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""&'''$$`b$lr߷\~3qАn ]$$$$$b$bpe# zt On R$FE-Qڛb>" 0AA f!f33f@!d g4KdKdL; 0pxp@ <4BdBd@w 0tt.g4:d:dw 0p@ pp<4!d!d@w 0tt.ʚ;ʚ;<4dddd@ x 0@r0___PPT10 qq2___PPT9/ 0? %O =   D#=>?@ABC$ !"%&(EF)/*+,-.01234s~nqrtpuvxw{yz|o}G?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRaS\T]U^V_W`   P4   0` ̙33` ` ff3333f` 333MMM` f` f` 3>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>>L0 VN (    6` P  T Click to edit Master title style! !  0   RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  0 ``  X*  0 `   Z*  0H `   Z*z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33 Default Design 0 zr@ ( )   0  P    P*    0%     R*  d  c $ ?    0*  @  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  6 `P   P*    63 `   R*  H  0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.0 0X(   $+ X X 0@ P    X*  X 0F     Z*  X 6K `P   X*  X 6P `   Z* H X 0޽h ? ̙3380___PPT10.= o 0 ~@(  J  C "A KTRE: .  <̙? x @ 0 0  <̙? x @ 0 0  0 *ATOMIC STRUCTURE A guide for GCSE studentsb(2826f<fffT  C ,Agcselogo2  0h"`>B 2010 SPECIFICATIONSH0 G$G    04e OKNOCKHARDY PUBLISHING(2 fH  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.^ +D=' = @B +J 0L0 YQP(    0H@} LATOMIC STRUCTURE (2 fR  0,p   INTRODUCTION This Powerpoint show is one of several produced to help students understand selected GCSE Chemistry topics. It is based on the requirements of the AQA specification but is suitable for other examination boards. Individual students may use the material at home for revision purposes and it can also prove useful for classroom teaching with an interactive white board. Accompanying notes on this, and the full range of AS and A2 Chemistry topics, are available from the KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE WEBSITE at... www.knockhardy.org.uk/gcse.htm (2 2(2 ! , dB  <D?  T  C ,Agcselogo2  N̙))? & +All diagrams and animations in this Powerpoint are original and created by Jonathan Hopton. Permission must be obtained for their use in any commercial work."CH$   &  C z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0   z(  d  0C"?0  f CONTENTS Rutherford s experiment Structure of atoms Mass number and atomic number Atoms and ions Isotopes Electronic structures of the first 20 elementsb 202 2!!  0C"? n@ 0 0  6C"? y@ 0 0  6C"?@ 0 0  6C"? @ 0 0  6C"?H @ 0 0   0hH@} LATOMIC STRUCTURE (2 f   6C"?  @ 0 0T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +^ 0L0 me!$(  $ $ 0@H@ dTHE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS2(2f fk  $ 0w  Atoms have a small central nucleus, which is made up of protons and neutrons. Around the nucleus are the electrons. Because electrons weigh very much less than protons and neutrons, most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in its nucleus. !!!!  !E:!u~ T !$ C ,Agcselogo2z $ bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  0(    0 Qf s |.RUTHERFORD S EXPERIMENT(2!    0\RR) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +; 0L0 JB (    0Sf s |.RUTHERFORD S EXPERIMENT(2!    0`R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ff  0c   HMany scientists thought atoms were solid like a  plum pudding . Ernest Rutherford wanted to find out what atoms were like.}}| T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 " (    0kf s |.RUTHERFORD S EXPERIMENT(2!    0o (ALPHA (a) PARTICLES:H7   ^B  6DԔ`qq8pB  HDԔhX@p^B  6DԔqqx^B  6DԔ`8^B  6DԔxvF   v     82   <wo  v  > f2   6jJ  vF   v    S s2   <|o  v  > f2  6jJ  vF   v    2  <0o  v  > f2  6jJ  vF   v    2  <o  v  > f2  6jJ    0K A  T GOLD ATOMS      0R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ff  0L ? bMany scientists thought atoms were solid like a  plum pudding . Ernest Rutherford wanted to find out what atoms were like. He fired positively charged ALPHA PARTICLES (helium nuclei) at a very thin sheet of gold and detected what happened to their path.*~ T  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  R(    08 (ALPHA (a) PARTICLES:H7     0l=1~,$ 0 hMOST WENT STRAIGHT THROUGH 23  ^B  6DԔ`qq8^B  6DԔqqx^B  6DԔ`8^B  6DԔxvF   v    82   <ئo  v  > f2   6jJ  vF   v    S s2   <Ho  v  > f2   6jJ  vF   v    2  <o  v  > f2  6jJ  vF   v    2  <ȳo  v  > f2  6jJ  ,z       ,$D 0  0` )  fMOST WENT STRAIGHT THROUGH3    0X    dMOST OF AN ATOM IS SPACE3  X2  03*m  0f s |.RUTHERFORD S EXPERIMENT(2!    0ÝR) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33um___PPT10M+ńD' Ν= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(Df' =%(D' =4@BBBB%()?)?Db'  =.