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S  0 ``  X*  0̥ `   Z*  0 `   Z*h  PA޽h ?Parchment ̙33 Default Designo 0 ~ H(  HJ H C "A KTRE: . H <̙? x @G 0 0 H <̙? x @H 0 0 H 0t *CHEMICAL BONDING A guide for GCSE studentsb(2826f<fffT H C ,Agcselogo2 H 0\"`>B 2010 SPECIFICATIONSH0 G$G   H 0(e OKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING(2 fH H 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.^ +D=' = @B +- 0L0 <4L(  L L 0XH@} LCHEMICAL BONDING (2 f= L 08pg  INTRODUCTION This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board. Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at... www.knockhardy.org.uk~ (2 2(2 ! , dB L <D?  T L C ,Agcselogo2 L N̙))? & #All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any commercial work. 2H$   &  C z L bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +W 0L0 f^P(    0qH@} LCHEMICAL BONDING (2 f|  0&p  (OVERVIEW The following slides illustrate how the three main chemical bonds are formed. The physical properties of elements and compounds are influenced by the type of bonding. To understand how structure and bonding affects the physical properties of elements and compounds, view the powerpoint  STRUCTURE & BONDING available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE GCSE WEBSITE at... www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm (2m 2(2 !R!f:, PT  C ,Agcselogo2z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +/ 0 VNJ(   / 00 JWHAT IS BONDING?(2! H 0ІD~ @pVery few substances consist of single atoms. The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms 8q2 !4tC         T J C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 @G(    0 JWHAT IS BONDING?(2!  0D~ Very few substances consist of single atoms. The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O2, N2), giant molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic structures. 2 !>f !  !!C        G  [ T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 0(    0pՏ JWHAT IS BONDING?(2!R  0`׏D  Very few substances consist of single atoms. The NOBLE GASES (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe and Rn) occur as single atoms All other elements exist as simple molecules (eg O2, N2), giant molecular structures (diamond and graphite) or giant metallic structures. 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Eq 2   Z?fjJ?,  2  Z?fjJ?w2  Z?fjJ? f f2  6jJ/gf2  6jJ6j2  <?jJ$j E   f2  6jJ2s  f2  6jJjR2  <?jJ{ b  E   2  <?jJ[h E   2  <?jJe   E   f2  6jJ0.   <L ?E  O18+  U8 0#   HcX< H 2  <$?occ  > f2  6oF@ 2  Z?fjJ?a  2  Z?fjJ?b # 2  Z?jJ? U 2   Z?jJ?0S2 ! Z?jJ?` # 2 " Z?jJ? u O2 # Z?jJ? v \ 2 $ Z?jJ?]  2 % Z?jJ?@b2 & Z?jJ? ;Q f2 / 6jJ    0 <*? 0C  O10+  8 _  IE ` f2 2 6oA_ f2 > 6jJKf2 A 6jJ Q f2 F 6jJ  G </?9 N2+   K 04? ]#NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS$(2$!'8 $<[ iTlS L H7?PFPF0*$ MH(2   M H8 f2  6oU f2  6o[w 2  Z?fjJ?02  Z?fjJ?1 8 2  Z?fjJ?fj2   Z?fjJ?h|2   Z?fjJ?/82   Z?fjJ?Dd2   Z?fjJ? Eq 2   Z?fjJ?,  2  Z?fjJ?w2  Z?fjJ? f f2  6jJ/gf2  6jJ6j2  <?jJ$j E   f2  6jJ2s  f2  6jJjR2  <l?jJ{ b  E   2  <?jJ[h E   2  <?jJe   E   f2  6jJ0.   <P?E  O18+  cF 0#    cX< H 2  <?occ  > f2  6oF@ 2  Z?fjJ?a  2  Z?fjJ?b # 2  Z?jJ? U 2   Z?jJ?0S2 ! Z?jJ?` # 2 " Z?jJ? u O2 # Z?jJ? v \ 2 $ Z?jJ?]  2 % Z?jJ?@b2 & Z?jJ? ;Q f2 ' 6jJ    ( <L? 0C  O10+  F _  ) E ` f2 * 6oA_ f2 + 6jJKf2 , 6jJ Q f2 - 6jJ  . < ?9 N2+   / 0H? ]#NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS$(2$!F $<[ 0 TlS 1 B?PFPF0*$ MH(2   2 B@?PFPF0*$ NLi(2   3 B\?PFPF0*$ NNa(2   4 B\?PFPF0*$[ MK(2   5 BT?PFPF0* NBe(2   6 B?PFPF0* NMg(2   7 B(?PFPF0* MB(2   8 B ?PFPF0* NAl(2   9 B?PFPF0* MC(2   : Bh?PFPF0* \Si(2   ; BwPFPF0* MN(2   < B`wPFPF0* MP(2   = Bx wPFPF0*v MO(2   > BwPFPF0*v MS(2   ? B?PFPF0*vY MF(2   @ B!wPFPF0*vY \Cl(2   A B#wPFPF0*Y< \Ne(2   B B*wPFPF0*Y< \Ar(2   C B.wPFPF0*Y< NHe(2   D B1wPFPF0*[ NCa(2   E 0H5wfw2 k ARGON 2,8,80(28(2 f   F 0L:wfZU2 hHELIUM 20(28(2 f   G 0?wf 2 hNEON 2,80(28(2 f   H 0Fw .NOBLE GASES ARE VERY UNREACTIVE THEIR OUTER ENERGY LEVELS ARE  FULL ATOMS WITHOUT A  FULL OUTER SHELL TRY TO GET ONE THEY CAN DO THIS IN SEVERAL WAYS, 2ES   I 0dLwH SGroup 0(2  T J C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 d(    0Tw p4Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1 5(25fT  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 p( w   0(aw p4Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1 5(25f  B@fwPFPF0*m MH(2    B]wPFPF0*̙mG NLi(2    BiwPFPF0*̙G! NNa(2    BtpwPFPF0*̙! MK(2    BtwPFPF0*̙m G NBe(2    BxwPFPF0*̙G ! NMg(2    B~?PFPF0*m m G MB(2    BzwPFPF0*̙G m ! NAl(2    B\wPFPF0*mm P G MC(2    BBwPFPF0*Gm P ! \Si(2    B,wPFPF0*mP 3 G MN(2    BwPFPF0*GP 3 ! MP(2     `pwPFPF0*??m3  G MO(2     `x!!!!! !! > T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +O 0 vn( w   0w p4Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1 5(25f  B8wPFPF0*m MH(2    B,wPFPF0*̙mG NLi(2    BwPFPF0*̙G! NNa(2    BwPFPF0*̙! MK(2    BwPFPF0*̙m G NBe(2    BwPFPF0*̙G ! NMg(2    BtwPFPF0*m m G MB(2    BXwPFPF0*̙G m ! NAl(2    BwPFPF0*mm P G MC(2    BTwPFPF0*Gm P ! \Si(2    B$wPFPF0*mP 3 G MN(2    BwPFPF0*GP 3 ! MP(2     `wPFPF0*??m3  G MO(2     `xPFPF0*??G3  ! MS(2    BxPFPF0*m G MF(2     ` xPFPF0*??G ! \Cl(2     ` xPFPF0*??m G \Ne(2     `xPFPF0*??G ! \Ar(2     `@xPFPF0*?? m NHe(2    B8xPFPF0*̙!  NCa(2    B0x))?F PATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GASQ(2Q Q   B#x̙))?F TATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GASU(2U U   0(0xpL6 ==Li 2,1 Na 2,8,1 K 2,8,8,1 Be 2,2 Mg 2,8,2 Ca 2,8,8,2 Al 2,8,3>x!!!!! !! > B  0p4xp$  O 2,6 S 2,8,6 F 2,7 Cl 2,8,7|x!!!!&   T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +- 0 TL(    0@x p4Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1 5(25f  B8GxPFPF0*m MH(2    B@BxPFPF0*̙mG NLi(2    BMxPFPF0*̙G! NNa(2    BQxPFPF0*̙! MK(2    BVxPFPF0*̙m G NBe(2    B0YxPFPF0*̙G ! NMg(2    B ]xPFPF0*m m G MB(2    BPaxPFPF0*̙G m ! NAl(2    BexPFPF0*mm P G MC(2    B@ixPFPF0*Gm P ! \Si(2    BmxPFPF0*mP 3 G MN(2    BqxPFPF0*GP 3 ! MP(2     `uxPFPF0*??m3  G MO(2     `0{xPFPF0*??G3  ! MS(2    BHxPFPF0*m G MF(2     `{xPFPF0*??G ! \Cl(2     `xPFPF0*??m G \Ne(2     `xPFPF0*??G ! \Ar(2     `xPFPF0*?? m NHe(2    BTxPFPF0*̙!  