 0 P4(  4 4 0pr   'EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM BY ELECTROLYSIS0('0f03' T 4 C ,Agcselogo2H 4 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 ( (    0pwr} $EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM ELECTROLYSIS@%(2f  f3 f3<  0Xr6oB nUnlike iron, aluminium cannot be extracted using carbon. (Aluminium is above carbon in the reactivity series) (o@96! o  @`T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B += 0 d\(    0@} $EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM ELECTROLYSIS@%(2f  f3 f3x  06o  Unlike iron, aluminium cannot be extracted using carbon. (Aluminium is above carbon in the reactivity series) Reactive metals are extracted using electrolysis 2o@2o2   @`T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +c 0 (    0\} $EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM ELECTROLYSIS@%(2f  f3 f3  06o  >Unlike iron, aluminium cannot be extracted using carbon. (Aluminium is above carbon in the reactivity series) Reactive metals are extracted using electrolysis Electrolysis is expensive - it requires a lot of energy& - ore must be molten (ores have high melting points) - electricity is needed for the electrolysis processjo@ !7 !7 H  @`T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +* 0 QI(    0} %EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM RAW MATERIALS@&(2f  f3 f3d  0DЊ6o  BAUXITE aluminium ore Bauxite contains alumina (Al2O3 aluminium oxide) plus impurities such as iron oxide  it is purified before use.@ !f ff fRf   @`T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +4 0 [S(    0֊} %EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM RAW MATERIALS@&(2f  f3 f3n  06o"  & BAUXITE aluminium ore Bauxite contains alumina (Al2O3 aluminium oxide) plus impurities such as iron oxide  it is purified before use. CRYOLITE Aluminium oxide has a very high melting point. Adding cryolite lowers the melting point and saves energy.@  R!!! ffffcf&  1  @`T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  (    0 _EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM,(2ffN  C &Aalcell T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  (    0 _EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM,(2ffN  C &Aalcell   0 "`   tTHE CELL CONSISTS OF A , 2f  T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 ;30 (    0l4 _EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM,(2ffN  C &Aalcell RB  s *DԔ+\ k   0PI"`fg9 ` \ CARBON ANODE (2 !    0pM"`   $THE CELL CONSISTS OF A CARBON ANODE,% 2 f % T   C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 @ g(    0V _EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM,(2ffN  C &Aalcell RB  s *DԔ43  0h\"`vl kSTEEL CATHODE CARBON LINING (2!  !  0T*"` Z 7THE CELL CONSISTS OF A CARBON LINED STEEL CATHODEL8 2 ff 8 RB   s *DԔQuT   C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +h 0 P (    0  _EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM,(2ffN  C &Aalcell J  C "A O2-gL  C $A al3+g  RB  s *DԔ5 p   0X'"`'  kMOLTEN ALUMINA and CRYOLITE (2!     0+"`  gALUMINA IS DISSOLVED IN MOLTEN CRYOLITE Na3AlF6 SAVES ENERGY - the mixture melts at a lower temperature0 28(2*   !+f h T   C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +L 0 sk` (    08 _EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM,(2ffN  C &Aalcell J  C "A O2-gL  C $A al3+g  RB  s *DԔ5 p   0>"`'  kMOLTEN ALUMINA and CRYOLITE (2!  