*7 BBBBBcM -1.94444E-6 -1.50289E-6 L 0.71111 -1.50289E-6 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=0BBAA<*D' =%( D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+0 + 0L0  M(    0h (ALPHA (a) PARTICLES:H7   ^B  6DԔ`qq8^B  6DԔqqx^B  6DԔ`8^B  6DԔx  00{O}d ,$ 0 aSOME WERE DEFLECTED 2f3  vF   v    82   <{o  v  > f2   6jJ  vF   v    S s2   < {o  v  > f2   6jJ  vF   v    2  <o  v  > f2  6jJ  vF   v    2  <H{o  v  > f2  6jJ  .z | 0c   | 0c ,$D 0  0{| c  aSOME WERE DEFLECTED 2f3    0{ | 0P  kNUCLEUS IS POSITIVELY CHARGED 2f3  X2  0f3*m  0({f s |.RUTHERFORD S EXPERIMENT(2!    0#{R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33p h ___PPT10H +O>D ' #{= @B D ' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(Da' =%(D ' =4@BBBB%()?)?D]'  =.%7 BBBBB/M 0.01336 0.00462 C 0.1434 -0.00671 -0.02223 -0.00301 0.34826 -0.01018 C 0.43368 -0.01434 0.49184 -0.0081 0.52916 -0.01018 C 0.55139 -0.01434 0.55677 -0.01133 0.57361 -0.01018 C 0.59843 -0.00324 0.62812 -0.00047 0.65139 0.01086 C 0.66128 0.01549 0.70694 0.05572 0.71319 0.05757 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=H0BBffffffpBBa >BE<<*D' =%( D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+0 + 0L0  c(    01{ (ALPHA (a) PARTICLES:H7   ^B  6DԔ`qq8^B  6DԔqqx^B  6DԔ`8^B  6DԔx  08{t` t ,$ 0 nVERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT BACK (2!  vF   v    82   <l>{o  v  > f2   6jJ  vF   v    S s2   <PB{o  v  > f2   6jJ  vF   v    2  <|F{o  v  > f2  6jJ  vF   v    2  <Q{o  v  > f2  6jJ  7z     ,$D 0  0@M{ `  lVERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT BACK 2!    0TW{  iNUCLEUS IS RELATIVELY SMALL 2!  X2  0!*m  0[{f s |.RUTHERFORD S EXPERIMENT(2!    0_{R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33___PPT10o+O>D' a{= @B D' = @BA?%,( < +O%,( < +D' =%(D' =%(D0' =4@BBBB%()?)?D'  =.L7 BBBBBM -4.44444E-6 -2.42775E-6 L 0.53177 -0.03399 L 0.28733 -0.08879 *3>*B ppt_xB ppt_y=0BB AAA<*D' =%( D' =A@BBBB0B%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(D4' =%(D' =%(D' =4@BBBB%(D' =1:Bvisible*o3>+B#style.visibility<*%(+8+0+0 + 0L0 -% ##(    0f{ (ALPHA (a) PARTICLES:H7     0U{wj hMOST WENT STRAIGHT THROUGH 23  ^B  6DԔ`qq8pB  HDԔhX@p^B  6DԔqqx^B  6DԔ`8^B  6DԔxpB   HD3)H pB   HDf3)b_pB   HD!) )    0t{O}d  aSOME WERE DEFLECTED 2f3     0y{!(t`   nVERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT BACK (2!  vF   v    82  <\~{o  v  > f2  6jJ  vF   v   S s2  <{o  v  > f2  6jJ  vF   v    2  <\{o  v  > f2  6jJ  vF   v    2  <{o  v  > f2  6jJ    0l{ )  fMOST WENT STRAIGHT THROUGH3    0{| c  oSOME WERE DEFLECTED, 2f3    0H{   dMOST OF AN ATOM IS SPACE3    0p{| 0P  yNUCLEUS IS POSITIVELY CHARGED, 2f3    0{ `  lVERY FEW BOUNCED STRAIGHT BACK 2!    0{  iNUCLEUS IS RELATIVELY SMALL 2!     0|{f s |.RUTHERFORD S EXPERIMENT(2!   ! 0\{R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ff " 0 { Q  [SUMMARY(2 T # C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +_ 0L0 nf  ((  ( ( 0{H@ dTHE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS2(2f f ( 0{QK bThe three important particles found in atoms are& 2(22 2 Hv D  (# #""fPTW  ( Zĵ{?i D  Z  @` ( ZP{? i   Z  @` ( Z{?yi  Z  @` ( Z({?i y  nELECTRON  f   @`  ( Z{?Di  Z  @`  ( ZD{? i  Z  @`  ( Z~?y i  Z  @`  ( Z~?yi  mNEUTRON f   @`  ( Z ~?\D Z  @` ( Z`~? \ Z  @` ( Z&~?y\  Z  @` ( ZT"~?\y lPROTON    @`  ( ZP@~_ж_ж?D\ yRelative charge$   @`  ( Z~_ж_ж ?"` \ m Relative mass   @` ( Z:~_ж_ж?y \ qWhere it is found   @` ( ZV~_ж_ж?y\ hParticle     @``B ( 0o ?DZB ( s *1 ?\D\ZB ( s *1 ?DZB ( s *1 ?i Di `B ( 0o ? D `B ( 0o ? ZB ( s *1 ?yy ZB ( s *1 ?  ZB ( s *1 ? `B ( 0o ?DD  ( 0Z~ U rAtoms have a small central nucleus, which is made up of protons and neutrons and around which there are electrons.ssT  ( C ,Agcselogo2z ( bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +K 0L0 ZR0I(    0{H@ dTHE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS2(2f f  0xo~QK bThe three important particles found in atoms are& 2(22 2 Bp D  G #""fPTW    Zv~?i D  Z  @`   Z~? i   Z  @`   Z$~?yi  Z  @`   Z~?i y  nELECTRON  f   @`  ZԠ~?Di  Z  @`  Z~? i  Z  @`  Z~?y i  Z  @`  Z8~?yi  mNEUTRON f   @`  Zl~?\D Z  @`  Z~? \ Z  @`  Z~?y\  Z  @`  Z~?\y lPROTON    @`   Z~_ж_ж?D\ yRelative charge$   @`   Zl~_ж_ж ?"` \ m Relative mass   @`  Z~_ж_ж?y \ qWhere it is found   @`  Z_ж_ж?y\ hParticle     @``B  0o ?DZB  s *1 ?\D\ZB  s *1 ?DZB   s *1 ?i Di `B ! 0o ? D `B " 0o ? ZB # s *1 ?yy ZB $ s *1 ?  