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% xn  yozp}~!%)pdoe#OD{m     0` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> D< ( 333333   6얍 P  T Click to edit Master title style! !  0ؙ   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  0 ``  X*  0Х `   Z*  0 `   Z*h  PA޽h ?Parchment ̙33 Default Design` 0 wop(  J  C "A KTRE: .  <̙? x @w 0 0  <̙? x @x 0 0  0( -STRUCTURE & BONDING A guide for GCSE studentsP826f<ffT  C ,Agcselogo2  0\"`>B 2010 SPECIFICATIONSH0 G$G    0 e OKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING(2 fH  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.^ +D=' = @B +4 0L0 C;(    0H@} OSTRUCTURE & BONDING (2 fA  0p  INTRODUCTION This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board. Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY WEBSITE at... www.knockhardy.org.uk (2 2(2 ! , dB  <D?  T  C ,Agcselogo2  N̙))? & #All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any commercial work. 2H$   &  C z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 (    0VH@} OSTRUCTURE & BONDING (2 f  08rp  tOVERVIEW The following slides illustrate how the type of chemical bonding affects the physical properties of elements and compounds. To understand how the three main chemical bonds types are formed, view the powerpoint  CHEMICAL BONDING available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE GCSE WEBSITE at... www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm (2 2(2 !M!sf:, MT  C ,Agcselogo2z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 D=(  D D 0 I IONIC BONDING (2H!T D C ,Agcselogo2H D 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  X(  X X 0D G IONIC BONDING(2fU X 0,.0J YIONIC BONDING RESULTS FROM THE ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION BETWEEN IONS OF OPPOSITE CHARGE. lZ@!!f Z T X C ,Agcselogo2H X 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 +#T(  T T 00 G IONIC BONDING(2!x T 0Ž.0J IONIC BONDING RESULTS FROM THE ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION BETWEEN IONS OF OPPOSITE CHARGE. IONS ARE FORMED WHEN SPECIES GAIN ELECTRONS TO FORM NEGATIVE IONS (ANIONS) >@Z4!  T T C ,Agcselogo2H T 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +J 0 qi0\(  \ \ 0D G IONIC BONDING(2! \ 0<Ҏ.0J ^IONIC BONDING RESULTS FROM THE ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION BETWEEN IONS OF OPPOSITE CHARGE. IONS ARE FORMED WHEN SPECIES GAIN ELECTRONS TO FORM NEGATIVE IONS (ANIONS) or  LOSE ELECTRONS TO FORM POSITIVE IONS (CATIONS) ^@Z4f7!  T \ C ,Agcselogo2H \ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 @`(  ` ` 0͎ G IONIC BONDING(2!> ` 0܎.0Jw  BIONIC BONDING RESULTS FROM THE ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION BETWEEN IONS OF OPPOSITE CHARGE. IONS ARE FORMED WHEN SPECIES GAIN ELECTRONS TO FORM NEGATIVE IONS (ANIONS) or  LOSE ELECTRONS TO FORM POSITIVE IONS (CATIONS) NOTE: THE ELECTRONS ARE NOT REALLY  LOST BUT MOVE AWAY l"@Z4f7!9 " T ` C ,Agcselogo2H ` 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 Pd(  d d 0 G IONIC BONDING(2!B d 0@.0J~  fIONIC BONDING RESULTS FROM THE ELECTROSTATIC ATTRACTION BETWEEN IONS OF OPPOSITE CHARGE. IONS ARE FORMED WHEN SPECIES GAIN ELECTRONS TO FORM NEGATIVE IONS (ANIONS) or  LOSE ELECTRONS TO FORM POSITIVE IONS (CATIONS) NOTE: THE ELECTRONS ARE NOT REALLY  LOST BUT MOVE AWAY WHEN METALS IN GROUPS I and II REACT WITH NON-METALS IN GROUPS VI and VII, IONIC COMPOUNDS ARE FORMED; SODIUM CHLORIDE IS THE BEST KNOWN EXAMPLE.L@"g)!  T d C ,Agcselogo2H d 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +| 0 **Hm(  H H 0{ VFORMATION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE(2f2 H <oZ > 2 H Z?f3jJ?5T2 H Z?f3jJ?IR2 H Z?f3jJ? 2 H Z?f3jJ?" H <> `Cl   ^2  H 6oIf& 2  H Z?f3jJ?y  H 0| >  GSODIUM ATOM 2,8,12  H Z?f3jJ?C/2  H Z?f3jJ?;22 H  `@>?f3jJ?3 D 2 H Z?f3jJ?C2 H Z?f3jJ?~12 H B>o > 2 H <p>o{, > 2 H Z?33jJ?du2 H Z?33jJ?xs2 H Z?33jJ?682 H Z?33jJ?5C^2 H 6ojU*2 H Z?33jJ?2+2 H Z?33jJ?rP2 H Z?33jJ?jS2 H  `\>?33jJ?&b D 2 H Z?33jJ?&r2 H Z?33jJ?0R2 H BT >o  > 2 H Z?33jJ?E:2  H Z?33jJ?822 !H Z?33jJ?rw2 "H Z?33jJ?D2 #H Z?33jJ?3E2 $H Z?33jJ?;82 %H Z?33jJ? yy &H <$> HNa   'H 0P*>   ICHLORINE ATOM 2,8,72 (H Z?f3jJ?NT )H C ,Agcselogo2 *H 0 )>n o3PRESS THE SPACE BAR TO START / ADVANCE AN ANIMATION 4(24f3H H 0޽h ? ̙33G?___PPT10+D' = @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(DE' =4@BBBB%()?)?D'  =.a7 BBBBBoM -1.11111E-6 -1.18519E-5 C 0.01545 -0.0132 0.05781 -0.06575 0.09236 -0.07987 C 0.12691 -0.09399 0.17309 -0.09978 0.20694 -0.08519 C 0.2408 -0.07061 0.27673 -0.01204 0.29514 0.00717 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=D0BB aaaapBBr>B/=<*(H+ 0 +,L(  L2 L <$B>oZ > 2 L Z?f3jJ?5T2 L Z?f3jJ?IR2 L Z?f3jJ? 2 L Z?f3jJ?" L <F> `Cl   ^2  L 6oIf& 2  L Z?f3jJ?y  L 0L>  DSODIUM ION 2,82  L Z?f3jJ?C/2  L Z?f3jJ?;22 L  `Q>?f3jJ?3 D 2 L Z?f3jJ?C2 L Z?f3jJ?~12 L <U>o{, > 2 L Z?33jJ?du2 L Z?33jJ?xs2 L Z?33jJ?682 L Z?33jJ?5C^2 L 6ojU*2 L Z?33jJ?2+2 L Z?33jJ?rP2 L Z?33jJ?jS2 L  `D\>?33jJ?&b D 2 L Z?33jJ?