NCa(2    Bx))?F PATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS Q(2Q Q   B\x̙))?F TATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS U(2U U 6  0xpZ  jIF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT<k0}2!J k   0lx  " e/Na 2,8,1 K 2,8,8,1 Mg 2,8,2 Ca 2,8,8,2 Al 2,8,30x!f!f!f!f!f 0 R  0x  O 2,6 S 2,8,6 F 2,7 Cl 2,8,7x!!!!&   XB  0Df) 0 T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 `(@(  ( ( 0x p4Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 1 5(25f ( B(xPFPF0*m MH(2   ( BxPFPF0*̙mG NLi(2   ( B8xPFPF0*̙G! NNa(2   ( B\xPFPF0*̙! MK(2   ( BxPFPF0*̙m G NBe(2   ( BxxPFPF0*̙G ! NMg(2    ( BDxPFPF0*m m G MB(2    ( B(xPFPF0*̙G m ! NAl(2    ( BlxPFPF0*mm P G MC(2    ( BxPFPF0*Gm P ! \Si(2    ( BxPFPF0*mP 3 G MN(2   ( BxPFPF0*GP 3 ! MP(2   (  `xPFPF0*??m3  G MO(2   (  `D{PFPF0*??G3  ! MS(2   ( B{PFPF0*m G MF(2   (  `{PFPF0*??G ! \Cl(2   (  ` {PFPF0*??m G \Ne(2   (  `xPFPF0*??G ! \Ar(2   (  `{PFPF0*?? m NHe(2   ( B{PFPF0*̙!  NCa(2   ( B{))?F PATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS Q(2Q Q  ( B{̙))?F TATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS U(2U U  ( 0$&{p2  2IF THE ATOMS ON THE LEFT TRANSFER THEIR OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS TO THE OUTER SHELL OF THE ATOMS ON THE RIGHT THEY CAN BOTH ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION \0}2!Jfffffff f f   ( 0X8{  " e/Na 2,8,1 K 2,8,8,1 Mg 2,8,2 Ca 2,8,8,2 Al 2,8,30x!f!f!f!f!f 0 R ( 0C{  O 2,6 S 2,8,6 F 2,7 Cl 2,8,7x!!!!&   XB ( 0Df) 0 T ( C ,Agcselogo2H ( 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 &(    0~PFPF0*̙! MK(2   $ B@~PFPF0*̙m G NBe(2   $ B;~PFPF0*̙G ! NMg(2    $ BI~PFPF0*m m G MB(2    $ BM~PFPF0*̙G m ! NAl(2    $ BO~PFPF0*mm P G MC(2    $ B T~PFPF0*Gm P ! \Si(2    $ BpX~PFPF0*mP 3 G MN(2   $ BV~PFPF0*GP 3 ! MP(2   $  `$b~PFPF0*??m3  G MO(2   $  `]~PFPF0*??G3  ! MS(2   $ B 2  Z?f3jJ?5T2  Z?f3jJ?IR2  Z?f3jJ? 2  Z?f3jJ?"  <d `Cl   ^2   6oIf& 2   Z?f3jJ?y   0D$  GSODIUM ATOM 2,8,12   Z?f3jJ?C/2   Z?f3jJ?;22   `X)?f3jJ?3 D 2  Z?f3jJ?C2  Z?f3jJ?~12  B~o > 2  <0o{, > 2  Z?33jJ?du2  Z?33jJ?xs2  Z?33jJ?682  Z?33jJ?5C^2  6ojU*2  Z?33jJ?2+2  Z?33jJ?rP2  Z?33jJ?jS2   `7?33jJ?&b D 2  Z?33jJ?&r2  Z?33jJ?0R2  B;o  > 2  Z?33jJ?E:2   Z?33jJ?822 ! Z?33jJ?rw2 " Z?33jJ?D2 # Z?33jJ?3E2 $ Z?33jJ?;82 % Z?33jJ? yy & <A HNa   ' 0HF   ICHLORINE ATOM 2,8,72 ( Z?f3jJ?NT ) C ,Agcselogo2 * 0>n o3PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION 4(24f3H  0޽h ? ̙33G?___PPT10+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DE' =4@BBBB%()?)?D'  =.a7 BBBBBoM -1.11111E-6 -1.18519E-5 C 0.01545 -0.0132 0.05781 -0.06575 0.09236 -0.07987 C 0.12691 -0.09399 0.17309 -0.09978 0.20694 -0.08519 C 0.2408 -0.07061 0.27673 -0.01204 0.29514 0.00717 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=D0BB aaaapBBr>B/=<*(+ 0 +0 |(      0Q ISODIUM CHLORIDE(2f2   <[oZ > 2   Z?f3jJ?5T2   Z?f3jJ?IR2   Z?f3jJ? 2   Z?f3jJ?"   <,O `Cl   ^2   6oIf& 2   Z?f3jJ?y   0b  DSODIUM ION 2,82   Z?f3jJ?C/2   Z?f3jJ?;22    `i?f3jJ?3 D 2   Z?f3jJ?C2   Z?f3jJ?~12   <xmo{, > 2   Z?33jJ?du2   Z?33jJ?xs2   Z?33jJ?682   Z?33jJ?5C^2   6ojU*2   Z?33jJ?2+2   Z?33jJ?rP2   Z?33jJ?jS2    `s?33jJ?&b D 2   Z?33jJ?&r2   Z?33jJ?0R2   BXwo  > 2   Z?33jJ?E:2   Z?33jJ?822   Z?33jJ?rw2 !  Z?33jJ?D2 "  Z?33jJ?3E2 #  Z?33jJ?;82 $  Z?33jJ? yy %  <| HNa   &  0   HCHLORIDE ION 2,8,82 '  Z?f3jJ?"` p (  04?e $both species now have  full outer shells; ie they have the electronic configuration of a noble gas d(2d!+7 -  0HHQ~B G+* 23^B /  6D3>T 0  C ,Agcselogo2H   0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +T 0 {s-/D (  D D 0L ISODIUM CHLORIDE(2f2 D <oZ > 2 D Z?f3jJ?5T2 D Z?f3jJ?IR2 D Z?f3jJ? 2 D Z?f3jJ?" D <T `Cl   ^2  D 6oIf& 2  D Z?f3jJ?y  D 0t  DSODIUM ION 2,82  D Z?f3jJ?C/2  D Z?f3jJ?;22 D  `0?f3jJ?3 D 2 D Z?f3jJ?C2 D Z?f3jJ?~12 D <Ўo{, > 2 D Z?33jJ?du2 D Z?33jJ?xs2 D Z?33jJ?682 D Z?33jJ?5C^2 D 6ojU*2 D Z?33jJ?2+2 D Z?33jJ?rP2 D Z?33jJ?jS2 D  `H?33jJ?&b D 2 D Z?33jJ?&r2 D Z?33jJ?0R2 D B̶o  > 2 D Z?33jJ?E:2 D Z?33jJ?822  D Z?33jJ?rw2 !D Z?33jJ?D2 "D Z?33jJ?3E2 #D Z?33jJ?;82 $D Z?33jJ? yy %D < HNa   &D 0   HCHLORIDE ION 2,8,82 'D Z?f3jJ? pI )D 0Lʀ  w Na Na+ + e 2,8,1 2,8 ELECTRON TRANSFERRED Cl + e Cl 2,8,7 2,8,8 20<20(202 20<2  !!>BdB *D <Do  dB ,D@ <Do P x -D 0ĀHQ~B G+* 23^B .D 6D3>T /D C ,Agcselogo2H D 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +q4 0 **IKp*(  p p 0@ JCALCIUM CHLORIDE(2f2 p <o-  > 2 p Z?f3jJ?&52 p Z?f3jJ?$I2 p Z?f3jJ?d 2 p Z?f3jJ? q  p < `Cl   ^2  p 6of&X 2  p Z?f3jJ?`y  p 0 u: JCALCIUM ATOM 2,8,8,22  p Z?f3jJ?C~2  p Z?f3jJ?;2 p  `?f3jJ?T 3  D 2 p Z?f3jJ?T C 2 p Z?f3jJ? ~ 2 p Bo"`  > 2 p <o{, > 2 p Z?33jJ?du2 p Z?33jJ?xs2 p Z?33jJ?682 p Z?33jJ?5C^2 p 6ojU*2 p Z?33jJ?2+2 p Z?33jJ?rP2 p Z?33jJ?jS2 p  `D?33jJ?&b D 2 p Z?33jJ?&r2 p Z?33jJ?0R2 p B o  > 2 p Z?33jJ?E:2  p Z?33jJ?822 !p Z?33jJ?rw2 "p Z?33jJ?D2 #p Z?33jJ?3E2 $p Z?33jJ?;82 %p Z?33jJ? yy &p <p  HCa   'p 0z 4  JCHLORINE ATOMS 2,8,7 )p < :  `Cl   2 *p <oZ ^ > 2 +p Z?33jJ? T 2 ,p Z?33jJ? 'R 2 -p Z?33jJ? j 2 .p Z?33jJ?g"^2 /p 6oI  2 0p Z?33jJ? ] 2 1p Z?33jJ? !/ 2 2p Z?33jJ? 2 2 3p  `%?33jJ? D 2 4p Z?33jJ?!2 5p Z?33jJ? b12 6p B|+o .! > 2 7p Z?33jJ? w 2 8p Z?33jJ? j 2 9p Z?33jJ? !V 2 :p Z?33jJ? 4#2 ;p Z?33jJ?w2  2 Ap Z?f3jJ?`[ 2 Bp Z?f3jJ?.y 2 Cp Z?f3jJ?!i2 Dp Z?f3jJ?\ c 2 Ep Z?f3jJ?n2 Fp Z?f3jJ?L32 Gp  `7?f3jJ?,> D 2 Hp Z?f3jJ?\  2 (p Z?f3jJ?2 >p Z?f3jJ?8  T Ip C ,Agcselogo2 Kp 0 ;n o3PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION 4(24f3H p 0޽h ? ̙33$  ___PPT10+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D7' =4@BBBB%()?)?D'  =.S7 BBBBBaM 0.00278 -0.0037 C 0.01736 -0.02176 0.05278 -0.08935 0.0908 -0.11204 C 0.12882 -0.13472 0.18055 -0.14838 0.23108 -0.13981 C 0.2816 -0.13125 0.35972 -0.07685 0.39358 -0.06018 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=D0BB aaaapBBH>Bb<*(pD' =%(D' =%(D3' =4@BBBB%()?)?D' =.O7 BBBBB]M 3.33333E-6 3.33333E-6 C 0.01684 0.01365 0.05573 0.0625 0.10069 0.08194 C 0.14566 0.10139 0.21996 0.12361 0.27014 0.11713 C 0.32031 0.11064 0.37465 0.05856 0.40208 0.04305 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=D0BB aaaapBBM>B'}=<*>p+, 0 ++KMW+(    0C JCALCIUM CHLORIDE(2f2  <(o-  > 2  Z?f3jJ?&52  Z?f3jJ?$I2  Z?f3jJ?d 2  Z?f3jJ? q   <N `Cl   ^2   6of&X 2   Z?f3jJ?