q   0`C"`  ]ALUMINA IS DISSOLVED IN MOLTEN CRYOLITE Na3AlF6 aluminium and oxide ions are now free to movev0 2.(2*  -f ^ T   C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 p W(    0N _EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM,(2ffN  C &Aalcell J  C "A O2-gL  C $A al3+g    0DU"`E} =POSITIVE ALUMINIUM IONS ARE ATTRACTED TO THE NEGATIVE CATHODE >(2>! > &F 1 qF     5 h   6 ZS"`?1 qF   Al3+ + 3e- Alff ffff  `B   0Dfp    0b"`  /EACH ION PICKS UP 3 ELECTRONS AND IS DISCHARGED.0(2/f 0    0Xh"` l  ^CARBON CATHODE (2  T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D/' =%(%(D' =%(D_' =4@BB#BB%(/%,( < +)?)?)Do' =.77 BBBBBIM 0.00034 0.00046 L -0.075 0.00046 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=@0BBAApBBOB<*+Z  0  9(  F  8   P R  60oS"`? 8  O2- O + 2e- rf f ff  `B  0DfpK K  0w _EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM,(2ffN  C &Aalcell J   C "A O2-gL   C $A al3+g     0|"`E}? 7NEGATIVE OXIDE IONS ARE ATTRACTED TO THE POSITIVE ANODE 8(28! 8    0"`  /EACH ION GIVES UP 2 ELECTRONS AND IS DISCHARGED.0(2/f 0    0"`` lG \ CARBON ANODE (2   T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33YQ___PPT101+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(%(D' =%(D7' =4@BBBB%()?)?)D{' =.C7 BBBBBUM 4.72222E-6 -0.00185 L -0.05139 -0.0412 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=@0BBAApBB(}ҼBh/<* +  0  $(    0T _EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM,(2ffN  C &Aalcell J  C "A O2-gL  C $A al3+g    0$"` Y ELECTRONS (2 !  XB   0D>!!   0"`` lG \ CARBON ANODE (2      0ț"` l  ^CARBON CATHODE (2  T   C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10+D' = @B D[' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(%(D' =%(D+' =4@BB#BB%()?)?)Do'  =.77 BBBBBIM 0.00034 0.00046 L -0.075 0.00046 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=@0BBAApBBOB<*D' =%( D7' =4@BBBB%()?)?)D{'  =.C7 BBBBBUM 4.72222E-6 -0.00185 L -0.05139 -0.0412 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=@0BBAApBB(}ҼBh/<*+' 0  {(    0 _EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM,(2ffN  C &Aalcell J  C "A O2-gL  C $A al3+g    0ܨ"` Y ELECTRONS (2 !     6DS"`? 8  ;1ANODE 3O2- 1O2 + 6e- OXIDATION 2 f  ff%ff f f f !   XB   0DfԔ G XB   0D>!!   0칕"`y<  6OXIDATION (LOSS OF ELECTRONS) TAKES PLACE AT THE ANODE 7(27f 7    00"`` lG \ CARBON ANODE (2   T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10+D' = @B D[' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(%(D' =%(D+' =4@BB#BB%()?)?)Do'  =.77 BBBBBIM 0.00034 0.00046 L -0.075 0.00046 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=@0BBAApBBOB<*D' =%( D7' =4@BBBB%()?)?)D{'  =.C7 BBBBBUM 4.72222E-6 -0.00185 L -0.05139 -0.0412 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=@0BBAApBB(}ҼBh/<*+ 0    7 (      0ƕ _EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM,(2ffN   C &Aalcell J   C "A O2-gL   C $A al3+g     0̕"` Y ELECTRONS (2 !  x   6ѕS"`?7W 0CATHODE 2Al3+ + 6e- 2Al REDUCTION1 f ff f f ! ! 1 XB   0DfԔ XB   0D>!!   0$ڕ"`y<  6OXIDATION (LOSS OF ELECTRONS) TAKES PLACE AT THE ANODE 7(27 7    0hߕ"`  8REDUCTION (GAIN OF ELECTRONS) TAKES PLACE AT THE CATHODE 9(29f 9    0"` l  ^CARBON CATHODE (2     6S"`? 8  1ANODE 3O2- 1O2 + 6e- OXIDATION 2   %      XB   0DԔ G T   C ,Agcselogo2H   0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10+D' = @B D[' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(%(D' =%(D+' =4@BB#BB%()?)