&r2 L Z?33jJ?0R2 L Bb>o  > 2 L Z?33jJ?E:2 L Z?33jJ?822  L Z?33jJ?rw2 !L Z?33jJ?D2 "L Z?33jJ?3E2 #L Z?33jJ?;82 $L Z?33jJ? yy %L <g> HNa   &L 0Li>   hCHLORIDE ION 2,8,8:! 2 'L Z?f3jJ?"` p (L 0z>?e $both species now have  full outer shells; ie they have the electronic configuration of a noble gas d(2d!+7 )L 0>HQ~B G+* 23^B *L 6D3>T +L C ,Agcselogo2 ,L 0\>{ VFORMATION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE(2fH L 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 -.P8(  P2 P <>oZ > 2 P Z?f3jJ?5T2 P Z?f3jJ?IR2 P Z?f3jJ? 2 P Z?f3jJ?" P <> `Cl   ^2  P 6oIf& 2  P Z?f3jJ?y  P 0>  DSODIUM ION 2,82  P Z?f3jJ?C/2  P Z?f3jJ?;22 P  `>?f3jJ?3 D 2 P Z?f3jJ?C2 P Z?f3jJ?~12 P <̤>o{, > 2 P Z?33jJ?du2 P Z?33jJ?xs2 P Z?33jJ?682 P Z?33jJ?5C^2 P 6ojU*2 P Z?33jJ?2+2 P Z?33jJ?rP2 P Z?33jJ?jS2 P  `d>?33jJ?&b D 2 P Z?33jJ?&r2 P Z?33jJ?0R2 P B>o  > 2 P Z?33jJ?E:2 P Z?33jJ?822  P Z?33jJ?rw2 !P Z?33jJ?D2 "P Z?33jJ?3E2 #P Z?33jJ?;82 $P Z?33jJ? yy %P <> HNa   &P 08>   hCHLORIDE ION 2,8,8:! 2 'P Z?f3jJ? pI (P 0>  w Na Na+ + e 2,8,1 2,8 ELECTRON TRANSFERRED Cl + e Cl 2,8,7 2,8,8 20<20(202 20<2  !!>BdB )P <Do  dB *P@ <Do P x +P 0X>HQ~B G+* 23^B ,P 6D3>T -P C ,Agcselogo2 .P 0>{ VFORMATION OF SODIUM CHLORIDE(2fH P 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +D 0 kc0%( p}   0>( Z IONIC BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDE!(2!fP  C (A naclcol# ^2  6jJ^2 ! 6fjJ.u " 0>x )Cl- chloride ion Na+ sodium ion*@   ( T % C ,Agcselogo2T  <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +g 0  p(  p p 0HUz( Z IONIC BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDE!(2!fP p C (A naclcol# ^2 p 6jJ^2 p 6fjJ.u p 0(Zzx )Cl- chloride ion Na+ sodium ion*@   (  p 0ez h 9  ASODIUM CHLORIDE HAS A REGULAR STRUCTURE - A GIANT IONIC LATTICE JB+!! B T  p C ,Agcselogo2T p <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  t(  t t 0nz( Z IONIC BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDE!(2!fP t C (A naclcol# ^2 t 6jJ^2 t 6fjJ.u t 0Htzx )Cl- chloride ion Na+ sodium ion*@   (  t 0z h @ 0SODIUM CHLORIDE HAS A REGULAR STRUCTURE - A GIANT IONIC LATTICE OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS ARE HELD TOGETHER BY STRONG ELECTROSTATIC FORCES ACTING IN ALL DIRECTIONS \A!-!  T  t C ,Agcselogo2T t <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +< 0 c[ x(  x x 0z( Z IONIC BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDE!(2!fP x C (A naclcol# ^2 x 6jJ^2 x 6fjJ.u x 0zx )Cl- chloride ion Na+ sodium ion*@   (  x 0z h ! SODIUM CHLORIDE HAS A REGULAR STRUCTURE - A GIANT IONIC LATTICE OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS ARE HELD TOGETHER BY STRONG ELECTROSTATIC FORCES ACTING IN ALL DIRECTIONS THERE IS NO SINGLE NaCl , JUST (EQUAL) VAST NUMBERS OF IONSf<  !!%&  % T  x C ,Agcselogo2T x <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +W 0 ~v |(  | | 0z( Z IONIC BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDE!(2!fP | C (A naclcol# ^2 | 6jJ^2 | 6fjJ.u | 0Hzx )Cl- chloride ion Na+ sodium ion*@   (  | 0z h ! SODIUM CHLORIDE HAS A REGULAR STRUCTURE - A GIANT IONIC LATTICE OPPOSITELY CHARGED IONS ARE HELD TOGETHER BY STRONG ELECTROSTATIC FORCES ACTING IN ALL DIRECTIONS THERE IS NO SINGLE NaCl , JUST (EQUAL) VAST NUMBERS OF IONSf<  !!%&  %  | N(z))?`n +YOU DO NOT GET MOLECULES OF SODIUM CHLORIDE:,!" , T  | C ,Agcselogo2T | <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 @ Dg( = DL  D C $A NaCl2 [ L  D C $A NaCl3F [ !  D 0(0z- p eEACH SODIUM ION IS SURROUNDED BY SIX CHLORIDE IONS EACH CHLORIDE ION IS SURROUNDED BY SIX SODIUM IONS,3@3Pxf! f ^2 D 6jJ` o ^2 D 6fjJ 0 ? t D 0 zm g  (Cl- Chloride ion Na+ Sodium ion)@   '  D 0z( Z IONIC BONDING IN SODIUM CHLORIDE!(2!fT D C ,Agcselogo2T D <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 +J`(    0x `&PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS'(2'f  0H$%D dVERY HIGH MELTING POINTS!  F M  clZ N    f2  6fjJ   0  iNa+6@      N % 7  Mf2   6jJ% 7   0zK Cl->@  N     lf2   6fjJ    0  iNa+6@      N % 7  \f2  6jJ% 7  0`K Cl->@  T   # ,8Mf2  6fjJ   0Pz  iNa+6@      T % 7 # Wf2  6jJ% 7  0K Cl->@  T   # lPf2  6fjJ   00%  iNa+6@      T % 7 # =Wf2  6jJ% 7  0*K Cl->@  N   ]HN    4`U/f2  6fjJ    00  iNa+6@      N % 7 ! $f2 " 6jJ% 7 # 06K Cl->@  N   $ `/f2 % 6fjJ  & 0<  iNa+6@      N % 7 ' Ef2 ( 6jJ% 7 ) 0\BK Cl->@  , * 0H 0  pIONS ARE HELD IN THE LATTICE BY THE STRONG ELECTROSTATIC FORCES A LOT OF ENERGY IS NEEDED TO SEPARATE THE IONS,qXZp q T J C ,Agcselogo2T  <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +( 0 '' EE/'(    0Ox `&PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS'(2'f  0T$%D dVERY HIGH MELTING POINTS!  F M  clZ N    f2  6fjJ   0HY  iNa+6@      N % 7  Mf2   6jJ% 7   0^K Cl->@  N     lf2   6fjJ    0d  iNa+6@      N % 7  \f2  6jJ% 7  0jK Cl->@  T   # ,8Mf2  6fjJ   0p  iNa+6@      T % 7 # Wf2  6jJ% 7  0tvK Cl->@  T   # lPf2  6fjJ   0t|  iNa+6@      T % 7 # =Wf2  6jJ% 7  0DK Cl->@  N   ]HN    4`U/f2  6fjJ    0  iNa+6@      N % 7 ! $f2 " 6jJ% 7 # 0`K Cl->@  N   $ `/f2 % 6fjJ  & 0`  iNa+6@      N % 7 ' Ef2 ( 6jJ% 7 ) 00K Cl->@  4 * 0䟆 0  pIONS ARE HELD IN THE LATTICE BY THE STRONG ELECTROSTATIC FORCES A LOT OF ENERGY IS NEEDED TO SEPARATE THE IONS4qXZp q L   +# <]Vf2 , 6fjJ  - 0x  iNa+6@      L % 7 .