ZB & s *1 ? `B ' 0o ?DD T I C ,Agcselogo2z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +| 0L0 ")(    0p~H@ dTHE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS2(2f f  0T~QK bThe three important particles found in atoms are& 2(22 2 -v D  # #""fPTW   Z?i D  Z  @`  ZH~? i   Z  @`  Z5?yi  Z  @`  ZP>?i y  ` f  @`   Z`H?Di  Z  @`   ZP? i  Z  @`   ZY?y i  Z  @`   Zb?yi  ` f  @`   Z|k?\D Z  @`  Z`t? \ Z  @`  ZD}?y\  Z  @`  Z8?\y lPROTON    @`   Z_ж_ж?D\ yRelative charge$   @`   Z_ж_ж ?"` \ m Relative mass   @`  Zx_ж_ж?y \ qWhere it is found   @`  Z_ж_ж?y\ hParticle     @``B  0o ?DZB  s *1 ?\D\ZB  s *1 ?DZB  s *1 ?i Di `B  0o ? D `B  0o ? ZB  s *1 ?yy ZB  s *1 ?  ZB  s *1 ? `B  0o ?DD  ! 0|= R+1 (2   $ 0̨ G Q1 (2   ' 0X0  kNUCLEUS4(2  T ) C ,Agcselogo2z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 %) ;(      0ЀH@ dTHE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS2(2f f   0ՀQK bThe three important particles found in atoms are& 2(22 2 :v D   # #""fPTW    Zڀ?i D  Z  @`   Z\? i   Z  @`   Z܀?yi  Z  @`   Z(?i y  ` f  @`   Z?Di  Z  @`   Zt ? i  Z  @`   Z?y i  Z  @`   ZL?yi  mNEUTRON f   @`   Z)?\D Z  @`   Zd? \ Z  @`   Z<?y\  Z  @`   Z87?\y lPROTON    @`    ZN_ж_ж?D\ yRelative charge$   @`    Z,Y_ж_ж ?"` \ m Relative mass   @`   Za_ж_ж?y \ qWhere it is found   @`   Zj_ж_ж?y\ hParticle     @``B   0o ?DZB   s *1 ?\D\ZB   s *1 ?DZB   s *1 ?i Di `B   0o ? D `B   0o ? ZB   s *1 ?yy ZB   s *1 ?  ZB   s *1 ? `B   0o ?DD    0Lq Q0 (2f   !  0z= R+1 (2   "  0`x  Q1 (2f   $  0n G Q1 (2   &  0  kNUCLEUS4(2ff   '  0؈0  kNUCLEUS4(2  T )  C ,Agcselogo2z   bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 ()(    0QH@ dTHE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS2(2f f  0QK bThe three important particles found in atoms are& 2(22 2 Hv D  # #""fPTW   Z?i D  Z  @`  Z̪? i   Z  @`  Z?yi  Z  @`  Z?i y  nELECTRON  f   @`   ZP?Di  Z  @`   Z\? i  Z  @`   Zρ?y i  Z  @`   Z߁?yi  mNEUTRON    @`   Z|?\D Z  @`  Z? \ Z  @`  Z?y\  Z  @`  Z?\y lPROTON    @`   Z _ж_ж?D\ yRelative charge$   @`   Z_ж_ж ?"` \ m Relative mass   @`  Z"_ж_ж?y \ qWhere it is found   @`  Z+_ж_ж?y\ hParticle     @``B  0o ?DZB  s *1 ?\D\ZB  s *1 ?DZB  s *1 ?i Di `B  0o ? D `B  0o ? ZB  s *1 ?yy ZB  s *1 ?  ZB  s *1 ? `B  0o ?DD   0/ Q0 (2     04j   R-1 (2f   ! 0,8= R+1 (2   " 0D<  Q1 (2   # 0\@J w   ,Negligble  Very small 2_ f f    $ 0E G Q1 (2   & 0I  kNUCLEUS4(2   ' 0HN0  kNUCLEUS4(2   ( 0S P L  IN SHELLS AROUND THE NUCLEUS4(2ff  T ) C ,Agcselogo2z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 ()(    0,-H@ n THE STRUCTURE OF ATOMS - Summary2!(2 f f  0gQK bThe three important particles found in atoms are& 2(22 2 Hv D  # #""fPTW   Zr?i D  Z  @`  Z|? i   Z  @`  Z?yi  Z  @`  Zl?i y  nELECTRON  f   @`   Z$?Di  Z  @`   Z̚? i  Z  @`   Z ?y i  Z  @`   Z?yi  mNEUTRON f   @`   Z?\D Z  @`  Z? \ Z  @`  Z$Ƀ?y\  Z  @`  Z?\y lPROTON    @`   Z_ж_ж?D\ yRelative charge$   @`   Zp݃_ж_ж ?"` \ m Relative mass   @`  Zp_ж_ж?y \ qWhere it is found   @`  Z_ж_ж?y\ hParticle     @``B  0o ?DZB  s *1 ?\D\ZB  s *1 ?DZB  s *1 ?i Di `B  0o ? D `B  0o ? ZB  s *1 ?yy ZB  s *1 ?  ZB  s *1 ? `B  0o ?DD   0t  Q0 (2f     0j   R-1 (2f   ! 0= R+1 (2   " 0  Q1 (2f   # 00J w   ,Negligble  Very small 2_ f f    $ 0 G Q1 (2   & 0"  kNUCLEUS4(2ff   ' 0h0  kNUCLEUS4(2   ( 0p P L  IN SHELLS AROUND THE NUCLEUS4(2ff  T ) C ,Agcselogo2z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +a 0L0 phP(    0H@ kMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER2(2f fg  0BQ? Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus X<f33  T  C ,Agcselogo2z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 P46(  4 4 0MH@ kMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER2(2f f 4 0OQ[  oAtomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus Symbol Atoms of an element are given a symbol Some have one capital letter H, N, O, P, K Some have two letters, the first He, Na, Mg Cu one being a capital Recently discovered high atomic Unh number elements have been given symbols with three letters 1!+fGf3g3  T 4 C ,Agcselogo2z 4 bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 @0(  0 0 0cH@ kMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER2(2f fn 0 0HiQ  Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus Symbol Atoms of an element are given a symbol Some have one capital letter H, N, O, P, K Some have two letters, the first He, Na, Mg Cu one being a capital Recently discovered high atomic Unh number elements have been given symbols with three letters J   0 0o(  YWhen necessary, the atomic number and the mass number can be written alongside the symbol,Z!L Z T 0 C ,Agcselogo2z 0 bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +s 0L0 z` (    0wH@ kMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER2(2f