`y   0T u: GCALCIUM ION 2,8,82   Z?f3jJ?C~2   Z?f3jJ?;2   `Z?f3jJ?T 3  D 2  Z?f3jJ?T C 2  Z?f3jJ? ~ 2  B_o"`  > 2  <bo{, > 2  Z?33jJ?du2  Z?33jJ?xs2  Z?33jJ?682  Z?33jJ?5C^2  6ojU*2  Z?33jJ?2+2  Z?33jJ?rP2  Z?33jJ?jS2   `|i?33jJ?&b D 2  Z?33jJ?&r2  Z?33jJ?0R2  Bno  > 2  Z?33jJ?E:2   Z?33jJ?822 ! Z?33jJ?rw2 " Z?33jJ?D2 # Z?33jJ?3E2 $ Z?33jJ?;82 % Z?33jJ? yy & <rp  HCa   ' 0,xz 4  iCHLORIDE IONS 2,8,8:3  ( <p :  `Cl   2 ) <~oZ ^ > 2 * Z?33jJ? T 2 + Z?33jJ? 'R 2 , Z?33jJ? j 2 - Z?33jJ?g"^2 . 6oI  2 / Z?33jJ? ] 2 0 Z?33jJ? !/ 2 1 Z?33jJ? 2 2 2  `?33jJ? D 2 3 Z?33jJ?!2 4 Z?33jJ? b12 5 Blo .! > 2 6 Z?33jJ? w 2 7 Z?33jJ? j 2 8 Z?33jJ? !V 2 9 Z?33jJ? 4#2 : Z?33jJ?w2 ; Z?33jJ?j2 < Z?33jJ? .X2 > Z?f3jJ?`[ 2 ? Z?f3jJ?.y 2 @ Z?f3jJ?!i2 A Z?f3jJ?\ c 2 B Z?f3jJ?n2 C Z?f3jJ?L32 D  `?f3jJ?,> D 2 E Z?f3jJ?\  2 F Z?f3jJ? j2 G Z?f3jJ? n T H C ,Agcselogo2 J 0D.[p H2+* 23^B K 6D3>^B L 6D3> 8  M 0@n o3PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION 4(24f3H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +// 0 V.N.NN-(    0, JCALCIUM CHLORIDE(2f2  < o-  > 2  Z?f3jJ?&52  Z?f3jJ?$I2  Z?f3jJ?d 2  Z?f3jJ? q   < `Cl   ^2   6of&X 2   Z?f3jJ?`y   0LmB GCALCIUM ION 2,8,82   Z?f3jJ?C~2   Z?f3jJ?;2   `?f3jJ?T 3  D 2  Z?f3jJ?T C 2  Z?f3jJ? ~ 2  Bo"`  > 2  <Ƃo{, > 2  Z?33jJ?du2  Z?33jJ?xs2  Z?33jJ?682  Z?33jJ?5C^2  6ojU*2  Z?33jJ?2+2  Z?33jJ?rP2  Z?33jJ?jS2   `d̂?33jJ?&b D 2  Z?33jJ?&r2  Z?33jJ?0R2  B䦂o  > 2  Z?33jJ?E:2   Z?33jJ?822 ! Z?33jJ?rw2 " Z?33jJ?D2 # Z?33jJ?3E2 $ Z?33jJ?;82 % Z?33jJ? yy & < Ղp  HCa   ' 0قz 4  iCHLORIDE IONS 2,8,8:3  ( <M :  `Cl   2 ) <ToZ ^ > 2 * Z?33jJ? T 2 + Z?33jJ? 'R 2 , Z?33jJ? j 2 - Z?33jJ?g"^2 . 6oI  2 / Z?33jJ? ] 2 0 Z?33jJ? !/ 2 1 Z?33jJ? 2 2 2  `?33jJ? D 2 3 Z?33jJ?!2 4 Z?33jJ? b12 5 Bo .! > 2 6 Z?33jJ? w 2 7 Z?33jJ? j 2 8 Z?33jJ? !V 2 9 Z?33jJ? 4#2 : Z?33jJ?w2 ; Z?33jJ?j2 < Z?33jJ? .X2 = Z?f3jJ?`[ 2 > Z?f3jJ?.y 2 ? Z?f3jJ?!i2 @ Z?f3jJ?\ c 2 A Z?f3jJ?n2 B Z?f3jJ?L32 C  `L?f3jJ?,> D 2 D Z?f3jJ?\  2 E Z?f3jJ? j2 F Z?f3jJ? n T G C ,Agcselogo2 H 0.[p H2+* 23^B I 6D3>^B J 6D3> 8  K 0  e  Ca Ca2+ + 2e 2,8,8,2 2,8,8 2 ELECTRONS TRANSFERRED 2Cl + 2e 2Cl 2,8,7 2,8 20<2+0(2$ 20<2 !+f !dB L <DoG G dB M <DodB N@ <Do h`H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 `X!A|(  | | 0L IMAGNESIUM OXIDE(2f2 | <oV > 2 | Z?f3jJ?5P2 | Z?f3jJ?IN2 | Z?f3jJ? 2 | Z?f3jJ? | <" IO  ^2  | 6oEf&2  | Z?f3jJ? y  | 0( 5  JMAGNESIUM ATOM 2,8,22  | Z?f3jJ?C+2  | Z?f3jJ?;.2 |  `|-?f3jJ?3~ D 2 | Z?f3jJ?C~2 | Z?f3jJ?~-2 | B0o > 2 | <@4o3, > 2 | Z?3jJ?d-2 | Z?3jJ?x+2 | Z?3jJ?0k2 | Z?3jJ?~-^2 | 6o"U2 | Z?3jJ?+g2 | Z?3jJ?r2 | Z?3jJ?r[2 | Z?3jJ?0  &| <9 JMg   '| 08;    EOXYGEN ATOM 2,62 (| Z?f3jJ?a 2 >| Z?f3jJ?TT ?| C ,Agcselogo2 A| 0Bn o3PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION 4(24f3H | 0޽h ? ̙33$  ___PPT10+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D5' =4@BBBB%()?)?D'  =.Q7 BBBBB_M -0.00017 -0.00023 C 0.02205 -0.00903 0.08646 -0.04491 0.13281 -0.04954 C 0.17917 -0.05416 0.22673 -0.04699 0.27795 -0.02754 C 0.32917 -0.0081 0.4066 0.04722 0.44045 0.0669 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=D0BB aaaapBBa>Bb;<*(|D' =%(D' =%(D5' =4@BBBB%()?)?D' =.Q7 BBBBB_M 1.66667E-6 1.11111E-6 C 0.01979 0.00764 0.06528 0.04444 0.1191 0.04583 C 0.17292 0.04722 0.26996 0.03079 0.32326 0.0088 C 0.37656 -0.0132 0.41458 -0.06597 0.43854 -0.08565 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=D0BB aaaapBB`>Bd<*>|+ 0  &w(    0J IMAGNESIUM OXIDE(2f2  <8PoV > 2  Z?f3jJ?5P2  Z?f3jJ?IN2  Z?f3jJ? 2  Z?f3jJ?^2   6oEf&2   Z?f3jJ? y   0dT 5  GMAGNESIUM ION 2,82   Z?f3jJ?C+2   Z?f3jJ?;.2   `@[?f3jJ?3~ D 2  Z?f3jJ?C~2  Z?f3jJ?~-2  <_o3, > 2  Z?3jJ?d-2  Z?3jJ?x+2  Z?3jJ?0k2  Z?3jJ?~-^2  6o"U2  Z?3jJ?+g2  Z?3jJ?r2  Z?3jJ?r[2  Z?3jJ?0   <le1 \Mg2+(     0k    c OXIDE ION 2,8:3 2  Z?f3jJ?r2  Z?f3jJ?j^   <`r}1w [O2-(   T ! C ,Agcselogo2 & 0un o3PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION 4(24f3H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 <4 ##(    0} IMAGNESIUM OXIDE(2f2  <䀅oV > 2  Z?f3jJ?5P2  Z?f3jJ?IN2  Z?f3jJ? 2  Z?f3jJ?^2  6oEf&2   Z?f3jJ? y   0 5  GMAGNESIUM ION 2,82   Z?f3jJ?C+2   Z?f3jJ?;.2    `Њ?f3jJ?3~ D 2  Z?f3jJ?C~2  Z?f3jJ?~-2  <po3, > 2  Z?3jJ?d-2  Z?3jJ?x+2  Z?3jJ?0k2  Z?3jJ?~-^2  6o"U2  Z?3jJ?+g2  Z?3jJ?r2  Z?3jJ?r[2  Z?3jJ?0   <ȕ1 \Mg2+(     0    c OXIDE ION 2,8:3 2  Z?f3jJ?r2  Z?f3jJ?j^  <H}1w [O2-(   T  C ,Agcselogo2   0_   Mg Mg2+ + 2e 2,8,2 2,8 2 ELECTRONS TRANSFERRED O + 2e O2- 2,6 2,8 20<20(2! 20<2 !f !dB ! <Do  dB " <Do? ?dB #@ <DoP X H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 d(    08 p4Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2 5(25fT  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 B(    0 p4Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2 5(25f   `ÅPFPF0*??m MH(2    BDžPFPF0*mG NLi(2     `8̅PFPF0*??G! NNa(2     `TхPFPF0*??! MK(2     `ԅPFPF0*??m G NBe(2     `҅PFPF0*??G ! NMg(2    B݅PFPF0*m m G MB(2     `|߅PFPF0*??G m ! NAl(2     `ͅPFPF0*??mm P G MC(2     `(PFPF0*??Gm P ! \Si(2     `PFPF0*??mP 3 G MN(2     `PFPF0*??GP 3 ! MP(2     `tPFPF0*??m3  G MO(2     `PFPF0*??G3  ! MS(2    B,PFPF0*m G MF(2     `PFPF0*??G ! \Cl(2     `PFPF0*??m G \Ne(2     `PFPF0*??G ! \Ar(2     `,PFPF0*?? m NHe(2     `PFPF0*??!  NCa(2     B))? KATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS SHORT OF A NOBLE GASL(2L L T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 (    0h p4Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2 5(25f   `#PFPF0*??m MH(2    B!PFPF0*mG NLi(2     `*PFPF0*??G! NNa(2     `.PFPF0*??! MK(2     `X3PFPF0*??m G NBe(2     `p7PFPF0*??G ! NMg(2     B>PFPF0*m m G MB(2      `?PFPF0*??G m ! NAl(2      `EPFPF0*??mm P G MC(2      `4IPFPF0*??Gm P ! \Si(2      `LPFPF0*??mP 3 G MN(2     `PPFPF0*??GP 3 ! MP(2     `tTPFPF0*??m3  G MO(2     `XPFPF0*??G3  ! MS(2    B0^PFPF0*m G MF(2     `@DPFPF0*??G ! \Cl(2     `ePFPF0*??m G \Ne(2     `hPFPF0*??G ! \Ar(2     `tmPFPF0*?? m NHe(2     `qPFPF0*??!  NCa(2     BXu))? KATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS SHORT OF A NOBLE GASL(2L L e  B))?h| OTYPICAL COMBINATIONS Elements H2 O2 N2 Cl2 Compounds H2O NH3 CH4t(2 8n2n !!     !!!!!!! P T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 y(    0 p4Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2 5(25f   `$PFPF0*??m MH(2    B(PFPF0*mG NLi(2     `МPFPF0*??G! NNa(2     `ȠPFPF0*??! MK(2     `ԦPFPF0*??m G NBe(2     `8PFPF0*??G ! NMg(2    BPFPF0*m m G MB(2     `PFPF0*??G m ! NAl(2     `XPFPF0*??mm P G MC(2     `PFPF0*??Gm P ! \Si(2     `|PFPF0*??mP 3 G MN(2     `4PFPF0*??GP 3 ! MP(2     `ɈPFPF0*??m3  G MO(2     `ЈPFPF0*??G3  ! MS(2    BTԈPFPF0*m G MF(2     `ֈPFPF0*??G ! \Cl(2     `ڈPFPF0*??m G \Ne(2     `PFPF0*??G ! \Ar(2     `PFPF0*?? m NHe(2     `PFPF0*??!  NCa(2     B))? KATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS L(2L L   0H R  6IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THEY MUST& v0}2v v   Bt))?h| OTYPICAL COMBINATIONS Elements H2 O2 N2 Cl2 Compounds H2O NH3 CH4(2 8n2n   P T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 N( w   0$ p4Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2 5(25f   `PFPF0*??m MH(2    B$PFPF0*mG NLi(2     ``!PFPF0*??G! NNa(2     `l PFPF0*??! MK(2     `/PFPF0*??m G NBe(2     `3PFPF0*??G ! NMg(2     B,PFPF0*m m G MB(2      `;PFPF0*??G m ! NAl(2      `0PFPF0*??mm P G MC(2      `CPFPF0*??Gm P ! \Si(2      `,HPFPF0*??mP 3 G MN(2     `x@PFPF0*??GP 3 ! MP(2     `OPFPF0*??m3  G MO(2     `pSPFPF0*??G3  ! MS(2    BXYPFPF0*m G MF(2     `LZPFPF0*??G ! \Cl(2     ``PFPF0*??m G \Ne(2     `dPFPF0*??G ! \Ar(2     `0iPFPF0*?? m NHe(2     `nPFPF0*??!  NCa(2     Bq))? KATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS L(2L L k  0(mH R  IF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THEY MUST SHARE PAIRS OF ELECTRONSN0}2t!    B))?h| OTYPICAL COMBINATIONS Elements H2 O2 N2 Cl2 Compounds H2O NH3 CH4(2 8n2n   P T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0   ( w   0, p4Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 2 5(25f   `PFPF0*??m MH(2    B@PFPF0*mG NLi(2     `̦PFPF0*??G! NNa(2     `xPFPF0*??! MK(2     `حPFPF0*??m G NBe(2     `ఊPFPF0*??G ! NMg(2     BPFPF0*m m G MB(2      `PFPF0*??G m ! NAl(2      `PPFPF0*??mm P G MC(2      `PFPF0*??Gm P ! \Si(2      `콊PFPF0*??mP 3 G MN(2     `ʊPFPF0*??GP 3 ! MP(2     `ϊPFPF0*??m3  G MO(2     `HӊPFPF0*??G3  ! MS(2    BT؊PFPF0*m G MF(2     `܊PFPF0*??G ! \Cl(2     `dPFPF0*??m G \Ne(2     `PFPF0*??G ! \Ar(2     `PFPF0*?? m NHe(2     `ފPFPF0*??!  NCa(2     B))? KATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS SHORT OF A NOBLE GAS L(2L L   0pH   VIF BOTH ELEMENTS COMBINING TOGETHER NEED TO GAIN ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THEY MUST SHARE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS A SHARED PAIR OF ELECTRONS IS KNOWN AS A COVALENT BONDb0}278}2)! f    B ))?h| OTYPICAL COMBINATIONS Elements H2 O2 N2 Cl2 Compounds H2O NH3 CH4(2 8n2n   P T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 @@@(  @ @ 0"X LCOVALENT BONDING (2H!T @ C ,Agcselogo2H @ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +a 0   0 (  0 0 0% fCOVALENT BONDING(2f | 0 0**  A covalent bond consists of& a shared pair of electrons with one electron being supplied by each atom either side of the bond. The atoms are held together because both their nuclei (which have an overall positive charge) are attracted to the same shared pair of negatively charged electrons. COVALENT BONDS ARE STRONG.d@df! E  0 <H8 " >  [+*$$  2 0 <o ( % > jB  0 BDf3>@ X 2 0 <=o h % >  0 <  B^  [+*$$  2 0 Z?fjJ? x  2 0 Z?fjJ? x  jB 0 BDf3> 2p n jB 0 BDf3> 4 r n jB 0 BDf3>8 1 o XB 0 0DfԔ  0 0G ? dshared pair of electronsH  XB 0@ 0D!o >   0 0N )  hNucleus (positively charged)H  T 0 C ,Agcselogo2H 0 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 &P(    0 E BHYDROGEN (2 f2  <Foa > 2  Z?fjJ?Ue  <U>! UH$$  2  <ZoM  > 2  Z?fjJ?\P  <Xi UH$$  2  <0co [ > 2  Z?fjJ?(@  <fS UH$$  2  <|ko > 2  Z?fjJ?C  < UH$$    0s C  s;both atoms need one electron to complete their outer shell <(2<  0v C  z>atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond ?(2?!T  C ,Agcselogo2  < {' .  YH H$0  0L ?x A  # ? A fB  6DԔx A fB   6DԔ?  0L ?x A  !A# ?.@ S fB " 6DԔx A fB # 6DԔ?  ^B $ 6D)-  k -  % <' .  ZH H$0   & < /F  dH220 0  H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 YL ( ̙33 L L 0 BHYDROGEN (2 f2 L <ؓoa > 2 L Z?fjJ?Ue  L <>! UH$$   'L B' .  YH H$0  0L ?x A  -L# ? A fB .L 6DԔx A fB /L 6DԔ?  0L ?x A  1LA# ?.@ S fB 2L 6DԔx A fB 3L 6DԔ?  dB ?L <D)-  k - 2 CL <oM  > 2 DL Z?fjJ?\P EL <i UH$$  2 FL <o [ > 2 GL Z?fjJ?(@ HL <ذS UH$$  2 IL <xo > 2 JL Z?fjJ?C KL < UH$$   LL <' .  ZH H$0   SL 0‰ C  s;both atoms need one electron to complete their outer shell <(2< TL 0Ɖ C  z>atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond ?(2?!T VL C ,Agcselogo2XB WL 0Df> } XL 0ˉ  d(Covalent bonds are represented by a line )(2)f YL <`Љ /F  dH220 0  H L 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10e.+D=' = @B +& 0 0(PA<`(  < < 0׉ BHYDROGEN (2 fl u   6<o u v,$@  0 < <t׍u   iH H 20$  fB < 6D)! "< 08x0  ,$ 0 JAnother hydrogen atom also needs one electron to complete its outer shell K(2K  #< 0 x ,$ 0 u=Hydrogen atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell >(2>P $< 0x@ j ,$ 0 \atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond A hydrogen MOLECULE is formedD](2J!f !7l o v ?<o v,$D  0 < Bdo v YH H$0  l2 < <Z!Ԕ %[l2 !< <!Ԕ&d2 0< <o{; 2< Bl> UH$  #8 C- ;<C-l2 8< <oC2 9<  `?!jJ?>- :< B; UH$  2 1<  `?!jJ?X~ >< 0c 48J ,$ 0 lWAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE2(2f! @< 0n o3PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION 4(24f3T A< C ,Agcselogo2H < 0޽h ? ̙33___PPT10k+0$}D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*#<%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*"<%(D ' =%(D' =%(D1' =4@BBBB%()?)?D'  =.M7 BBBBB_M -3.33333E-6 1.11111E-6 L 0.34167 1.11111E-6 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=@0BBAApBB.>B<*;<D' =%( D6' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*#<D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*#<%(D6' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*"<D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*"<%(D' =%(pD' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$<%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*><%(Dh' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*6<%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*?