?)Do'  =.77 BBBBBIM 0.00034 0.00046 L -0.075 0.00046 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=@0BBAApBBOB<* D' =%( D7' =4@BBBB%()?)?)D{'  =.C7 BBBBBUM 4.72222E-6 -0.00185 L -0.05139 -0.0412 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=@0BBAApBB(}ҼBh/<* +9 0    (    0 _EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM,(2ffN  C &Aalcell J  C "A O2-gL  C $A al3+g    0"` Y ELECTRONS (2 !  XB   0D>!!XB  @ 0D!Ԕ) _   0"`y<  6OXIDATION (LOSS OF ELECTRONS) TAKES PLACE AT THE ANODE 7(27f 7    0 "`  8REDUCTION (GAIN OF ELECTRONS) TAKES PLACE AT THE CATHODE 9(29f 9    0"`` lG \ CARBON ANODE (2     0"` l  ^CARBON CATHODE (2    6S"`? 8  ;1ANODE 3O2- 1O2 + 6e- OXIDATION 2 f  ff%ff f f f !   XB  0DfԔ G x  6$ S"`?7W 0CATHODE 2Al3+ + 6e- 2Al REDUCTION1 f ff f f ! ! 1 XB  0DfԔ T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10+D' = @B D[' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(%(D' =%(D+' =4@BB#BB%()?)?)Do'  =.77 BBBBBIM 0.00034 0.00046 L -0.075 0.00046 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=@0BBAApBBOB<*D' =%( D7' =4@BBBB%()?)?)D{'  =.C7 BBBBBUM 4.72222E-6 -0.00185 L -0.05139 -0.0412 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=@0BBAApBB(}ҼBh/<*+ 0 B: (    00. _EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM,(2ffN  C &Aalcell J  C "A O2-g  03"`` lG \ CARBON ANODE (2   jB  B!? U '   088"`q  IPROBLEM THE CARBON ANODES REACT WITH THE OXYGEN TO PRODUCE CARBON DIOXIDE@J(2!Af J jB   B!?Y)   VAParchmentS" ? RjB   B!? Q"   0>"` o ^CARBON DIOXIDE (2f  T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 ~(    00E _EXTRACTION OF ALUMINIUM,(2ffN  C &Aalcell J  C "A O2-g  0@K"`` lG \ CARBON ANODE (2   jB  B!? U '   0O"`q  IPROBLEM THE CARBON ANODES REACT WITH THE OXYGEN TO PRODUCE CARBON DIOXIDE@J(2!Af J $   0 U"` } fTHE ANODES HAVE TO BE REPLACED AT REGULAR INTERVALS, THUS ADDING TO THE COST OF THE EXTRACTION PROCESS g(2gf g jB   B!?Y)   VAParchmentS" ? RjB   B!? Q"  00["` o ^CARBON DIOXIDE (2f  x  0C"? pT  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +Q 0 xp  (    0\{ YUSES OF ALUMINIUM,(2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2  0DVEZ UTHE IMPORTANCE OF ALUMINIUM  0^"`l*  LOW DENSITY AND OVERHEAD CABLES ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY LOW DENSITY AIRCRAFT BODIES needs to be an alloyed with other metals for extra strength GOOD HEAT CONDUCTIVITY SAUCEPANSf!(f!=f   H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0   (      0t YUSES OF ALUMINIUM,(2ffT   C ,Agcselogo2   0\}EZ UTHE IMPORTANCE OF ALUMINIUMr   0"`l*  LOW DENSITY AND OVERHEAD CABLES ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY LOW DENSITY AIRCRAFT BODIES needs to be an alloyed with other metals for extra strength GOOD HEAT CONDUCTIVITY SAUCEPANS     0(e"`   Aluminium is not as reactive as one would predict from its position in the reactivity series. This is because a thin layer of oxide quickly forms on the surface and prevents any further reaction taking place.  ^   6>! rG RB  @ s *Do OZ    0W"`U Z  cTHIN LAYER OF OXIDE (2f  H   0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +X  0 w  (    0 YUSES OF ALUMINIUM,(2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2  0EZ UTHE IMPORTANCE OF ALUMINIUMr  0 "`l*  LOW DENSITY AND OVERHEAD CABLES ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY LOW DENSITY AIRCRAFT BODIES needs to be an alloyed with other metals for extra strength GOOD HEAT CONDUCTIVITY SAUCEPANS    0ԅ"`   Aluminium is not as reactive as one would predict from its position in the reactivity series. This is because a thin layer of oxide quickly forms on the surface and prevents any further reaction taking place.  Z  0"`Nl ~ANODISING puts on a controlled layer of oxide so the metal can be used for household items such as pans and electrical goods. > !uf  ^  6>! rG RB  @ s *Do OZ    0LɅ"`U Z  cTHIN LAYER OF OXIDE (2f  H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +v  0   #- (    0a YUSES OF ALUMINIUM,(2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2  0 gEZ C ANODISING  P  00(v"`  >This puts on a controlled layer of oxide so that the metal can be used for household items such as pans and electrical goods. The aluminium object is made the anode in the electrolysis of dilute sulphuric acid. Oxygen given of at the anode reacts with the aluminium surface, to build up a very thin film of oxide. *?>fV  8 5 2 l  6"`* M4 RB @ s *DԔB RB @ s *DԔSSB RB @ s *DԔ< X< X  0vRB  s *DԔD  RB  s *DԔ=  <4m I+$    6"`XU I-(  RB @ s *Do} RB  @ s *DoR  ! 0x< W R}  kaluminium object to be anodised (2    " 0(}   adilute sulphuric acid(2  X  0CRB  s *Do  # 0xB   Scathode(2  H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +z 0  !1(    0<#6  ELECTROLYSIS OF& 0(2f3 T  C ,Agcselogo2  0[v7 MMOLTEN LEAD BROMIDE!H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +!  0 H @ ! (    0  ELECTROLYSIS OF& 0(2f3 T  C ,A celldiaggYZD T  C ,Agcselogo2  07 MMOLTEN LEAD BROMIDE!F  {    b D 2  <tjJ f  *   0$I*S {M  qBr->@  F  {     3 2   <DWjJ f  *   0W*S {M  qBr->@  F i  I z f2  6jJiJ  0Wn pPb2+<@  R  60W3R <  RR  s *3\   69WS"`?1+ `CATHODE (      6WS"`?  a ANODE $   H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  "\(    0A  ELECTROLYSIS OF& 0(2f3 T  C ,A celldiaggYZD T  C ,Agcselogo2  0A7 MMOLTEN LEAD BROMIDE!XB  0D>  F  {  @  b D 2 A <hAjJ f  * B 0 A*S {M  qBr->@  F  {  C  3 2 D <P(AjJ f  * E 0*A*S {M  qBr->@  F c F ZKXN  {  G Bc2 H <1AjJ f  * I 0,4A*S {M  \Br*@  N  {  J ;c2 K <h8AjJ f  * L 0(W  XB U 0D> I ,  R V 6RA3R <  RR W s *3\ d X 6 ;  XB   0D>; z R   6tr3R <  RR   s *3\ i   6LS"`?1+ +CATHODE 4H+ + 4e- 2H2 REDUCTION,      ,   6 S"`?  2ANODE 4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e- OXIDATION 3       3 XB  0DԔRH RXB  0DԔ3 N  C &AdiaphH y 3 P  C (AdiaphOH;  * a F Z  ZN     ~t2  6"`    0   YO(H  N     Zt2  6"`    0   YO(H  N  C &AdiaphHB N  C &AdiaphH; & XB  0D> ] XB @ 0D>ykF Bw  N B  Bz2  B <ZjJ"`P{ ! 0jB UH(2 N B " CEwz2 #B <ZjJ"`P{ $ 0t(B UH(2 F Bw % +N B & Bz2 'B <ZjJ"`P{ ( 0 (B UH(2 N B ) CEwz2 *B <ZjJ"`P{ + 0(B UH(2 XB ,@ 0D!Ԕ \\H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +! 0 H@ ,, (      0d6  ELECTROLYSIS OF& 0(2f3 T   C ,A celldiaggYZD T   C ,Agcselogo2   0@:67yq ODILUTE SULPHURIC ACID!F d   r z f2   6̙jJd   06k wSO42-B@    XB   0D> ;  XB   0D>; z R   6H^63R <  RR   s *3\ i   6ȋS"`?1+ +CATHODE 4H+ + 4e- 2H2 REDUCTION,      ,    6@_S"`?  2ANODE 4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e- OXIDATION 3       3 XB   0DԔRH RXB   0DԔ3 N   C &AdiaphH y 3 P   C (AdiaphOH;  * a F Z   ZN      ~t2   6"`     0q   YO(H  N      Zt2   6"`     0x   YO(H  N   C &AdiaphHB N   C &AdiaphH; & XB   0D> ] XB  @ 0D>ykF Bw   N B   Bz2  B <ZjJ"`P{ !  