# %^f2 / 6jJ% 7 0 0PK Cl->@  L   1# lf2 2 6fjJ  3 0t  iNa+6@      L % 7 4# ff2 5 6jJ% 7 6 0K Cl->@  L   7#  r f2 8 6fjJ  9 0來  iNa+6@      L % 7 :# L7f2 ; 6jJ% 7 < 0ĆK Cl->@  L   =# f2 > 6fjJ  ? 0̆  iNa+6@      L % 7 @# v f2 A 6jJ% 7 B 0φK Cl->@  XB C 0D  D 0hֆ   ATHE IONS HAVE MORE FREEDOM AND THE SODIUM CHLORIDE BECOMES LIQUIDBXZB B T E C ,Agcselogo2T  <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +| 0 P (    0px `&PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS'(2'f  0$%D _SOLUBILITY IN WATER!   * 0d: ,IONIC COMPOUNDS ARE USUALLY SOLUBLE IN WATER,-XZ, - T  C ,Agcselogo2T  <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +D 0 CC0 {{]C(    0x `&PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS'(2'f  0$%D _SOLUBILITY IN WATER!  F M  klb N    f2  6fjJ   0  iNa+6@      N % 7  Mf2   6jJ% 7   0,K Cl->@  N     lf2   6fjJ    0L   iNa+6@      N % 7  \f2  6jJ% 7  0K Cl->@  T   # ,8Mf2  6fjJ   0d  iNa+6@      T % 7 # Wf2  6jJ% 7  0pK Cl->@  T   # lPf2  6fjJ   0  iNa+6@      T % 7 # =Wf2  6jJ% 7  0$K Cl->@  N   ]HN    4`U/f2  6fjJ    0@+  iNa+6@      N % 7 ! $f2 " 6jJ% 7 # 07K Cl->@  N   $ `/f2 % 6fjJ  & 088  iNa+6@      N % 7 ' Ef2 ( 6jJ% 7 ) 0BK Cl->@   * 0Hd: ,IONIC COMPOUNDS ARE USUALLY SOLUBLE IN WATER,-XZ, - L   +# jf2 , 6fjJ  - 0\:  iNa+6@      L % 7 .# 36f2 / 6jJ% 7 0 0VK Cl->@  XB 1 0D z 2 0p]   WATER IS A  POLAR SOLVENT. THE HYDROGEN END IS SLIGHTLY POSITIVE AND THE OXYGEN END SLIGHTLY NEGATIVE.hPZh h F  @  3 -N 2  { 4  K + f2 5 6!jJA  q 6 0b2  { aO0H    N  M<  7  f2 8 6jJ b1  9 0X M<  YH(H    N  M<  :  @ f2 ; 6jJ b1  < 0,j M<  YH(H    L  @  =# HN 2  { >  K + f2 ? 6!jJA  q @ 032  { aO0H    N  M<  A  f2 B 6jJ b1  C 0q M<  YH(H    N  M<  D  @ f2 E 6jJ b1  F 00w M<  YH(H    F  @  GA $&*N 2  { H  K + f2 I 6!jJA  q J 0|2  { aO0H    N  M<  K  f2 L 6jJ b1  M 0 M<  YH(H    N  M<  N  @ f2 O 6jJ b1  P 0؆ M<  YH(H    L  @  QA# Z?RA N 2  { R  K + f2 S 6!jJA  q T 0d2  { aO0H    N  M<  U  f2 V 6jJ b1  W 0ȑ M<  YH(H    N  M<  X  @ f2 Y 6jJ b1  Z 04 M<  YH(H    L  @  [# ?0!dN 2  { \  K + f2 ] 6!jJA  q ^ 02  { aO0H    N  M<  _  f2 ` 6jJ b1  a 0p M<  YH(H    N  M<  b  @ f2 c 6jJ b1  d 0 M<  YH(H    L  @  e# qI ^ N 2  { f  K + f2 g 6!jJA  q h 082  { aO0H    N  M<  i  f2 j 6jJ b1  k 0 M<  YH(H    N  M<  l  @ f2 m 6jJ b1  n 04 M<  YH(H    d2 o@ <Z!jJ cN p@ 6Z, a_ aO0H    d2 q@ <ZjJ2  r@ 6Z0'r  YH(H    d2 s@ <ZjJ8: t@ 6Zň1% YH(H    d2 u@ <Z!jJ|"  v@ 6Z̈d3  aO0H    d2 w@ <ZjJJ/ x@ 6Zш? YH(H    d2 y@ <ZjJ6O z@ 6Zֈ)^ YH(H    T { C ,Agcselogo2T  <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +F 0 =E5EP {{D(    0tʈx `&PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS'(2'f  0$%D _SOLUBILITY IN WATER!  F M  klb N    f2  6fjJ   0  iNa+6@      N % 7  Mf2   6jJ% 7   0DK Cl->@  N     lf2   6fjJ    0  iNa+6@      N % 7  \f2  6jJ% 7  0K Cl->@  T   # ,8Mf2  6fjJ   0  iNa+6@      T % 7 # Wf2  6jJ% 7  0H K Cl->@  T   # lPf2  6fjJ   0L  iNa+6@      T % 7 # =Wf2  6jJ% 7  0|K Cl->@  N   ]HN    4`U/f2  6fjJ    0`#  iNa+6@      N % 7 ! $f2 " 6jJ% 7 # 00)K Cl->@  N   $ `/f2 % 6fjJ  & 00  iNa+6@      N % 7 ' Ef2 ( 6jJ% 7 ) 0x/K Cl->@   * 0L:d: ,IONIC COMPOUNDS ARE USUALLY SOLUBLE IN WATER,-XZ, - L   +# jf2 , 6fjJ  - 0L@  iNa+6@      L % 7 .# 36f2 / 6jJ% 7 0 0.K Cl->@  XB 1 0D  2 0H   ~WATER IS A  POLAR SOLVENT. THE HYDROGEN END IS SLIGHTLY POSITIVE AND THE OXYGEN END SLIGHTLY NEGATIVE. ALTHOUGH IT REQUIRES A LOT OF ENERGY TO SEPARATE THE IONS, THIS IS MORE THAN COMPENSATED FOR BY THE STABILISING EFFECT OF THE WATER SURROUNDING EACH IONLhPZXZPZi  F  @  3 -N 2  { 4  K + f2 5 6!jJA  q 6 0Q2  { aO0H    N  M<  7  f2 8 6jJ b1  9 00W M<  YH(H    N  M<  :  @ f2 ; 6jJ b1  < 0P\ M<  YH(H    L  @  =# HN 2  { >  K + f2 ? 6!jJA  q @ 0 b2  { aO0H    N  M<  A  f2 B 6jJ b1  C 0g M<  YH(H    N  M<  D  @ f2 E 6jJ b1  F 0m M<  YH(H    F  @  GA $&*N 2  { H  K + f2 I 6!jJA  q J 0t2  { aO0H    N  M<  K  f2 L 6jJ b1  M 08y M<  YH(H    N  M<  N  @ f2 O 6jJ b1  P 0| M<  YH(H    L  @  QA# Z?RA N 2  { R  K + f2 S 6!jJA  q T 02  { aO0H    N  M<  U  f2 V 6jJ b1  W 0 M<  YH(H    N  M<  X  @ f2 Y 6jJ b1  Z 0| M<  YH(H    L  @  [# ?0!dN 2  { \  K + f2 ] 6!jJA  q ^ 02  { aO0H    N  M<  _  f2 ` 6jJ b1  a 0 M<  YH(H    N  M<  b  @ f2 c 6jJ b1  d 0hK M<  YH(H    L  @  e# qI ^ N 2  { f  K + f2 g 6!jJA  q h 02  { aO0H    N  M<  i  f2 j 6jJ b1  k 0t M<  YH(H    N  M<  l  @ f2 m 6jJ b1  n 0 M<  YH(H    d2 o@ <Z!jJ cN p@ 6Z̴ a_ aO0H    d2 q@ <ZjJ2  r@ 6Z'r  YH(H    d2 s@ <ZjJ8: t@ 6Z1% YH(H    d2 u@ <Z!jJ|"  v@ 6Z0ŋd3  aO0H    d2 w@ <ZjJJ/ x@ 6Z(ʋ? YH(H    d2 y@ <ZjJ6O z@ 6Zϋ)^ YH(H    T { C ,Agcselogo2T  <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 ` -I}(    0Hx `&PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS'(2'f  0ߋ$%D aELECTRICAL PROPERTIES!  