<%(+P+0+"<0 ++0+"<0 ++0+#<0 ++0+#<0 ++0+$<0 ++0+><0 +  0  3Tl(  l2 >l <o2  >  l 0 BCHLORINE (2 f l <" I  Cl ClH00004    0L ?x A  l# ? b fB l 6DԔx A fB  l 6DԔ?  0L ?x A   lA# ?. kG fB  l 6DԔx A fB  l 6DԔ?  ^B  l 6D) C  l <l,   Cl ClH 00004     l 0L5 C  s;both atoms need one electron to complete their outer shell <(2<. l 0 9` G  \atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond A CHLORINE MOLECULE IS FORMED2](2?!f? 2 ,l <,?o  > 2 -l Z?33jJ? F 2 .l Z?33jJ?Z2 /l Z?33jJ?H2 0l Z?33jJ?[ 1l <\C   nCl.$$  2 2l Z?33jJ?hT 2 3l Z?33jJ?kL2 4l  `J?33jJ?D8 D 2 5l <Nov > 2 6l Z?33jJ?DS2 7l Z?33jJ?MC :l <|Q { nCl.$$  2 ;l Z?33jJ? 2 ?l Z?33jJ? y k2 @l Z?33jJ? 2 Al Z?33jJ?M 2 Bl Z?33jJ?*r Cl <X D nCl.$$  2 Dl Z?33jJ?[2  2 Jl Z?33jJ?Y2 Kl Z?33jJ?m2 Ll Z?33jJ?-E2 Ml Z?33jJ?X* Nl <h& nCl.$$  2 Ol Z?33jJ?eg2 Pl Z?33jJ?h_2 Ql  `o?33jJ?W5 D T Rl C ,Agcselogo2 Tl <s V  qCl2>00 0  H l 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +U/ 0 p'0,0 (  ,2 %, <|o ) >  , 0\ BCHLORINE (2 f  , 0|x f ,$ 0 JAnother chlorine atom also needs one electron to complete its outer shell K(2K   , 0xh f ,$ 0 u=Chlorine atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell >(2> , 0xu  ,$ 0 z>atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond ?(2?! !, 0Tc 48J ,$ 0 lWAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE2(2f!48 u  .,u 2 , <o M  > 2 , Z?33jJ?e2 , Z?33jJ?qP2 , Z?33jJ?@3 , <TR nCl.$$  2 , Z?33jJ?3X2 , Z?33jJ?52 ,  `H?33jJ?4Z D 2 ", Z?33jJ?u  #, 00n o3PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION 4(24f3T $, C ,Agcselogo22 ', Z?33jJ?DP2 (, Z?33jJ?@ ), < nCl.$$  2 *, Z?33jJ?X2 +, Z?33jJ?bZ2 ,,  `?33jJ?4- D 2 -, Z?33jJ?H2 &, Z?33jJ?v}l "  0, 2,$D  03 , Bx4 V ]  Cl Cl X 0000$4    lB , <D)4UXU! , BV ] Cl ClH00004    f2 , 6!Ԕ+0 l2 , <Z!Ԕ * @f2 ,B 6!ԔD"  l2 , <!Ԕ4f2 ,B 6!Ԕ" ; f2 , 6!ԔA+l2  , <Z!Ԕ y* f2 /, 6!Ԕ< CH , 0޽h ? ̙33aY___PPT109+DD' ͋= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* ,%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* ,%(D' =%(D' =%(D3' =4@BB?BB%()?)?D'  =.O7 BBBBBaM 1.38889E-6 -3.33333E-6 L 0.26962 -3.33333E-6 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=@0BBAApBB >B<*.,D' =%( D6' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<* ,D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<* ,%(D6' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<* ,D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<* ,%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*,%(D%' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*!,%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*0,%(+P+0+ ,0 ++0+ ,0 ++0+ ,0 ++0+ ,0 ++0+,0 ++0+!,0 +B 0 iap,,h(  h^2 h 6oW2 h <ۋo >  h 0Tދ KHYDROGEN CHLORIDE(2f2 h <@o ! > 2 h Z?33jJ?Y2 h Z?33jJ?m2 h Z?33jJ?-E2  h Z?33jJ?X*  h <p& nCl.$$  ^2  h 6o 2  h Z?!!jJ?~ K  h <C. D  UH$  2 h Z?33jJ?:#2 h Z?33jJ?Do2 h Z?33jJ?<R2 h Z?33jJ?%L h <P| nCl.$$  2 h Z?33jJ?5<2 h Z?33jJ?:T2 h Z?33jJ?EZ2 h Z?!!jJ?#t h <( o UH$   h <   H Cl > 00$&   ^B h 6D) u  h <, C ~H Cl.00&   X2 h 0!ԔFt^2 h 6Z!Ԕ k X2 h@ 0!ԔM N 0L ?x A  h# ?  fB h 6DԔx A fB  h 6DԔ?  ^2 !h 6!Ԕ n  "h 0xx  9atom also needs one electron to complete its outer shell *:(28 #h 0`xh  z4atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell *5(237 $h 0x j  eatoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond A HYDROGEN CHLORIDE MOLECULE IS FORMED2f(2?!'f?& 2 %h Z?33jJ?eg2 &h Z?33jJ?h_2 'h  ` ?33jJ?W5 D X2 (h@ 0!ԔM  X2 )h 0!ԔFS^2 *h 6Z!Ԕ T +h C ,Agcselogo2 ,h <$|  HCl >00$  H h 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B ++ 0 F>`$28 (  8 8 04. KHYDROGEN CHLORIDE(2f2 8 <h3o U  > 2 8 Z?33jJ?6}2 8 Z?33jJ?Ah2  8 Z?33jJ?6  8 <$7Z nCl.$$  El  .8,$D 0f2  8 6o2  8 Z?!jJ?w  8 <h>jC UH$   "8 0Dx f ,$ 0 zBHydrogen atom also needs one electron to complete its outer shell C(2C  #8 0Ixh f ,$ 0 u=Chlorine atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell >(2> $8 0(Mx ,$ 0 z>atoms share a pair of electrons to form a single covalent bond ?(2?!2 %8 Z?33jJ?x2 &8 Z?33jJ?GR2 '8  `R?33jJ?$ D L  ! ( ,8# V 4 9] 8 <U ! ( H Cl > 00$&   fB 8 6D)  8 " z 18"  z 8 B ]V R ] ~H Cl.00&   f2 8 6!Ԕ9zl2 8 <Z!ԔS @f2 8B 6!Ԕ"  8T ?x A  8# ? NUfB 8 6DԔx A fB  8 6DԔ?  l2 !8 <!Ԕt3f2 (8B 6!ԔD"  f2 )8 6!Ԕzl2 *8 <Z!ԔS y  -8 0fc 48J ,$  0 lWAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE2(2f!2 8 Z?33jJ? }  08 0ln o3PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION 4(24f3T 28 C ,Agcselogo2H 8 0޽h ? ̙33aY___PPT109+D' t= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*#8%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*.8%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*"8%(D ' =%(D' =%(D3' =4@BBBB%()?)?D' =.O7 BBBBBaM 2.22045E-16 1.11111E-6 L -0.25486 1.11111E-6 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=@0BBAApBB(}B<*.8D' =%(D6' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*#8D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*#8%(D6' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*"8D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*"8%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*$8%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*-8%(+P+0+"80 ++0+"80 ++0+#80 ++0+#80 ++0+$80 ++0+-80 +) 0 <(4(FoH8 '(  H2 iH <po\ >  H 0䃍 AMETHANE(2f2 H Bo! > 2 H  `?fjJ?Y2 H  `?fjJ?m2  H  `?fjJ?-=2  H  `?fjJ?P* H B UC$$  d2 H <o z :2 H  `?!!jJ? @!   H Bx dc  GH  d2 $H <o r' 22 %H  `?!!jJ? 8 A  &H B   GH  d2 (H <o e %2 )H  `?!!jJ? +!  *H B dc  GH  d2 ,H <o e' %2 -H  `?!!jJ? + A  .H B    GH  2 1H  `?fjJ??2 2H  `?fjJ?z!2 3H  `?fjJ?]'2 4H  `?fjJ?1J 5H B`H UC$$  d2 7H <oh2 8H  `?!!jJ?': 9H Bԫ98  GH  ^2 :H 6ozy9:2 ;H Z?!!jJ?9? H Z?!!jJ?e* ?H <0/ GH  ^2 @H 6o?2 AH Z?!!jJ? BH <KJ GH  8 w  mH  { RH B̾ Z   ^ H C H $ $   SH BHč w   UH$$   TH Bȍ C UH$$  lB UH <D> ) d) lB VH <D> ) ) rB WH BZD> + + rB XH BZD> + +k CH B͍  ] H C H$ $   EH Bҍ   UH$$   FH B؍s UH$$  0L ?x A  MH# ?.ymfB KH 6DԔx A fB LH 6DԔ?  ^2 NH 6!Ԕ0L ?x A  ZH# ? SfB [H 6DԔx A fB \H 6DԔ?  d2 ]H <Z!ԔD 6 0L ?x A  _HA# ?. }  fB `H 6DԔx A fB aH 6DԔ?  ^2 bH@ 6!Ԕ ^ 0L ?x A  dH# ? R fB eH 6DԔx A fB fH 6DԔ?  d2 gH <!