f  0|Q f~Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus:f3f3  F _ V   "     0  LNa 20     0_p /  R23 (2f3     0\_ p V  R11 (2    0|(  YWhen necessary, the atomic number and the mass number can be written alongside the symbol,Z!L Z T  C ,Agcselogo2z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0 ` 8(  8 8 0hH@ kMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER2(2f fX 8 0DQ ~Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleusJ/@  F _ V  8 "   8 0Ȯ  LNa 20   8 0p_p /  R23 (2   8 0d_ p V  R11 (2  XB 8 0DMMMjJ| 3 XB  8 0DjJ) ^ ; M   8 0Y  "Mass Number (A) PROTONS + NEUTRONS0# #   8 0  ]  Atomic Number (Z) PROTONSH  T  8 C ,Agcselogo2z 8 bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +-  0L0 < 4 p (    0ŅH@ kMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER2(2f fX  0 ˅Q ~Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleusJ/@  F _ V   "     0X҅  LNa 20     0 ׅ_p /  R23 (2     0,Յ_ p V  R11 (2  XB   0DMMMjJ| 3 XB   0DjJ) ^ ; M   0݅Y  "Mass Number (A) PROTONS + NEUTRONS0# #   0  ]  Atomic Number (Z) PROTONSH  d2  < 2CjJ( t .  0t P  THESE ALWAYS GO TOGETHER  ANYTHING WITH 11 PROTONS MUST BE SODIUMCC C T  C ,Agcselogo2z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0   ^(    0H@ kMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER2(2f fX  0|Q ~Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleusJ? f32  F _ V   "     0  LNa 20     0 _p /  R23 (2f3     0@ _ p V  R11 (2  XB   0DjJ| 3 XB   0DjJ) ^ ; M   0Y  "Mass Number (A) PROTONS + NEUTRONSH# f3 #   0  ]  yAtomic Number (Z) PROTONS0  ^2  6jJS T  C ,Agcselogo2z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0    (    0LH@ kMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER2(2f fX  0t#Q ~Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleusJ? f32  F _ V   "     0p*  LNa 20     0/_p /  R23 (2f3     0,-_ p V  R11 (2  XB   0DjJ| 3 XB   0DjJ) ^ ; M   0l7Y  "Mass Number (A) PROTONS + NEUTRONSH# f3 #   0=  ]  yAtomic Number (Z) PROTONS0  ^2  6jJS   0(CY  r(THERE WILL BE 12 NEUTRONS IN THE NUCLEUS)) )   0I n 23  11 = 12 f3  T  C ,Agcselogo2z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0  (    0MH@ kMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER2(2f ff  0VQ ~Atomic Number (Z) Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom Mass Number (A) Sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleusX<f32  F _ V   "     0 _  LNa 20     0pb_p /  R23 (2f3     0h_ p V  R11 (2  XB   0DjJ| 3 XB   0DjJ) ^ ; M   04mY  "Mass Number (A) PROTONS + NEUTRONSH# f3 #   0ls  ]  Atomic Number (Z) PROTONSH  T  C ,Agcselogo2z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 @ P(    0{H@ \ATOMS AND IONS2(2f fT  C ,Agcselogo2z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +e 0L0 tl0 (    0܈H@ \ATOMS AND IONS2(2f fz  0xQ `ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS aff!! !% a T  C ,Agcselogo2z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 p<\(  < < 0H@ \ATOMS AND IONS2(2f fz < 0Q `ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS aff!! !% a   < 0Ģ @  "NPROTONS 6 11 16 17 20 ELECTRONS 6 10 16 18 18 ATOM or ION? 1     !!&.   T < C ,Agcselogo2z < bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +g 0L0 vnT(  T T 0H@ \ATOMS AND IONS2(2f fz T 0Q `ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS aff!! !% a  T 0( @  zPROTONS 6 11 16 17 20 ELECTRONS 6 10 16 18 18 ATOM or ION? ATOM ION ATOM ION ION 1I     f !f!@.  F   T T C ,Agcselogo2z T bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +y 0L0 @(  @ @ 0ӇH@ \ATOMS AND IONS2(2f f @ 0هQ .ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS J^Q!  T @ C ,Agcselogo2z @ bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 D6(  D D 0PH@ \ATOMS AND IONS2(2f f D 04Q ~ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS MORE ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS NEGATIVE FEWER ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS POSITIVEN^T'!(  T D C ,Agcselogo2z D bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +) 0L0 80H(  H H 0H@ \ATOMS AND IONS2(2f f> H 0Q ATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS MORE ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS NEGATIVE FEWER ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS POSITIVEff!! !v'(!  T H C ,Agcselogo2z H bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 LO(  L L 0H@ \ATOMS AND IONS2(2f f L 0tQ ZATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS MORE ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS NEGATIVE FEWER ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS POSITIVE*O  5 L 0 @0 PROTONS 6 11 16 17 20 ELECTRONS 6 10 16 18 18 ATOM or ION? ATOM ION ATOM ION ION CHARGE 1I     f !f!!!