F M  clZ N    f2  6fjJ   0\  iNa+6@      N % 7  Mf2   6jJ% 7   0K Cl->@  N     lf2   6fjJ    0   iNa+6@      N % 7  \f2  6jJ% 7  0K Cl->@  T   # ,8Mf2  6fjJ   04  iNa+6@      T % 7 # Wf2  6jJ% 7  0 K Cl->@  T   # lPf2  6fjJ   0  iNa+6@      T % 7 # =Wf2  6jJ% 7  0K Cl->@  N   ]HN    4`U/f2  6fjJ    0<  iNa+6@      N % 7 ! $f2 " 6jJ% 7 # 0 K Cl->@  N   $ `/f2 % 6fjJ  & 0 "  iNa+6@      N % 7 ' Ef2 ( 6jJ% 7 ) 08*K Cl->@  # * 0D1 M  GWHEN SOLID, THE IONS ARE NOT FREE TO MOVE NO CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITYLHXZ! H  E 0\5C"?! aSOLID,XZ  8 H N))?zn 0SOLID IONIC COMPOUNDS DO NOT CONDUCT ELECTRICITYZ1!!  1 T I C ,Agcselogo2T  <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B ++ 0 **p HH:*(    0Bx `&PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS'(2'f  0G$%D aELECTRICAL PROPERTIES!  F M  clZ N    f2  6fjJ   0K  iNa+6@      N % 7  Mf2   6jJ% 7   0SK Cl->@  N     lf2   6fjJ    0xX  iNa+6@      N % 7  \f2  6jJ% 7  0NK Cl->@  T   # ,8Mf2  6fjJ   0e  iNa+6@      T % 7 # Wf2  6jJ% 7  0diK Cl->@  T   # lPf2  6fjJ   0Hq  iNa+6@      T % 7 # =Wf2  6jJ% 7  0\uK Cl->@  N   ]HN    4`U/f2  6fjJ    0{  iNa+6@      N % 7 ! $f2 " 6jJ% 7 # 0xK Cl->@  N   $ `/f2 % 6fjJ  & 0|  iNa+6@      N % 7 ' Ef2 ( 6jJ% 7 ) 0K Cl->@    * 0 M  GWHEN SOLID, THE IONS ARE NOT FREE TO MOVE NO CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITY4HXZG H L   +# <]f2 , 6fjJ  - 0  iNa+6@      L % 7 .# c3f2 / 6jJ% 7 0 0LK Cl->@  L   1# f2 2 6fjJ  3 0Ь  iNa+6@      L % 7 4# ZJf2 5 6jJ% 7 6 0䮍K Cl->@  L   7# b f2 8 6fjJ  9 0,  iNa+6@      L % 7 :#  f2 ; 6jJ% 7 < 0\K Cl->@  L   =# w f2 > 6fjJ  ? 0  iNa+6@      L % 7 @# 7$ f2 A 6jJ% 7 B 0ǍK Cl->@  XB C 0D  D 0ύC"?! iSOLID4XZ   E 0ՍC"?>BT bMOLTEN,XZ   F 0ٍ  B @WHEN MOLTEN, THE IONS ARE FREE TO MOVE ELECTRICITY IS CONDUCTED>AXZ ! A 5 G NH))?zn -MOLTEN IONIC COMPOUNDS DO CONDUCT ELECTRICITYZ.!!  . T H C ,Agcselogo2T  <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +u 0 P( (   % 08x `&PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS'(2'f & 0$%D dIONIC SOLIDS ARE BRITTLE!  T ( C ,Agcselogo2T  <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +} 0  ((    0x `&PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS'(2'f  0$%D dIONIC SOLIDS ARE BRITTLE!    0 VIF YOU HIT A CRYSTAL OF SODIUM CHLORIDE WITH A HAMMER, THE CRYSTAL BREAKS INTO PIECES.W@W W T  C ,Agcselogo2T  <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +| 0  '(  F O   YG   0D C+&(2  0, v C+&(2  0L  C+&(2  0tv  C+&(2X  C (Anaclbrk<O   0TdK  C+&(2   0Pd6K  C+&(2   0 j C+&(2   0|% C+&(2   0* E-(7,   0.p E-(7,  0@3Qs  E-(7,  085>Lp n  E-(7,  0\  E-(7,  0?Gy E-(7,  0C   E-(7,  0(HGy  E-(7,  0(N? C+&(2  0Rx C+&(2  00VD  C+&(2  0Ss  C+&(21  0La Pp IF YOU MOVE A LAYER OF IONS, IONS OF THE SAME CHARGE END UP NEXT TO EACH OTHER. THE LAYERS REPEL EACH OTHER AND THE CRYSTAL BREAKS UP.@    0T_x `&PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF IONIC COMPOUNDS'(2'f  0,h$%D dIONIC SOLIDS ARE BRITTLE!    0 l VIF YOU HIT A CRYSTAL OF SODIUM CHLORIDE WITH A HAMMER, THE CRYSTAL BREAKS INTO PIECES.W@W W T  C ,Agcselogo2T  <޽h @ ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 @( w   0rX LMETALLIC BONDING (2H!T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 m(    0y JMETALLIC BONDING(2f  0D}.po 2METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES OF REPEATING IONS ARRANGED IN A REGULAR CRYSTAL LATTICE AND HELD TOGETHER BY A MOBILE  CLOUD OR  SEA OF ELECTRONS. :@!x  N  C &Ametal1@   0) @  m#Atoms arranged in a regular lattice$$ $ T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  O(    0( JMETALLIC BONDING(2f  0.po |2METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES OF REPEATING IONS ARRANGED IN A REGULAR CRYSTAL LATTICE AND HELD TOGETHER BY A MOBILE  CLOUD OR  SEA OF ELECTRONS. @  N  C &Ametal1@ N  C &Ametal2   0@) @  q#Atoms arranged in a regular lattice$$ $   0)   @The outer shell electrons of each atom leave to join a mobile  cloud of electrons which holds the positive ions together. || | T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +^ 0 } (    0 JMETALLIC BONDING(2f  0t.po |2METALS CONSIST OF GIANT STRUCTURES OF REPEATING IONS ARRANGED IN A REGULAR CRYSTAL LATTICE AND HELD TOGETHER BY A MOBILE  CLOUD OR  SEA OF ELECTRONS. @  N  C &Ametal1@ N  C &Ametal2   0) @  q#Atoms arranged in a regular lattice$$ $ f  0)  The outer shell electrons of each atom leave to join a mobile  cloud of electrons which holds the positive ions together. THE ELECTRONS ARE SAID TO BE  DELOCALISED (not confined to any one place)J|+!  T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +j 0   !(    0Ð WPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS(2f  0Ɛ$0pD o#VERY GOOD CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITY$$! $   0ǐB MFor a substance to conduct electricity it must have mobile ions or electrons.NN N T   C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0   (    0ѐ WPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS(2f  0 ֐$0pD o#VERY GOOD CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITY$$! $ P  C (Ametcond-   0HڐB MFor a substance to conduct electricity it must have mobile ions or electrons.NN N XB @ 0Df) X   0tߐ   jELECTRONS CAN MOVE THROUGH Hf  T   C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 D< (    0 WPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS(2f  0$0pD o#VERY GOOD CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITY$$! $ !   