Ԕ _& jH 0\h  q9each atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell :(2: kH 0(  n6atom needs four electrons to complete its outer shell 7(27 lH 0   DCarbon shares all 4 of its electrons to form 4 single covalent bonds E(2E!T nH C ,Agcselogo2 oH <$ l{ gCH44$ $$  H H 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B ++G 0 ^!V!;], (  ,2 , <oP c >  , 0 AMETHANE(2f , <Dl o UC$$    ', 0hPc,$ 0 x@Each hydrogen atom needs 1 electron to complete its outer shell A(2A (, 0(   ,$ 0 t<A carbon atom needs 4 electrons to complete its outer shell =(2= ), 0p  ,$  0 DCarbon shares all 4 of its electrons to form 4 single covalent bonds E(2E!8 o4  9,  f2 ,, 6oo/ 2 -, Z?!!jJ?<4  ., <\PO GH  8  }  8,f2 /, 6o } 2 0, Z?!!jJ?> O  1, <P O5  GH  8 + ;,ox/ f2 2, 6o+2 3, Z?!!jJ?J 4, <tp GH  8 Dx :,Dxf2 5, 6oDx2 6, Z?!!jJ?R 7, < GH  2 , Z?fjJ?DR2 , Z?fjJ?< 2 , Z?fjJ? z2 , Z?fjJ?fl v Y,,$@  0T w  <,# vr  =, <$Z   ^ H C H $ $   >, <*w   UH$$   ?, <.C UH$$  fB @, 6D>) d) fB A, 6D>) ) lB B, <ZD>+ + lB C, <ZD>+ +k @ q 5 X, E D, B4q5 ] H C H$ $   E, B :9 } UH$$   F, B`89} UH$$  8T ?x A  G,# ?.?fB H, 6DԔx A fB I, 6DԔ?  f2 J, 6!ԔM8T ?x A  K,# ?}afB L, 6DԔx A fB M, 6DԔ?  l2 N, <Z!ԔR8T ?x A  O,C# ?.o%fB P, 6DԔx A fB Q, 6DԔ?  f2 R,B 6!Ԕa 8T ?x A  S,# ?&;fB T, 6DԔx A fB U, 6DԔ?  l2 V, <!Ԕ 4 [, 0Fd ,$  0 jWAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE0f! \, 0Kn o3PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION 4(24f3T ], C ,Agcselogo2H , 0޽h ? ̙33u%m%___PPT10M%+D#' W= @B D#' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*',%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(,%(DW' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%()?)?D'  =.7 BBBBBM 2.22222E-6 -1.11111E-6 C 0.02517 -0.00301 0.10607 -0.01505 0.15139 -0.01759 C 0.1967 -0.02014 0.24219 -0.02569 0.27222 -0.01574 C 0.30225 -0.00579 0.31927 0.02523 0.33194 0.04167 C 0.34462 0.0581 0.34514 0.07384 0.34861 0.08241 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=F0BB aaaaapBB(}2>B Y<<*:,D' =%(D' =%(DK' =4@BBBB%()?)?D'  =.g7 BBBBBkM 4.44444E-6 -1.11111E-6 C 0.05086 0.02037 0.09322 0.03912 0.14583 0.0537 C 0.19843 0.06829 0.26718 0.08287 0.31527 0.08727 C 0.36284 0.09167 0.40503 0.09468 0.43472 0.07986 C 0.46441 0.06505 0.48263 0.01968 0.49305 -0.00162 C 0.50347 -0.02292 0.49809 -0.03518 0.49722 -0.04792 C 0.49635 -0.06065 0.49375 -0.07037 0.4875 -0.07755 C 0.48125 -0.08472 0.46927 -0.08842 0.45972 -0.09051 C 0.45017 -0.09259 0.43663 -0.09051 0.43055 -0.09051 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=N0BBaaaaaaaaapBB>Bֹr:<*;,D' =%(D.' =%(D' =4@BBBB%()?)?D*'  =.7 BBBBB#M 2.22222E-6 2.59259E-6 C 0.02466 0.03819 0.04948 0.07662 0.07361 0.10926 C 0.09775 0.1419 0.11788 0.17407 0.14445 0.1963 C 0.17101 0.21852 0.20695 0.23495 0.23334 0.24259 C 0.25972 0.25023 0.28733 0.25162 0.30278 0.24259 C 0.31823 0.23356 0.32222 0.21111 0.32639 0.18889 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=!0BBaaaaaA<*8,D_' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%()?)?D'  =.7 BBBBBM 0.00417 -1.48148E-6 C 0.04271 -0.00417 0.08004 -0.01042 0.11389 -0.03333 C 0.14775 -0.05625 0.18768 -0.11042 0.20695 -0.13727 C 0.22622 -0.16412 0.22587 -0.17268 0.22917 -0.19467 C 0.23247 -0.21667 0.22691 -0.25324 0.22639 -0.26875 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=F0BB aaaaapBB=B <*9,D' =%(D' =%(D6' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*',D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*',%(D6' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*(,D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*(,%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*),%(D' =%(Du' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*Y,%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*[,%(+P+0+',0 ++0+',0 ++0+(,0 ++0+(,0 ++0+),0 ++0+[,0 +( 0 ''IZh``'(  h2 h <yo?h >  h 0| AAMMONIA(2f2 h <4o!Q > 2 h Z?fjJ?:;2 h Z?fjJ? !2 h Z?fjJ?-2 h Z?fjJ?o  h <Z UN$$  d2  h <oG J2  h  `?!!jJ?Pa   h B  GH  d2 h <og ' B2 h  `?!!jJ?H  h Bl  GH  d2 h <o_  2 h  `?!!jJ? y I h BTa  GH  2 h Z?fjJ?G h <<; UN$$  ^2 h 6oXT !h <ܞ GH  ^2 "h 6o*2 #h Z?!!jJ?r< $h <PO GH  ^2 (h 6o/o/2 )h Z?!!jJ?/  *h <X GH  2 Gh Z?fjJ?S2 Hh Z?fjJ?| 8   Sh S 4h BT   ] H N H$ $   6h BlE UH$$  8T ?x A  7h# ?. 5ffB 8h 6DԔx A fB 9h 6DԔ?  f2 :h 6!ԔT K8T ?x A  ;h# ?) j fB h <Z!Ԕ ] 8T ?x A  ?hC# ?.5 } fB @h 6DԔx A fB Ah 6DԔ?  8T ?x A  Ch# ?~  fB Dh 6DԔx A fB Eh 6DԔ?  l2 Fh <!Ԕ'-  8T ?x A  IhC# ?. <x fB Jh 6DԔx A fB Kh 6DԔ?  ~8  r OhT  , ,h BH 3  _ H N H$ $   .h B` r UH$$  lB /h <D>n n lB 0h <D>n n rB 2h BZD>a a 2 Lh Z?fjJ? > 2 Mh Z?fjJ?p   Ph 0ŏx  9each atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell *:(28 Qh 0hˏ0  o7atom needs three electrons to complete its outer shell 8(28 Rh 0 Џ X  jNitrogen can only share 3 of its 5 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8 A LONE PAIR REMAINS2k(2W!f8   Zh h V Th C &AatomNg7b aX Uh C (A!atomHdgb @ X Vh C (AatomHlgnLX Wh C (AatomhrgmKT Xh C ,Agcselogo22 h Z?fjJ?*$2 h Z?fjJ?}42  h Z?!!jJ?m$2 h Z?fjJ?r  Yh <ُ V gNH34$ $$  H h 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +B 0 p9u0(  02 0 <ow  >  0 0 AAMMONIA(2f2 0 Z?fjJ?A 0 <4s UN$$  2 "0 Z?fjJ?G4 ?0 0?A,$ 0 BEach hydrogen atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell *C(2A @0 01 2  ,$ 0 t<Nitrogen atom needs 3 electrons to complete its outer shell =(2=^ A0 0<" J Vg,$  0 jNitrogen can only share 3 of its 5 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8 A LONE PAIR REMAINSDk(2W!!8    S0%` f2 G0 6o  2 H0 Z?!!jJ?_   I0 <x    GH  8 O  T0` f2 K0 6oO 2 L0 Z?!!jJ?V\ M0 <X8X  GH  8   R0wX <f2 O0 6o 2 P0 Z?!!jJ? -  Q0 < C c GH  ~l '! s0M5q,$@  0 N   U0 '9 ! V0 <T   ] H N H$ $   W0 <D E UH$$  8T ?x A  X0# ?. 5ffB Y0 6DԔx A fB Z0 6DԔ?  `2 [0 0!ԔT K8T ?x A  \0# ?) j fB ]0 6DԔx A fB ^0 6DԔ?  f2 _0 6Z!Ԕ ] 8T ?x A  `0C# ?.5 } fB a0 6DԔx A fB b0 6DԔ?  8T ?x A  c0# ?~  fB d0 6DԔx A fB e0 6DԔ?  f2 f0 6!Ԕ'-  8T ?x A  g0C# ?. <x fB h0 6DԔx A fB i0 6DԔ?  vN  r j0 )  k0 <* 3  _ H N H$ $   l0 <\/ r UH$$  fB m0 6D>n n fB n0 6D>n n lB o0 <ZD>a a 2 p0 Z?fjJ? > 2 q0 Z?fjJ?p   r0 07d ,$  0 jWAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE0f! t0 0$?n o3PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION 4(24f3T u0 C ,Agcselogo22 0 Z?fjJ?jt 2 0 Z?fjJ? *2 0 Z?fjJ?K'H 0 0޽h ? ̙33""___PPT10x"+A6D !' L= @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*?0%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*@0%(D!' =%(D' =%(Dq' =4@BBBB%()?)