@.  F    T L C ,Agcselogo2z L bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 P(  P P 0.H@ \ATOMS AND IONS2(2f f P 084Q ZATOMS SAME NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AS PROTONS IONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF ELECTRONS AND PROTONS THE CHARGE ON AN ION DEPENDS ON THE RELATIVE NUMBERS OF PROTONS AND ELECTRONS MORE ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS NEGATIVE FEWER ELECTRONS THAN PROTONS POSITIVE*O   P 0H@ @V {PROTONS 6 11 16 17 20 ELECTRONS 6 10 16 18 18 ATOM or ION? ATOM ION ATOM ION ION CHARGE Neutral + Neutral - 2+d1I :    f !f! !f ! f3f(! f3!@.  F  ; T P C ,Agcselogo2z P bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +XR 0L0 gQ_Q_c P(      0WH@ kMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER2(2f f^O H@  # #"6* QOQPPPPPH@   Zt[?c @ 27Al3+<     @`   Z q? c  \  @`   Z(z? c  \  @`   ZЂ?y c  \  @`   Zj?c y  \  @`   ZX?c  \  @`   Z?cc  \  @`   ZT?Hc c cH   @`   Z챉? @c  ` f  @`   Zl?  c  ` f  @`   Z?  c  h16 f   @`   Z͉?y  c  h2- f   @`   Zډ? y c  ` f  @`   ZLЉ? c  h16 f   @`   Z?c c  ` f  @`   Zl?H cc  gG f   @`   ZT? @  `   @`   Z ?    h13    @`   Z?   `   @`   Z ?y   `   @`   Z? y   `   @`   Z?   `   @`   Z3?c   g6    @`   Z?H c  gF    @`   ZE?s @  ` MMM  @` !  ZI? s   i235 MMM   @` "  ZX? s   ` MMM  @` #  Za?y s  g0 MMM   @` $  Z(j?s y  ` MMM  @` %  Z s?s   ` MMM  @` &  Zv?cs   h92 MMM   @` '  ZX~?Hs c  gE MMM   @` (  Z8?#@s  ` f  @` )  Z<? #s  ` f  @` *  Z? # s  ` f  @` +  ZԒ?y # s  g0 f   @` ,  Z?#y s  ` f  @` -  Z<?#s  g6 f   @` .  ZHŋ?c#s  g6 f   @` /  Z΋?H#cs  gD f   @` 0  Z֋?@# ` f3  @` 1  Zߋ? # h23 f3   @` 2  Z?  # h11 f3   @` 3  Z?y  # g+ f3   @` 4  Z?y # ` f3  @` 5  Z?# ` f3  @` 6  Z| ?c# ` f3  @` 7  Z?Hc# gC f3   @` 8  Z"?@ ` f  @` 9  Z?  h40 f   @` :  Z-?   ` f  @` ;  Zd6?y   g0 f   @` <  Z??y  ` f  @` =  ZO? ` f  @` >  ZhY?c h20 f   @` ?  Z?Hc gB f   @` @  ZDk?2@ `   @` A  Zs? 2 `   @` B  Z|? 2  `   @` C  Zȅ?y 2  `   @` D  ZĎ?2y  h19    @` E  Z?2 h21    @` F  ZD?c2 h19    @` G  Zଌ?H2c gA    @` H  Z?@2 hSymbol   @` I  Z? 2 m Mass Number     @` J  ZȌ?  2 o Atomic Number   @` K  Z?y  2 hCharge   @` L  Z݌?y 2 k Electrons     @` M  Z<?2 jNeutrons     @` N  ZH?c2 iProtons   @` O  Z?Hc2 V  @``B P  0o ?H@ZB Q  s *1 ?H2@2ZB R  s *1 ?H@ZB S  s *1 ?H@ZB T  s *1 ?H#@#ZB U  s *1 ?Hs @s ZB V  s *1 ?H @ ZB W  s *1 ?H @ ZB X  s *1 ?Hc @c `B Y  0o ?H@`B Z  0o ?HHZB [  s *1 ?ccZB \  s *1 ?ZB ]  s *1 ?ZB ^  s *1 ?y y ZB _  s *1 ?  ZB `  s *1 ?  ZB a  s *1 ?`B b  0o ?@@T c  C ,Agcselogo2z   bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B ++T 0L0 :S2S_cR(    0H@ kMASS NUMBER AND ATOMIC NUMBER2(2f f1Q H@ # #"6* QOQPPPPPH@  ZC?c @ 27Al3+<     @`   Z0M? c  d27   @`   Z|T? c  d13   @`   Z_?y c  d3+   @`   Zg?c y  d10   @`   Zq?c  d14   @`  Zb?cc  d13   @`  Zԃ?Hc c cH   @`%  Z̎? @c  32S2-Hfff   @`  Z`?  c  h32 f   @`  Z4?  c  h16 f   @`  Z?y  c  h2- f   @`  Z? y c  h18 f   @`  ZŽ? c  h16 f   @`  Z?c c  h16 f   @`  Z ˎ?H cc  gG f   @`  Zގ? @  }13C4   @`  ZĎ?    h13    @`  ZX?   g6    @`  ZX?y   g0    @`  Z\? y   g6    @`  Z ?   g7    @`  Z?c   g6    @`  Z?H c  gF    @`   Zp?s @  ~235U4MMMMMM   @` ! Zh? s   i235 MMM   @` " Z8*? s   h92 MMM   @` # ZTA?y s  g0 MMM   @` $ ZJ?s y  h92 MMM   @` % Z@S?s   i143 MMM   @` & ZH\?cs   h92 MMM   @` ' ZPe?Hs c  gE MMM   @` ( Zn?#@s  }12C4ff   @` ) Z,i? #s  h12 f   @` * ZЀ? # s  g6 f   @` + Z?y # s  g0 f   @` , Z?#y s  g6 f   @` - Z?#s  g6 f   @` . Z4?c#s  g6 f   @` / Z<?H#cs  gD f   @`% 0 Zฏ?@# 23Na+Hf3f3f3   @` 1 ZP? # h23 f3   @` 2 Z ˏ?  # h11 f3   @` 3 Zԏ?y  # g+ f3   @` 4 Z|ݏ?y # h10 f3   @` 5 Zl?# h12 f3   @` 6 Z4?c# h11 f3   @` 7 Z<?Hc# gC f3   @` 8 Z?@ ~40Ca4ff   @` 9 Z?  h40 f   @` : Zt?   h20 f   @` ; Z?y   g0 f   @` < Z'?y  h20 f   @` = Z0? h20 f   @` > Z9?c h20 f   @` ? ZC?Hc gB f   @` @ ZL?2@ }40K4   @` A ZU? 2 h40    @` B Z_? 2  h19    @` C Z h?y 2  g0    @` D Zp?2y  h19    @` E Zy?2 h21    @` F Z܂?c2 h19    @` G Z̋?H2c gA    @` H Z?@2 hSymbol   @` I Z? 2 m Mass Number     @` J Z ?  2 o Atomic Number   @` K Zԯ?y  2 hCharge   @` L Z?y 2 k Electrons     @` M Z?2 jNeutrons     @` N Zʐ?c2 iProtons   @` O Z?Hc2 V  @``B P 0o ?H@ZB Q s *1 ?H2@2ZB R s *1 ?H@ZB S s *1 ?H@ZB T s *1 ?H#@#ZB U s *1 ?Hs @s ZB V s *1 ?H @ ZB W s *1 ?H @ ZB X s *1 ?Hc @c `B Y 0o ?H@`B Z 0o ?HHZB [ s *1 ?ccZB \ s *1 ?ZB ] s *1 ?ZB ^ s *1 ?y y ZB _ s *1 ?  ZB ` s *1 ?  ZB a s *1 ?`B b 0o ?