0h  ITHE MOBILE ELECTRON CLOUD IN METALS PERMITS THE CONDUCTION OF ELECTRICITYHJH!/ J P   C (Ametcond-    0B MFor a substance to conduct electricity it must have mobile ions or electrons.NN N XB  @ 0Df) X    0   jELECTRONS CAN MOVE THROUGH Hf  T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0   M(    0 WPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS(2f  0$0pD hVERY GOOD CONDUCTORS OF HEAT!    0   BTHE MOBILE ELECTRON CLOUD IN METALS PERMITS THE CONDUCTION OF HEATHCH!( C   0(B >For a substance to conduct heat it must have mobile electrons.?? ?   0t   bELECTRONS CAN MOVE Hf  N   C &Ametal28 T   C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +F 0 me( ̙33   0 WPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS(2f  0 $0pD bCAN BE BENT AND SHAPED!    0$pm 6Metals can have their shapes changed relatively easily77 7 T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0   |(  | | 0/ 6T MALLEABLE CAN BE HAMMERED INTO SHEETS DUCTILE CAN BE DRAWN INTO RODS AND WIRES U !ffff!f ff U  | 0: WPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS(2f | 0@$0pD bCAN BE BENT AND SHAPED!   | 0Epm 6Metals can have their shapes changed relatively easily77 7 T | C ,Agcselogo2H | 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  (    0N o+ MALLEABLE CAN BE HAMMERED INTO SHEETS DUCTILE CAN BE DRAWN INTO RODS AND WIRES As the metal is beaten into another shape the mobile electrons in the cloud continue to hold the positive ions together. Some metals, such as gold, can be hammered into sheets thin enough to be translucent.V!  yV , P  C (AductileV V  N  C &Ametal2 /   0b WPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS(2f  0f$0pD bCAN BE BENT AND SHAPED!    0Tjpm 6Metals can have their shapes changed relatively easily77 7 T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +Q 0 xp (    0r WPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS(2f  0@x$0pD RALLOYS!    0tpm ;Alloys are usually made from two or more different metals. (<:; T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +u 0   ,(    0` VWhy use To improve the properties of metals; alloys? it usually makes them stronger JW!'!"  0X WPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS(2f  0$0pD RALLOYS!    0pm ;Alloys are usually made from two or more different metals. (<:; T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  d(    0  &Why use To improve the properties of metals; alloys? it usually makes them stronger How do The different sized atoms of the metals distort they work? the layers in the structure , making it more difficult for them to slide over each other and so make alloys harder than pure metals.\'W!3 !  04 WPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS(2f  0$0pD RALLOYS!    0бpm ;Alloys are usually made from two or more different metals. (<:; T  C ,Agcselogo2N  C &A alloyg \H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  |(  a  0踓J {Steel an alloy of IRON and CARBON (a non-metal!) - low-carbon steels are easily shaped - high-carbon steels are hard j|!ffY  0XƓ WPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS(2f  0$0pD ]ALLOYS - Examples!    0Γpm ;Alloys are usually made from two or more different metals. (<:; T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 0  v(   [   0֓  Steel an alloy of IRON and CARBON (a non-metal!) - low-carbon steels are easily shaped - high-carbon steels are hard - some steels contain other metals chromium / nickel stainless steel manganese very hard for railway points tungsten very hard for drill tips !t)"!(f3"f    0 WPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS(2f   0$0pD ]ALLOYS - Examples!     0pm ;Alloys are usually made from two or more different metals. (<:; T   C ,Agcselogo2H   0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +B 0 ia (    0 ~Steel an alloy of IRON and CARBON (a non-metal!) - low-carbon steels are easily shaped - high-carbon steels are hard - some steels contain other metals chromium / nickel stainless steel manganese very hard for railway points tungsten very hard for drill tips Copper Pure copper, like gold and aluminium, is too soft for many uses. It is mixed with similar metals. Brass copper / zinc Bronze copper / tin Coinage metal copper /nickelJ!:   @Q   0 WPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS(2f  0$0pD ]ALLOYS - Examples!    0pm ;Alloys are usually made from two or more different metals. (<:; T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +n 0   %(      0| WPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS(2f   0\$0pD _SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS!      0h pm KShape memory alloys can return to their original shape after being deformed(LKK T   C ,Agcselogo2H   0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +{ 0 ` ,2(  , , 0,X qShape memory alloy (SMA) can be deformed, and then returned to their original shape by the application of heat. rr , 01 WPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS(2f , 0@6$0pD _SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS!    , 0:pm KShape memory alloys can return to their original shape after being deformed(LKK T , C ,Agcselogo2H , 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +* 0 QI@ $(  $ $ 08EX  TShape memory alloy (SMA) can be deformed, and then returned to their original shape by the application of heat. They are made of a NICKLEL-TITANIUM alloy -  NITINOL Small amounts of other metals can be added to alter properties Jo1!C  $ 0 WPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS(2f $ 0Q$0pD _SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS!    $ 08Xpm KShape memory alloys can return to their original shape after being deformed(LKK T $ C ,Agcselogo2H $ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +* 0 QIP ((  ( ( 0\aX  TShape memory alloy (SMA) can be deformed, and then returned to their original shape by the application of heat. They are made of a NICKLEL-TITANIUM alloy -  NITINOL Small amounts of other metals can be added to alter properties Examples Key-hole surgery instruments Spectacle frames Thermostats Dental braces C ff3!ff3( X  ( 0n WPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS(2f ( 00s$0pD _SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS!    ( 0xpm KShape memory alloys can return to their original shape after being deformed(LKK T ( C ,Agcselogo2H ( 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 @@@(  @ @ 0X LCOVALENT BONDING (2H!T @ C ,Agcselogo2H @ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 @ (    0Ћ fCOVALENT BONDING(2f 2  0쎗 <A covalent bond consists of& a shared pair of electrons with one electron being supplied by each atom either side of the bond. COVALENT BONDS ARE STRONGf@df!  T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 0 c(    00 fCOVALENT BONDING(2f   0  <A covalent bond consists of& a shared pair of electrons with one electron being supplied by each atom either side of the bond. COVALENT BONDS ARE STRONGN@    0h   Covalent bond are found between the atoms in molecules. Molecules can be SIMPLE MOLECULES H2, CO2, CH4 or GIANT MOLECULES diamond, graphite, silica@Lf    f  T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0   P C (    0(ʗ oSIMPLE COVALENT MOLECULES(2f Z  0×h ~Covalent bonding between the atoms in each molecule is STRONG Bonding between individual molecules is not covalent and is WEAKL}7!<f    0ԗ '  %STRONG COVALENT BONDS (hard to break)*&H & F  >   c Z  C *AatomO2lg  > Z  C *AatomO2rg  L  >  # Rf ^ Z   C *AatomO2lg  > Z   C *AatomO2rg  L  >   # tG!K  Z   C *AatomO2lg  > Z   C *AatomO2rg  L  >  # h  Z  C *AatomO2lg  > Z  C *AatomO2rg  XB  0Df>qt .XB  0Df>S ! XB  0Df>p  K XB  0Df>6 ^ .XB  0Df>  ny XB  0D>' XB @ 0Df>C n  0ߗs 6VERY WEAK ATTRACTION BETWEEN MOLECULES (easy to break)27H'ff 7 u  N̙))?j ^ e Because the attractions between molecules are very weak, simple covalent molecules usually have low melting and boiling points because it is easy to separate the moleculesH  T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 +#p 0(  0 0 0 oSIMPLE COVALENT MOLECULES(2f T 0 C ,Agcselogo2 0 0"`_  vGENERAL PROPERTIES OF SIMPLE MOLECULES APPEARANCE gases, liquids or solids with low melting and boiling points MELTING POINT Very low Weak attractive forces between molecules means that very little energy is needed to move them apart ELECTRICAL Don t conduct electricity - have no mobile ions or electrons 'H@(! f=f !h f!' < Z 0 0h ~Covalent bonding between the atoms in each molecule is STRONG Bonding between individual molecules is not covalent and is WEAKL}7!<f  H 0 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 ` (    0< nGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES(2f +  0DP  In giant covalent molecules there are many atoms joined together in a regular arrangement by a very large number of covalent bonds.  T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  4n(  4 4 0 nGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES(2f + 4 0P  In giant covalent molecules there are many atoms joined together in a regular arrangement by a very large number of covalent bonds.   4 0 $"`u  cGENERAL PROPERTIES OF GIANT MOLECULES MELTING POINT Very high structure is made up of a large number of covalent bonds, all of which need to be broken if atoms are to be separated z&H@'! f !z  T 4 C ,Agcselogo2H 4 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  8G(  8 8 0/ nGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES(2f + 8 04P  In giant covalent molecules there are many atoms joined together in a regular arrangement by a very large number of covalent bonds.   8 09"`  RGENERAL PROPERTIES OF GIANT MOLECULES MELTING POINT Very high structure is made up of a large number of covalent bonds, all of which need to be broken if atoms are to be separated ELECTRICAL Don t conduct electricity - have no mobile ions or electrons BUT... Graphite conducts electricity &H@'!  