?D'  =.7 BBBBBM 3.33333E-6 4.44444E-6 C 0.05989 0.01597 0.11996 0.03217 0.18055 0.02777 C 0.24114 0.02338 0.32014 -0.00579 0.36389 -0.02593 C 0.40764 -0.04607 0.42517 -0.07246 0.44305 -0.0926 C 0.46093 -0.11274 0.46649 -0.1257 0.47083 -0.1463 C 0.47517 -0.1669 0.47725 -0.2 0.46944 -0.21667 C 0.46163 -0.23334 0.43316 -0.24005 0.42361 -0.2463 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=J0BBaaaaaaapBBDDt>B ۽<*T0D' =%(D' =%(D1' =4@BBBB%()?)?D'  =.M7 BBBBB[M 3.33333E-6 -3.33333E-6 C 0.0526 0.03102 0.0967 0.06042 0.14305 0.07593 C 0.18941 0.09144 0.2493 0.10047 0.27777 0.09306 C 0.30625 0.08565 0.30642 0.04468 0.31389 0.03195 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=D0BB aaaapBB >BM=<*S0D' =%(D' =%(D1' =4@BBBB%()?)?D'  =.M7 BBBBB[M -2.22222E-6 1.48148E-6 C 0.02535 0.02106 0.0507 0.04236 0.07917 0.05555 C 0.10764 0.06875 0.14809 0.07986 0.17084 0.07963 C 0.19358 0.0794 0.2066 0.05903 0.21597 0.05347 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=D0BB aaaapBB'=B#=<*R0D' =%( D6' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*?0D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*?0%(D' =%(D6' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*@0D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*@0%(D)' =%(XD' =A@BBBB0B%())))?D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*A0%(D?' =%(LD' =4@BBBB%()?)?D;'  =.7 BBBBBM 2.77778E-7 2.22222E-6 C -0.00156 -0.00602 -0.00382 -0.03357 -0.00955 -0.03681 C -0.01528 -0.04005 -0.02934 -0.02361 -0.03455 -0.02014 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=B0BB aaapBB8BP<*0D' =%(Du' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*s0%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*r0%(+P+0+?00 ++0+?00 ++0+@00 ++0+@00 ++0+A00 ++0+r00 +' 0 6&.& FQp0 %(  p2 p <eo$[ >  p 0\i ?WATER(2f2 p <loA > 2 p Z?fjJ?v2 p Z?fjJ?l2 p Z?fjJ?x%2 p Z?fjJ?   p <qJ UO$$  ^2  p 6o 2  p Z?!!jJ? )   p <w%l k E GH  ^2  p 6os 32 p Z?!!jJ?9 )  p <sl k  GH  2 p Z?fjJ?cO2 p Z?fjJ?  p <t g UO$$  ^2 p 6o\ p <̅Hh GH  ^2 p 6oA2 p Z?!!jJ?  p < { @ GH  2 !p Z?fjJ?(2 "p Z?fjJ?\ @p 0  ( a  9each atom needs one electron to complete its outer shell *:(28 Ap 0Ȕ 9a  m5atom needs two electrons to complete its outer shell 6(26 Bp 0  He  jOxygen can only share 2 of its 6 electrons otherwise it will exceed the maximum of 8 TWO LONE PAIRS REMAIN2k(2U!2 Cp Z?fjJ?y2 Dp Z?fjJ?[U 8  r Lp1 r $p BHT K  ZH O $$   %p BE UH$$  8T ?x A  &p# ?. 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T < 2 84 Z?fjJ?v  2 94 Z?fjJ?v < r  ;4 0}p',$  0 jWAYS TO REPRESENT THE MOLECULE0f! <4 0n o3PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION 4(24f3T =4 C ,Agcselogo2 4 < s UO$$  2 4 Z?fjJ? *2 4 Z?fjJ?"n2 4 Z?fjJ?jt 2 4 Z?fjJ?SH 4 0޽h ? ̙33  ___PPT10 +dËD2' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(DA' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =%(D' =%(D1' =4@BBBB%()?)?D'  =.M7 BBBBB[M 3.33333E-6 -3.33333E-6 C 0.0526 0.03102 0.0967 0.06042 0.14305 0.07593 C 0.18941 0.09144 0.2493 0.10047 0.27777 0.09306 C 0.30625 0.08565 0.30642 0.04468 0.31389 0.03195 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=D0BB aaaapBB >BM=<* 4D ' =%(D' =%(D1' =4@BBBB%()?)?D'  =.M7 BBBBB[M -2.22222E-6 1.48148E-6 C 0.02535 0.02106 0.0507 0.04236 0.07917 0.05555 C 0.10764 0.06875 0.14809 0.07986 0.17084 0.07963 C 0.19358 0.0794 0.2066 0.05903 0.21597 0.05347 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=D0BB aaaapBB'=B#=<*4D' =%( D6' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*4D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =%(D6' =A@BB BB0B%(D' =-g6B fade*<3<*4D' =1:Bhidden*o3>+B#style.visibility<*4%(D' =%(D' =%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<* 4%(D?' =%(D' =4@BBBB%()?)?D;'  =.7 BBBBBM 2.77778E-7 2.22222E-6 C -0.00156 -0.00602 -0.00382 -0.03357 -0.00955 -0.03681 C -0.01528 -0.04005 -0.02934 -0.02361 -0.03455 -0.02014 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=B0BB aaapBB8BP<*4D/' =%(D' =4@BBBB%()?)?D+' =.7 BBBBBM -2.22222E-6 2.22222E-6 C 0.00504 -0.00301 0.02674 -0.01019 0.02986 -0.01852 C 0.03299 -0.02685 0.02101 -0.04352 0.01875 -0.05 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=B0BB aaapBBr<B̼<*4D' =%(Du' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*:4%(D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*;4%(+P+0+40 ++0+40 ++0+40 ++0+40 ++0+ 40 ++0+;40 +# 0 JB0.it (  t t 0" POXYGEN.(2ff2 t <'o!A > 2 t Z?fjJ?v"2 t Z?fjJ?l"2 t Z?fjJ?x-2 t Z?fjJ? '  t <,J UO$$  2 t Z?fjJ?0 t 0(1  a  Aeach oxygen atom needs two electrons to complete its outer shell *B(2@ t 0x6    Eeach oxygen shares 2 of its electrons to form a DOUBLE COVALENT BOND2F(21!f2  t Z?fjJ?y2 Bt <<o Y > 2 Ct Z?fjJ? 2 Dt Z?fjJ? 2 Et Z?fjJ? 2 Ft Z?fjJ?$ Gt <@b UO$$  2 Ht Z?fjJ?+  2 It Z?fjJ?2 Jt <Go8Y > 2 Kt Z?fjJ?>2 Lt Z?fjJ?02 Mt Z?fjJ?5 2 Nt Z?fjJ?$5 Ot <JEb UO$$  2 Pt Z?fjJ?sH2 Qt Z?fjJ? 2 Rt <RoGq > 2 St Z?fjJ?H#2 Tt Z?fjJ? Q2 Ut Z?fjJ?S%2 Vt Z?fjJ?lu Wt <LU4z UO$$  2 Xt Z?fjJ?CV2 Yt Z?fjJ?,>8  l  [t `  :t B[ l  ZO O$0  lB    n2Double covalent bonds are represented by TWO lines 3(23f it <f Y  dO220 0  H t 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 d(    0Xm p4Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3 5(25fT  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +L 0 sk(    0{ p4Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3 5(25fqF     BPFPF0*m MH(2    BzPFPF0*̙mG NLi(2    BPFPF0*̙G! NNa(2    BPPFPF0*̙! MK(2    BXPFPF0*m G NBe(2     B̎PFPF0*̙G ! NMg(2     BPFPF0* mm G MB(2     BPFPF0*̙ Gm ! NAl(2     BPFPF0*m mP G MC(2     BPFPF0*m GP ! \Si(2    B@PFPF0*P m3 G MN(2    B̨PFPF0*P G3 ! MP(2     `PFPF0*??3 m G MO(2     `PFPF0*??3 G ! MS(2    B PFPF0* m G MF(2     `<PFPF0*?? G ! \Cl(2     `PFPF0*?? mG \Ne(2     ` PFPF0*?? G! \Ar(2     `ǒPFPF0*?? m NHe(2    BĒPFPF0*̙!  NCa(2    B В̙))?4 @ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION* ARE METALS<A(2%!  A T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 0!(    0ܒ p4Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3 5(25fc8    B ܒPFPF0*m MH(2    B0PFPF0*̙mG NLi(2    BPFPF0*̙G! NNa(2    B(PFPF0*̙! MK(2    B\PFPF0*m G NBe(2    BPFPF0*̙G ! NMg(2     B PFPF0* mm G MB(2     BPFPF0*̙ Gm ! NAl(2     BdPFPF0*m mP G MC(2     B PFPF0*m GP ! \Si(2     B,PFPF0*P m3 G MN(2    BPFPF0*P G3 ! MP(2     `PFPF0*??3 m G MO(2     `4PFPF0*??3 G ! MS(2    BPFPF0* m G MF(2     ` #PFPF0*?? G ! \Cl(2     `&PFPF0*?? mG \Ne(2     `h*PFPF0*?? G! \Ar(2     `/PFPF0*?? m NHe(2    Bd0PFPF0*̙!  