0B UH(2 N B "  CEwz2 # B <ZjJ"`P{ $  0B UH(2 F Bw %  +N B &  Bz2 ' B <ZjJ"`P{ (  0B UH(2 N B )  CEwz2 * B <ZjJ"`P{ +  0B UH(2  ,  <E?( h =This electrolysis can be used to deduce the formula of water>>= H   0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  GPO(    0XA  ELECTROLYSIS OF& 0(2f3 T  C ,Agcselogo2  0A7m k1AQUEOUS COPPER SULPHATE (with carbon electrodes)22!H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 ? 7 ( (  ( ( 0Hs6  ELECTROLYSIS OF& 0(2f3 T ( C ,A celldiaggYZD T ( C ,Agcselogo2 ( 0T7m k1AQUEOUS COPPER SULPHATE (with carbon electrodes)22!F    ( , Hf 2 ( <TjJ f  * ( 0$F   rCu2+>@  F d  ( r z f2  ( 6̙jJd  ( 0tk wSO42-B@    R ( 6p3R <  RR ( s *3\  ( 6 vS"`?1+ `CATHODE (     ( 6 vS"`?  a ANODE $   N ( C &AdiaphH a P ( C (AdiaphOH;  * a H ( 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +y 0   $0(  $ $ 0B  ELECTROLYSIS OF& 0(2f3 T $ C ,A celldiaggYZD T $ C ,Agcselogo2 $ 0B7m k1AQUEOUS COPPER SULPHATE (with carbon electrodes)22!F    $ , Hf 2 $ <BjJ f  * $ 0B   rCu2+>@  F d  $ r z f2  $ 6̙jJd  $ 0LBk wSO42-B@    XB  $ 0D> W& XB  $ 0D>; z R $ 6D;B3R <  RR $ s *3\ L $ 6h҅S"`?1+ ,CATHODE 2Cu2+ + 4e- 2Cu REDUCTIONd-    -  $ 6S"`?  2ANODE 4OH- 2H2O + O2 + 4e- OXIDATION 3       3 XB $ 0DԔRH RXB $ 0DԔ3 N $ C &AdiaphH a P $ C (AdiaphOH;  * a F Z $ ZN    $ ~t2 $ 6"`   $ 0x'W   YO(H  N    $ Zt2 $ 6"`   $ 0W   YO(H  F G  $ sY2 $ <WjJG  * $ 0|PWG  ^Cu,H  XB  $@ 0D!Ԕ \\H $ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 @ 0(  0 0 06  ELECTROLYSIS OF& 0(2f3 T 0 C ,Agcselogo2 0 0u7m ,AQUEOUS COPPER SULPHATE (with copper anode)f-!f!f! 0 0Wd)  ?A different reaction takes place if the anode is made of copper@(2@? H 0 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +$  0 K C 0 , (  , , 06  ELECTROLYSIS OF& 0(2f3 T , C ,A celldiaggYZD T , C ,Agcselogo2 , 0(67m ,AQUEOUS COPPER SULPHATE (with copper anode)f-!f!f!F    , !  2 , <jJ f  * , 0    rCu2+>@  F d  , <a x f2  , 6̙jJd  , 0$k wSO42-B@    R , 6:3R <  RR , s *3\  , 6+S"`?1+ _CATHODE(    , 6vS"`?  a ANODE $   N , C &AdiaphH a P , C (AdiaphOH-  8 S F G  ,  aA 2 , <dvjJG  * , 0vG  ^Cu,H  H , 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 P 4_(  4 4 0Ra  ELECTROLYSIS OF& 0(2f3 T 4 C ,A celldiaggYZD T 4 C ,Agcselogo2 4 0`07m ,AQUEOUS COPPER SULPHATE (with copper anode)f-!f!f!F    4 !  2 4 <jJ f  * 4 0g   rCu2+>@  F d  4 <a x f2  4 6̙jJd  4 0$k wSO42-B@    XB  4 0D> n XB  4@ 0D> R 4 63R <  RR 4 s *3\ J 4 64kvS"`?1+ *CATHODE Cu2+ + 2e- Cu REDUCTIONd+    + h 4 6_aS"`?  .ANODE Cu Cu2+ + 2e- OXIDATION ~/     / XB 4 0DԔRH RXB 4 0DԔ3 N 4 C &AdiaphH a P 4 C (AdiaphOH-  8 S F G  4  aA 2 4 <oajJG  * 4 0dyaG  ^Cu,H  F G  4 sY2 4 <ajJG  * 4 0.aG  ^Cu,H  XB 4@ 0D!Ԕ ? \H 4 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +^ 0 } $ (    0G  ELECTROLYSIS OF& 0(2f3 T  C ,A celldiaggYZD T  C ,Agcselogo2  0,A7m ,AQUEOUS COPPER SULPHATE (with copper anode)f-!f!f!F     !  2  <GjJ f  *  0G   rCu2+>@  F d   <a x f2   6̙jJd   0Gk wSO42-B@    XB   0D> n XB  @ 0D> R  6x G3R <  RR  s *3\ J  6*GS"`?1+ *CATHODE Cu2+ + 2e- Cu REDUCTIONd+    + h  6(-GS"`?  .ANODE Cu Cu2+ + 2e- OXIDATION ~/     / XB  0DԔRH RXB  0DԔ3 N  C &AdiaphH a P  C (AdiaphOH-  8 S 8 G    aA 2  B9GjJG  *  6T ;  XB 8 0D>@ i R 8 6)a3R <  RR  8 s *3\ h  8 6xS"`?1+ *CATHODE 2H+ + 2e- H2 REDUCTION+      +   8 6@rS"`?  +ANODE 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e- OXIDATION ,      , XB  8 0DԔRH RXB  8 0DԔ3 N 8 C &AdiaphH y 3 P 8 C (AdiaphOH N 8 C &AdiaphHB XB 8@ 0D>ykF Bw 8 +N B 8 Bz2 8B <ZjJ"`P{ 8 0AB UH(2 N B 8 CEwz2 8B <ZjJ"`P{ 8 0TAB UH(2 L % 7 8# ) R f2 8 6jJ% 7 8 0AK Cl-N@  L % 7 8# Zyf2 8 6jJ% 7 8 0\AK zCl:@  L % 7 8# E}f2  8 6jJ% 7 !8 0tAK zCl:@  XB "8@ 0D!Ԕj \H 8 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 B(    0,v \COMPOSITION OF WATER,(2ff  0( \WATER IS AN EXTREMELY POOR CONDUCTOR OF ELECTRICITY. Dilute sulphuric acid must be added to improve Its conductivity. Fill both limbs of a Hoffman Voltameter with water, (acidified with a small amount of dilute sulphuric acid). Pass a direct current through the apparatus. ANODE (+) - a colourless gas collected - the gas re-lit a glowing splint CATHODE (-) - a colourless gas collected - its volume was twice that at anode - gas exploded with a squeaky pop when a lighted splint was applied Conclusion Water can be split into its elements by passing electricity through it. ]3fGf fMb< O 7 E H  @`V  C .Avoltameter{ |  089sx  Xp water   > hydrogen (2 vols) + oxygen (1 vol).9f!f!f, @`T  C ,Agcselogo2  0] ] ^HOFFMAN VOLTAMETER @`H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 `((  ` ` 0me |0 2011 JONATHAN HOPTON & KNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING01(2 & f( fJ ` C "A KTRE: . ` <̙? x @ 0 0 ` <̙? x @ 0 0 ` 0s ELECTROLYSIS THE ENDf (282 6f<f$f$fT ` C ,Agcselogo2H ` 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.^ +D=' = @B +r G&KU[G`;$J<-8Kk ATvpt \~p4̵߭^af8?pXfFM_ivV?kKpx\qev0|EhNlplJfB;;(`T^7-3; JSeКU;P!hjns=yf$AVF25jhZc|f'KfOh+'0T `h  No Slide TitleHOPTONJONATHAN HOPTON239Microsoft PowerPoint@ЛT@\h@@QT GSg  )'    """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3ff333f333333333f33333333f33f3ff3f3f3f3333f33̙33333f333333f3333f3ffffff3f33ff3f3f3f3fff3ffffffffff3ffff̙fff3fffff3fff333f3f3ff3ff33f̙̙3̙ff̙̙̙3f̙3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3f3f333f3333f3ffffff3f̙3f3ffffffffff!___www4'A x(xKʦ """)))UUUMMMBBB999|PP3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙f3333f3333333333f3333333f3f33ff3f3f3f3333f3333333f3̙33333f333ff3ffffff3f33f3ff3f3f3ffff3fffffffff3fffffff3f̙ffff3ff333f3ff33fff33f3ff̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff̙̙3̙f̙̙̙3f̙3f3f3333f333ff3fffff3f3f̙3ffffffffff!___wwwýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýüýýýý___________________________________ýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýýýý________________________________ýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýrsrýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýKnýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýtnýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýnüýýüýüýýüýüýýýýüýüýýýüýýýüýýüýüýýrxKýýýýüýüýýýüýýýüýýüýüýýüýüýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýx-Onnýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýý-wnD-ýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýIsKEPOýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýüÓtJVOýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýxJ('Orýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýý-xP'-OýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüxOO(OOüýýýýýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýý-OOP-ýüýüýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýýýýýrxOO'O'O'ýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýx-ONOxrýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýO-O'-'O-ýýýýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýüýüýr--O'---OýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýO'-'-'-OýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýP---'--xýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýO-'-'-OýýýýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýsU-UOýýýýýýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýüýýüýýýüýýüýüýýüýüýýýýüýüýýüýýýüýýüýüýýüýüýýýýüýüýýüýýýüýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýüýýýýýýýüýýýýüýüýýýýýüýýýýüýýýýýýýüýýýýüýüýýýýýüýýýýüýýýýýýýüýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýüýýüýüýýüýüýýýýüýüýýýüýýýüýýüýüýýüýüýýýýüýüýýýüýýýüýýüýüýýüýüýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüüýýýýýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýüýýüýýýü____________________ý____ü______________________ü_____________üýýýüýýüýüýý_______ý_____________________________________________________________ýýýýýýýýýýýý___ý______ýý______ý_____________________ý__ý___________ýýýýýýýýý__________________________________________ýüýýýýüýýýýýý__________ü__________üý___ü_______________ýü___ý_____ü________ýýýýýýýüýýýýüýýý_______________________________________________________ýýýýýýýüýýýý______ý______________________________________________ýýýýýýýýýýü_______________________________________________________________________üüýýýýýýýýýü__________ýý_______ýü____ý_______________ýý____ý___ýý___________ü___ý_____ýýýýüýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüoýýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýýüýýýýýýýýüýüFoýýýÒoFoýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýüýüýüýýýüýüý⽽oýýýýýýýýýýýýýýüoýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýoFürFoooüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýýýüýýýýýýýüýüýýýýýýýýýýýýüýür oýýýýýýýýýýýü-oýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýýü՜.+,D՜.+,    aOn-screen Show u?b hTimes New Roman Arial BlackTahomaArial Courier NewDefault DesignSlide 1Slide 2Slide 3Slide 4Slide 5Slide 6Slide 7Slide 8Slide 9 Slide 10 Slide 11 Slide 12 Slide 13 Slide 14 Slide 15 Slide 16 Slide 17 Slide 18 Slide 19 Slide 20 Slide 21 Slide 22 Slide 23 Slide 24 Slide 25 Slide 26 Slide 27 Slide 28 Slide 29 Slide 30 Slide 31 Slide 32 Slide 33 Slide 34 Slide 35 Slide 36 Slide 37 Slide 38 Slide 39 Slide 40 Slide 41 Slide 42 Slide 43 Slide 44 Slide 45 Slide 46 Slide 47 Slide 48 Slide 49 Slide 50 Slide 51 Slide 52 Slide 53 Slide 54 Slide 55 Slide 56 Slide 57 Slide 58 Slide 59 Slide 60 Slide 61 Slide 62 Slide 63 Slide 64 Slide 65 Slide 66 Slide 67 Slide 68 Slide 69 Slide 70 Slide 71 Slide 72 Slide 73 Slide 74 Slide 75 Slide 76 Slide 77 Slide 78 Slide 79 Slide 80 Slide 81 Slide 82 Slide 83 Slide 84 Slide 85 Slide 86 Slide 87 Slide 88 Slide 89 Slide 90 Slide 91 Slide 92 Slide 93 Slide 94 Slide 95 Slide 96 Slide 97 Slide 98  Fonts UsedDesign Template Slide Titlesb$ 8@ _PID_HLINKSAH331,7,Slide 7331,7,Slide 7316,3,Slide 3316,3,Slide 3342,4,Slide 4465,9,Slide 9395,20,Slide 20359,29,Slide 29393,43,Slide 43441,56,Slide 56495,80,Slide 80458,97,Slide 97'_N JONATHAN HOPTONJONATHAN HOPTON  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrsuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)PicturesCurrent UserSummaryInformation(TPowerPoint Document(tr DocumentSummaryInformation8