f!L *  8 NF̙))? LGIANT MOLECULES = MACROMOLECULES = COVALENT NETWORKS They all mean the same!.M(25!T 8 C ,Agcselogo2H 8 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  <i(  < < 0N nGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES(2f + < 0SP  In giant covalent molecules there are many atoms joined together in a regular arrangement by a very large number of covalent bonds.   < 0X"`  ^.GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GIANT MOLECULES MELTING POINT Very high structure is made up of a large number of covalent bonds, all of which need to be broken if atoms are to be separated ELECTRICAL Don t conduct electricity - have no mobile ions or electrons BUT... Graphite conducts electricity STRENGTH Hard - exist in a rigid tetrahedral structure Diamond and silica (SiO2)... but Graphite is soft&Hr@'!  ff!C   T < C ,Agcselogo2H < 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 - % @(  @ @ 0m nGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES(2f + @ 04qP  In giant covalent molecules there are many atoms joined together in a regular arrangement by a very large number of covalent bonds.   @ 0Xw"`  .GENERAL PROPERTIES OF GIANT MOLECULES MELTING POINT Very high structure is made up of a large number of covalent bonds, all of which need to be broken if atoms are to be separated ELECTRICAL Don t conduct electricity - have no mobile ions or electrons BUT... Graphite conducts electricity STRENGTH Hard - exist in a rigid tetrahedral structure Diamond and silica (SiO2)... but Graphite is soft8&Hr@'! f !z f!Lf!C    @ N4̙))? LGIANT MOLECULES = MACROMOLECULES = COVALENT NETWORKS They all mean the same!.M(25!T @ C ,Agcselogo2H @ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  P~(  P P 0H nGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES(2f ` P 0ЖPp  XDIAMOND MELTING POINT VERY HIGH many covalent bonds must be broken to separate atoms xQ!! f !8 Y L P C $A$ diam1 p 6X P c 0A% 1diam2 LT P C ,Agcselogo2H P 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +f 0  L(  L L 0 nGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES(2f  L 0Pp  DIAMOND MELTING POINT VERY HIGH many covalent bonds must be broken to separate atoms STRENGTH STRONG each carbon atom is joined to four others in a rigid structure Coordination Number = 4 !! Cf!\  L L C $A$ diam1 p 6X L c 0A% 1diam2 LT L C ,Agcselogo2H L 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0   H(  H H 0 nGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES(2f ~ H 0DPp   DIAMOND MELTING POINT VERY HIGH many covalent bonds must be broken to separate atoms STRENGTH STRONG each carbon atom is joined to four others in a rigid structure Coordination Number = 4 ELECTRICAL NON-CONDUCTOR No free electrons - all 4 carbon electrons used for bonding!! Cd f!>  L H C $A$ diam1 p 6X H c 0A% 1diam2 LT H C ,Agcselogo2H H 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 @8p  (    0i nGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES(2f   0hoPp   RDIAMOND MELTING POINT VERY HIGH many covalent bonds must be broken to separate atoms STRENGTH STRONG each carbon atom is joined to four others in a rigid structure Coordination Number = 4 ELECTRICAL NON-CONDUCTOR No free electrons - all 4 carbon electrons used for bonding!! f !8f!\ f!>  L  C $A$ diam1 p 6X  c 0A% 1diam2 LT   C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0   (    0 nGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES(2f s  0̳Pp  YGRAPHITE MELTING POINT VERY HIGH many covalent bonds must be broken to separate atoms  Q ! f !7 Z R  C *A&graphiteu 3UT  C ,Agcselogo2Y   \pParchmentS" ?  Glayers can slide over each other - used as a lubricant and in pencils (HGG H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  XY(  X X 00į nGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES(2f 4 X 0ȯPp h  GRAPHITE MELTING POINT VERY HIGH many covalent bonds must be broken to separate atoms STRENGTH SOFT each carbon is joined to three others in a layered structure Coordination Number = 3 layers are held by weak intermolecular forces   ! Bf!  R X C *A&graphiteu 3UT X C ,Agcselogo2Y X \կParchmentS" ?  Glayers can slide over each other - used as a lubricant and in pencils (HGG H X 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  \7(  \ \ 0ޯ nGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES(2f  \ 0Pp   GRAPHITE MELTING POINT VERY HIGH many covalent bonds must be broken to separate atoms STRENGTH SOFT each carbon is joined to three others in a layered structure Coordination Number = 3 layers are held by weak intermolecular forces can slide over each other ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR Only three carbon electrons are used for bonding which leaves the fourth to move freely along layers   ! B  f !\!   R \ C *A&graphiteu 3UT \ C ,Agcselogo2Y \ \ParchmentS" ?  Glayers can slide over each other - used as a lubricant and in pencils (HGG H \ 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  TJ(  T T 0h nGIANT COVALENT MOLECULES(2f % T 0Pp   GRAPHITE MELTING POINT VERY HIGH many covalent bonds must be broken to separate atoms STRENGTH SOFT each carbon is joined to three others in a layered structure Coordination Number = 3 layers are held by weak intermolecular forces can slide over each other ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR Only three carbon electrons are used for bonding which leaves the fourth to move freely along layers   ! A f!  