NCa(2    B5̙))?4 @ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION* ARE METALS<A(2%!  A 0  B:))? ,t.  L The central section of the periodic table contains the transition metalsBM(2!6! M R  C *Asmappptg   BB))?C"?  6 _TRANSITION METALS  T ! C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +I 0 ph@ (      0M p4Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3 5(25fqF       BPPFPF0*m MH(2     BOPFPF0*̙mG NLi(2     BTZPFPF0*̙G! NNa(2     BTPFPF0*̙! MK(2     B_PFPF0*m G NBe(2     B8fPFPF0*̙G ! NMg(2     BdPFPF0* mm G MB(2     B(jPFPF0*̙ Gm ! NAl(2     BrPFPF0*m mP G MC(2     B\vPFPF0*m GP ! \Si(2     BzPFPF0*P m3 G MN(2     BPPFPF0*P G3 ! MP(2      `hPFPF0*??3 m G MO(2      `PFPF0*??3 G ! MS(2     BPFPF0* m G MF(2      `X~PFPF0*?? G ! \Cl(2      `PFPF0*?? mG \Ne(2      `PPFPF0*?? G! \Ar(2      `PFPF0*?? m NHe(2     B࢘PFPF0*̙!  NCa(2     B̙))?4 ?ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE METALS @(2@ @    BЩ̙))? TATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GASU(2U U T   C ,Agcselogo2H   0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 P( w   0ص p4Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3 5(25fqF     B$PFPF0*m MH(2    B衘PFPF0*̙mG NLi(2    BPFPF0*̙G! NNa(2    B俘PFPF0*̙! MK(2    BPFPF0*m G NBe(2     BĘPFPF0*̙G ! NMg(2     BϘPFPF0* mm G MB(2     BPԘPFPF0*̙ Gm ! NAl(2     BҘPFPF0*m mP G MC(2     BȘPFPF0*m GP ! \Si(2    BߘPFPF0*P m3 G MN(2    B4ݘPFPF0*P G3 ! MP(2     `ӘPFPF0*??3 m G MO(2     `PFPF0*??3 G ! MS(2    B8PFPF0* m G MF(2     `xPFPF0*?? G ! \Cl(2     `hPFPF0*?? mG \Ne(2     `PFPF0*?? G! \Ar(2     `PFPF0*?? m NHe(2    B PFPF0*̙!  NCa(2    Bp̙))?4 ?ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE METALS @(2@ @   0 j t  @ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO  GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION {0}2{ {   B̙))? TATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS U(2U U T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +s 0 `*( w   0 p4Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3 5(25fqF     BPFPF0*m MH(2    Bx PFPF0*̙mG NLi(2    B"PFPF0*̙G! NNa(2    B 'PFPF0*̙! MK(2    B8+PFPF0*m G NBe(2     BdPFPF0*̙G ! NMg(2     B/PFPF0* mm G MB(2     B4PFPF0*̙ Gm ! NAl(2     B3PFPF0*m mP G MC(2     B;PFPF0*m GP ! \Si(2    BD?PFPF0*P m3 G MN(2    B=PFPF0*P G3 ! MP(2     `FPFPF0*??3 m G MO(2     `xJPFPF0*??3 G ! MS(2    BNPFPF0* m G MF(2     `QPFPF0*?? G ! \Cl(2     `dUPFPF0*?? mG \Ne(2     `XPFPF0*?? G! \Ar(2     `]PFPF0*?? m NHe(2    B`[PFPF0*̙!  NCa(2    Bd̙))?4 ?ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE METALS @(2@ @   0ij   `ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO  GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION ELECTRONS LEAVE TO FORM A MOBILE  CLOUD OF ELECTRONS.0}2{6    Bp̙))? TATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS U(2U U T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 p(    0Hv p4Ways to get a noble gas electronic configuration - 3 5(25fqF     BP{PFPF0*m MH(2    ByPFPF0*̙mG NLi(2    Bl}PFPF0*̙G! NNa(2    BTPFPF0*̙! MK(2    BPFPF0*m G NBe(2     BPFPF0*̙G ! NMg(2     BPFPF0* mm G MB(2     B蓙PFPF0*̙ Gm ! NAl(2     BPFPF0*m mP G MC(2     B0PFPF0*m GP ! \Si(2    BԞPFPF0*P m3 G MN(2    BxPFPF0*P G3 ! MP(2     `PFPF0*??3 m G MO(2     `PFPF0*??3 G ! MS(2    B<PFPF0* m G MF(2     `PFPF0*?? G ! \Cl(2     `PFPF0*?? mG \Ne(2     `,PFPF0*?? G! \Ar(2     `DPFPF0*?? m NHe(2    BпPFPF0*̙!  NCa(2    BÙ̙))?4 ?ELEMENTS IN GROUPS I, II III and THE CENTRAL SECTION ARE METALS @(2@ @   0Ǚj  (ELEMENTS ON THE LEFT OF THE PERIODIC TABLE NEED TO  GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO ACHIEVE A NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION ELECTRONS LEAVE TO FORM A MOBILE  CLOUD OF ELECTRONS THIS IS KNOWN AS... METALLIC BONDINGN0}2!    Bϙ̙))? TATOMS OF THESE ELEMENTS HAVE ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATIONS JUST OVER THAT OF A NOBLE GAS U(2U U T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 @( w   0ؙX LMETALLIC BONDING (2H!T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 :2( !   08ݙ JMETALLIC BONDING(2!  0.p $METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER:@f  T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +H 0 og(    0ߙ JMETALLIC BONDING(2!  0.p $METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER:@f  N  C &Ametal1-0A   0D % w-Atoms arrange themselves in a regular lattice.. . T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 u(    0 JMETALLIC BONDING(2!  0.p $METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER:@f  N  C &Ametal1-0A N  C &Ametal2&/ J   0 % w-Atoms arrange themselves in a regular lattice.. .   0 P H, bThe outer shell electrons of each atom leave to join a mobile  cloud or  sea of electrons which can roam throughout the metal. The electron cloud holds positive ions together.&  T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +d 0 (    04 JMETALLIC BONDING(2!h  0.p METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER@  N  C &Ametal1-0A   01 0A  1SODIUM ATOMS WITH ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8,1 ,21! 2   0  VNa(2    0(p VNa(2    0 VNa(2    0(` VNa(2    0h H  VNa(2    00 (  VNa(2   0H  x  VNa(2   0$ `  VNa(2   0(p j  VNa(2   0,p (pj  VNa(2   00{ u  VNa(2   085{ `u  VNa(2   0P9M  VNa(2   0=   VNa(2   0Ap M j  VNa(2 T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 A(    0G JMETALLIC BONDING(2!h  0L.p METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES METAL ATOMS NEED TO GET RID OF ELECTRONS TO GET TO THE NEAREST NOBLE GAS ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION THE ELECTRONS RELEASED HOLD THE PARTICLES TOGETHER@  N  C &Ametal1-0A   0|R1 0A  WSODIUM ATOMS WITH ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION 2,8,1 THE OUTER SHELL ELECTRONS ARE RELEASED,X/)! X   0W VNa(2   04\(p VNa(2    0L` VNa(2    0d` VNa(2    0h H  VNa(2    0l (  VNa(2    0p x  VNa(2   0?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO)PicturesnjCurrent UserSummaryInformation(nTPowerPoint Document(6,nDocumentSummaryInformation8