@@T c C ,Agcselogo2z  bA޽h @ ?Parchment ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 XD(  X X 0R) PISOTOPES, (2ffT X C ,Agcselogo2B X s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  `(  ` ` 0R) PISOTOPES, (2ffD ` 0 tAtoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons. These atoms are called ISOTOPES of that element. 8uZ!t T ` C ,Agcselogo2B ` s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +r 0L0 y d(  d d 0 R) PISOTOPES, (2ff d 0 kAtoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons. These atoms are called ISOTOPES of that element. Isotopes of an element have SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS ju!!tV T d C ,Agcselogo2B d s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 \L(  \ \ 0|R) PISOTOPES, (2ff \ 0T   Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons. These atoms are called ISOTOPES of that element. Isotopes of an element have SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS or put another way SAME ATOMIC NUMBER DIFFERENT MASS NUMBER \ u8/!t T \ C ,Agcselogo2B \ s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  h_(  h h 0@%R) PISOTOPES, (2ff h 0*  7Atoms of the same element can have different numbers of neutrons. These atoms are called ISOTOPES of that element. Isotopes of an element have SAME NUMBER OF PROTONS DIFFERENT NUMBER OF NEUTRONS or put another way SAME ATOMIC NUMBER DIFFERENT MASS NUMBER ISOTOPES HAVE SIMILAR CHEMICAL PROPERTIES<8u-!t T h C ,Agcselogo2B h s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +} 0L0 `"( w   0 4f dISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN (2!    0D9  0  1 H 1v< -0f   0B @  2 H 1v< -0f   08LR) PISOTOPES, (2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 pB(    0R  0  1 H 1v< -0f   0d\ @  2 H 1v< -0f   0pf` RATOMIC NUMBER &f^B   6Do##   0xkf dISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN (2!    0pR) PISOTOPES, (2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 0F( w  ( 0{  0  1 H 1v< -0f ) 0x @  2 H 1v< -0f , 07` VATOMIC NUMBER 1 1&f^B - 6Do## . 0f dISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN (2!   / 0ؖR) PISOTOPES, (2ffT 0 C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 e(    0  0  1 H 1v< -0f   0 @  2 H 1v< -0f   0 `f u#ATOMIC NUMBER 1 1 MASS NUMBER 6$f^B   6Do##   0f dISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN (2!     0R) PISOTOPES, (2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 ( w   0p  0  1 H 1v< -0f   0`ʑ @  2 H 1v< -0f   0ӑ`L  3ATOMIC NUMBER 1 1 MASS NUMBER 1 2 PROTONS F4f f^B   6Do##   0ڑf dISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN (2!     0 ߑR) PISOTOPES, (2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 ( Ow@   0   0  1 H 1v< -0f   0 @  2 H 1v< -0f   0X`2  DATOMIC NUMBER 1 1 MASS NUMBER 1 2 PROTONS 1 1 NEUTRONS VEff f3^B   6Do##   0f dISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN (2!     0R) PISOTOPES, (2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  (    0  0  1 H 1v< -0f   0 @  2 H 1v< -0f   0`2  HATOMIC NUMBER 1 1 MASS NUMBER 1 2 PROTONS 1 1 NEUTRONS 0 1VIfff3^B   6Do##   0$(f dISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN (2!     0|,R) PISOTOPES, (2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +P 0L0 _W( w .  0D5  0  35 Cl 17<-00f .   00@ @  37 Cl 17<-00f     0(K`P  9ATOMIC NUMBER MASS NUMBER PROTONS NEUTRONS V:f ff3^B   6Do##  0Sf dISOTOPES OF CHLORINE (2!    0WR) PISOTOPES, (2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +g 0L0 vn (  .  0 c  0  35 Cl 17<-00f .  0to @  37 Cl 17<-00f "   0z`P2  PATOMIC NUMBER 17 17 MASS NUMBER 35 37 PROTONS 17 17 NEUTRONS 18 20VQfff3^B   6Do##   0f dISOTOPES OF CHLORINE (2!    0TR) PISOTOPES, (2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 -(  .  0ğ  0  35 Cl 17<-00f .  0| @  37 Cl 17<-00f C   0`P  aATOMIC NUMBER 17 17 MASS NUMBER 35 37 PROTONS 17 17 NEUTRONS 18 20 ABUNDANCE fbfff3^B   6Do##   0tf dISOTOPES OF CHLORINE (2!    0R) PISOTOPES, (2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 2(  .  0Dʔ  0  35 Cl 17<-00f .  0֔ @  37 Cl 17<-00f H   0`P  fATOMIC NUMBER 17 17 MASS NUMBER 35 37 PROTONS 17 17 NEUTRONS 18 20 ABUNDANCE 75% 25%fgfff3^B   6Do##   0f dISOTOPES OF CHLORINE (2!    0R) PISOTOPES, (2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 <( w .  0  0  35 Cl 17<-00f .  0  @  37 Cl 17<-00f R   0`P  pATOMIC NUMBER 17 17 MASS NUMBER 35 37 PROTONS 17 17 NEUTRONS 18 20 ABUNDANCE 75% 25% RATIO fqfff3^B   6Do##   0f dISOTOPES OF CHLORINE (2!    00$R) PISOTOPES, (2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0  S( w .  