R T C *A&graphiteu 3UT T C ,Agcselogo2Y T \ ParchmentS" ?  Glayers can slide over each other- used as a lubricant and in pencils (HGG H T 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  (    0 lANOTHER FORM OF CARBON(2f   0TPp 4 FULLERENES Although not officially classed as giant molecules, fullerenes are made from carbon atoms joined together to make tubes and cages. (The prefix NANO means that everything is on a very small scale) A ! !f0!  T  C ,Agcselogo2H  0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B ++ 0 RJ x(  x x 0/ lANOTHER FORM OF CARBON(2f z x 05Pp  tNANOSCIENCE Refers to the science of structures that are 1 100nm in size Nanoparticles Show different properties to the same materials in bulk and have a high surface area to volume ratio This can lead to the development of& new computers new catalysts new coatings stronger and lighter construction materials new cosmetics such as sun-tan creams and deodorants Scientifically, NANO means one thousand millionth (10-9)\ =7: != !!f f,f386ffff&L   b T x C ,Agcselogo2H x 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +% 0 LD0 `(  ` ` 0LO lANOTHER FORM OF CARBON(2f t ` 0TPp } :FULLERENES Although not officially classed as giant molecules, fullerenes are made from carbon atoms joined together to make tubes and cages. NANOTUBES These are fullerenes where hexagonal sheets of carbon atoms have been rolled into a tube  a bit like  chicken wire   ! !w   T ` C ,Agcselogo2H ` 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 "` l(  l l 0e lANOTHER FORM OF CARBON(2f  l 0iPp * 4<FULLERENES Although not officially classed as giant molecules, fullerenes are made from carbon atoms joined together to make tubes and cages. NANOTUBES These are fullerenes where hexagonal sheets of carbon atoms have been rolled into a tube  a bit like  chicken wire   ! !w !  T l C ,Agcselogo2T l C ,AchexagongHu L l C $A tubeg ]x  l 0{ 08.  Hsheets can be  rolled to form tubes%%f$ H l 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0  @ d(  d d 0̂ lANOTHER FORM OF CARBON(2f 2 d 0Pp   FULLERENES Although not officially classed as giant molecules, fullerenes are made from carbon atoms joined together to make tubes and cages. NANOTUBES These are fullerenes where hexagonal sheets of carbon atoms have been rolled into a tube  a bit like  chicken wire very strong useful where lightness and strength are needed eg tennis racket frames   ! !fL&Q   T d C ,Agcselogo2H d 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 P h@(  h h 0 lANOTHER FORM OF CARBON(2f  h 0Pp   xjFULLERENES Although not officially classed as giant molecules, fullerenes are made from carbon atoms joined together to make tubes and cages. NANOTUBES These are fullerenes where hexagonal sheets of carbon atoms have been rolled into a tube  a bit like  chicken wire very strong useful where lightness and strength are needed eg tennis racket frames conductors of used as semiconductors in electronic circuits electricity  ' !Y !0 !&Q  c T h C ,Agcselogo2H h 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0 :2p p(  p p 0 lANOTHER FORM OF CARBON(2f b p 0xPp  FULLERENES Although not officially classed as giant molecules, fullerenes are made from carbon atoms joined together to make tubes and cages. NANOTUBES These are fullerenes where hexagonal sheets of carbon atoms have been rolled into a tube  a bit like  chicken wire very strong useful where lightness and strength are needed eg tennis racket frames conductors of used as semiconductors in electronic circuits electricity tubular can be used to transport a drug into the body structure drug molecules can be put inside the nanotube which holds the drug until it gets to where it is needed  !!1 !m@Q    < T p C ,Agcselogo2H p 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +C  0 jb t(  t t 0 lANOTHER FORM OF CARBON(2f  t 08Pp  2FULLERENES Although not officially classed as giant molecules, fullerenes are made from carbon atoms joined together to make tubes and cages. NANOTUBES These are fullerenes where hexagonal sheets of carbon atoms have been rolled into a tube  a bit like  chicken wire very strong useful where lightness and strength are needed eg tennis racket frames conductors of used as semiconductors in electronic circuits. electricity tubular can be used to transport a drug into the body structure drug molecules can be put inside the nanotube which holds the drug until it gets to where it is needed  !Xf !1!1 !m@Q    < T t C ,Agcselogo2H t 0޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0 <4  (    0 lANOTHER FORM OF CARBON(2f   0Pp  jBUCKMINSTERFULLERENE A fullerene where the carbon atoms are arranged in a ball shape molecule C60 Sixty carbon atoms are arranged in a ball in rings of 5 and 6 JE!J ?  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