0H5  0  35 Cl 17<-00f .  009 @  37 Cl 17<-00f i   0tF`P  ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17 MASS NUMBER 35 37 PROTONS 17 17 NEUTRONS 18 20 ABUNDANCE 75% 25% RATIO 3 : 1ffff36^B   6Do##   0HNf dISOTOPES OF CHLORINE (2!     0`RR) PISOTOPES, (2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 0_(  .  0\  0  35 Cl 17<-00f .  0,h @  37 Cl 17<-00f u   0t`P ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17 MASS NUMBER 35 37 PROTONS 17 17 NEUTRONS 18 20 ABUNDANCE 75% 25% RATIO 3 : 1 AVERAGE ffff3B^B   6Do##   0}f dISOTOPES OF CHLORINE (2!    0DR) PISOTOPES, (2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +F 0L0 UM@ ( w .  0,  0  35 Cl 17<-00f .  0 @  37 Cl 17<-00f    0@`P ;ATOMIC NUMBER 17 17 MASS NUMBER 35 37 PROTONS 17 17 NEUTRONS 18 20 ABUNDANCE 75% 25% RATIO 3 : 1 AVERAGE MASS 35 + 35 + 35 + 37 = 4ffff3h^B   6Do##^B   6Do    0df dISOTOPES OF CHLORINE (2!    0(R) PISOTOPES, (2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +m 0L0 |tP (  .  0\  0  35 Cl 17<-00f .  0 @  37 Cl 17<-00f    0ʖ`P bATOMIC NUMBER 17 17 MASS NUMBER 35 37 PROTONS 17 17 NEUTRONS 18 20 ABUNDANCE 75% 25% RATIO 3 : 1 AVERAGE MASS 35 + 35 + 35 + 37 = 35.5 4fff3` ^B   6Do##^B   6Do    0L֖f dISOTOPES OF CHLORINE (2!    0ۖR) PISOTOPES, (2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +I 0L0 XP` ( w    0DB   i 12 C 6>< - 0   0PT  SATOMIC NUMBER 6 6 6 MASS NUMBER 12 13 14 PROTONS 6 6 6 NEUTRONS 6 7 8TT  0tB  i 13 C 6>< - 0  0B  i 14 C 6>< - 0x  PAParchment P   0,f bISOTOPES OF CARBON (2!    0R) PISOTOPES, (2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 pn(     0L B   i 12 C 6>< - 0   0PT  SATOMIC NUMBER 6 6 6 MASS NUMBER 12 13 14 PROTONS 6 6 6 NEUTRONS 6 7 8TT  0B  i 13 C 6>< - 0  0B  i 14 C 6>< - 0  0!f bISOTOPES OF CARBON (2!    0@%R) PISOTOPES, (2ffT  C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 P #\(   ! 0f~!)z  XTHE ARRANGEMENT OF ELECTRONS IN ATOMS OF THE FIRST TWENTY ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE Y(2Y$! Y  " 0xҲR) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT # C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 &$D(     0 H  > 2    B|PFPF0*S"`?  MH(2     B(PFPF0*"` NLi(2     BHPFPF0*"` NNa(2    B!PFPF0*"` MK(2    B%PFPF0*"`g NBe(2    B4)PFPF0*"`g NMg(2    B,PFPF0*"`gJ MB(2    B|0PFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2    B 4PFPF0*"`J- MC(2    B7PFPF0*"`J- \Si(2    Bh;PFPF0*"`- MN(2    B ?PFPF0*"`- MP(2    BBPFPF0*"` MO(2    BTFPFPF0*"` MS(2    BIPFPF0*"` MF(2    BMPFPF0*"` \Cl(2    B@QPFPF0*"` \Ne(2    BTPFPF0*"` \Ar(2    BXPFPF0*"`  NHe(2    B,\PFPF0*"`g NCa(2  l2   6o"`]5l2 # 6jJ"`RMl2 7 6jJ"`hf 8 <_kE N +   9 0Dd    I1 2   ; 0gY;p W ATOMIC NUMBER 2   < 0kp K1 2   = 00oY  OGROUP 2   > 0r  K1 2   ? 0Pv Yi  lELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION$ 2   A 0zf VHYDROGEN (2 !   B 0~R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT C C ,Agcselogo2 D 0` d &b" atoms have the same number of electrons as protons " electrons are found in shells (energy levels) around the nucleus " electrons are put into the lowest energy level first'f33f3f3f3Af3f3f36f3{7 B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 *"%C(     0 H  > 2    BԓPFPF0*"`  MH(2     BPFPF0*"` NLi(2     BxPFPF0*"` NNa(2    BpPFPF0*"` MK(2    BPFPF0*"`g NBe(2    BPFPF0*"`g NMg(2    BXPFPF0*"`gJ MB(2    BPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2    BPFPF0*"`J- MC(2    B\PFPF0*"`J- \Si(2    BPFPF0*"`- MN(2    BܸPFPF0*"`- MP(2    BPFPF0*"` MO(2    B|PFPF0*"` MS(2    BPFPF0*"` MF(2    BPFPF0*"` \Cl(2    BPFPF0*"` \Ne(2    BPFPF0*"` \Ar(2    BPFPF0*"`  NHe(2    BPFPF0*"`g NCa(2  l2   6o"`]5l2 # 6jJ"`RMl2 $ 6jJ"`Npl2 7 6jJ"`hf 8 <H}= P2+   9 0    I2 2   ; 0Y;p W ATOMIC NUMBER 2   < 0|p K2 2   = 0HY  OGROUP 2   > 0  K0 2   ? 0x Yi  lELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION$ 2   @ 0f THELIUM(2!   A 0 R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT B C ,Agcselogo2. C 0   f" the innermost shell can hold up to two electrons04'f31f33 B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +? 0L0 NF'C(     0 H  > 2    BPFPF0*"`  MH(2     BpPFPF0*"` NLi(2     BhPFPF0*"` NNa(2    B`PFPF0*"` MK(2    BX#PFPF0*"`g NBe(2    BP'PFPF0*"`g NMg(2    BH+PFPF0*"`gJ MB(2    B@/PFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2    B83PFPF0*"`J- MC(2    B07PFPF0*"`J- \Si(2    B(;PFPF0*"`- MN(2    B ?PFPF0*"`- MP(2    BCPFPF0*"` MO(2    BGPFPF0*"` MS(2    BKPFPF0*"` MF(2    BOPFPF0*"` \Cl(2    BRPFPF0*"` \Ne(2    BVPFPF0*"` \Ar(2    B,[PFPF0*"`  NHe(2    B$_PFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2  <co"` @  > l2   6jJ"`]5l2 # 6fjJ"`RMl2 $ 6fjJ"`Npl2 * 6jJ"`IU l2 7 6jJ"`hf 8 <Dh}= O 3+   9 0Lm    K2,1 2   ; 0dpY;p W ATOMIC NUMBER 2   < 0\tp K3 2   = 0TxY  OGROUP 2   > 0L|  K1 2   ? 0D Yi  lELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION$ 2   @ 0Hf ULITHIUM(2!   A 0TR) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT B C ,Agcselogo2 C 0 X " each shell (energy level) can hold a maximum number of electrons " the first one can only hold 2,so the next goes in the second shell p'f3Af3f3f3Bf3 B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +B 0L0 QI(C(     0 H  > 2    BМPFPF0*"`  MH(2     B|PFPF0*"` NLi(2     BtPFPF0*"` NNa(2    BlPFPF0*"` MK(2    BdPFPF0*"`g NBe(2    B\PFPF0*"`g NMg(2    BTPFPF0*"`gJ MB(2    BLPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2    BDPFPF0*"`J- MC(2    B<PFPF0*"`J- \Si(2    B4PFPF0*"`- MN(2    B,PFPF0*"`- MP(2    B$PFPF0*"` MO(2    BPFPF0*"` MS(2    BPFPF0*"` MF(2    B PFPF0*"` \Cl(2    BPFPF0*"` \Ne(2    BPFPF0*"` \Ar(2    B8PFPF0*"`  NHe(2    B0PFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2  <o"` @  > l2   6jJ"`]5l2 # 6fjJ"`RM2 $ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNpl2 ' 6jJ"`pLl2 * 6jJ"`IU l2 7 6jJ"`hf 8 <l}= N4+   9 0t    K2,2 2   ; 0Y;p W ATOMIC NUMBER 2   < 0Dp K4 2   = 0Y  OGROUP 2   > 0  K2 2   ? 0  Yi  lELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION$ 2   @ 0f W BERYLLIUM (2 !   A 0,R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT B C ,Agcselogo2V C 0  " the second shell is gradually filled up until it has eight electrons0H'f3Ef3G B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0  )C(     0, H  > 2    B!PFPF0*"`  MH(2     B(&PFPF0*"` NLi(2     B)PFPF0*"` NNa(2    B-PFPF0*"` MK(2    Bp1PFPF0*"`g NBe(2    B5PFPF0*"`g NMg(2    B`9PFPF0*"`gJ MB(2    B>PFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2    BhAPFPF0*"`J- MC(2    BEPFPF0*"`J- \Si(2    BXJPFPF0*"`- MN(2    BNPFPF0*"`- MP(2    BQPFPF0*"` MO(2    BtUPFPF0*"` MS(2    BYPFPF0*"` MF(2    B^PFPF0*"` \Cl(2    BaPFPF0*"` \Ne(2    B l2   6jJ"`]52 # Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 $ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNpl2 & 6jJ"` l2 ' 6jJ"`pLl2 * 6jJ"`IU l2 7 6jJ"`hf 8 <hw}= N5+   9 0p|    K2,3 2   ; 0Y;p W ATOMIC NUMBER 2   < 08p K5 2   = 0Y  OGROUP 2   > 0  K3 2   ? 0 Yi  lELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION$ 2   @ 0|f SBORON(2!   A 0xR) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT B C ,Agcselogo2V C 0̛  " the second shell is gradually filled up until it has eight electrons0H'f3Ef3G B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +{  0L0 *C (     0t H  > 2    B`PFPF0*"`  MH(2     B PFPF0*"` NLi(2     BPFPF0*"` NNa(2    BPFPF0*"` MK(2    BPFPF0*"`g NBe(2    BPFPF0*"`g NMg(2    BPFPF0*"`gJ MB(2    BPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2    BPFPF0*"`J- MC(2    BPFPF0*"`J- \Si(2    BPFPF0*"`- MN(2    BPFPF0*"`- MP(2    BPFPF0*"` MO(2    BPFPF0*"` MS(2    BdPFPF0*"` MF(2    BPFPF0*"` \Cl(2    BPFPF0*"` \Ne(2    BPFPF0*"` \Ar(2    BPFPF0*"`  NHe(2    BPFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2  < o"` @  > l2   6jJ"`]52 # Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 $ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNpl2 % 6jJ"`l2 & 6jJ"` l2 ' 6jJ"`pLl2 * 6jJ"`IU l2 7 6jJ"`hf 8 <}= N6+   9 0     K2,4 2   ; 0Y;p W ATOMIC NUMBER 2   < 0 p K6 2   = 0Y  OGROUP 2   > 0T  K4 2   ? 0 Yi  lELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION$ 2   @ 0f TCARBON(2!   A 0R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT B C ,Agcselogo2V C 04"  " the second shell is gradually filled up until it has eight electrons0H'f3Ef3G B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +  0L0  +D(     0\+ H  > 2    B@.PFPF0*"`  MH(2     B1PFPF0*"` NLi(2     B`6PFPF0*"` NNa(2    B :PFPF0*"` MK(2    B=PFPF0*"`g NBe(2    B@PFPF0*"`g NMg(2    BDPFPF0*"`gJ MB(2    BEPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2    BKPFPF0*"`J- MC(2    BOPFPF0*"`J- \Si(2    BSPFPF0*"`- MN(2    BWPFPF0*"`- MP(2    BX]PFPF0*"` MO(2    B^PFPF0*"` MS(2    BDcPFPF0*"` MF(2    BfPFPF0*"` \Cl(2    BTkPFPF0*"` \Ne(2    BnPFPF0*"` \Ar(2    B sPFPF0*"`  NHe(2    BvPFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2  <D{o"` @  > l2   6jJ"`]52 # Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 $ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNpl2 % 6jJ"`l2 & 6jJ"` l2 ' 6jJ"`pLl2 ( 6jJ"`gl2 * 6jJ"`IU l2 7 6jJ"`hf 8 <}= N7+   9 0    K2,5 2   ; 0Y;p W ATOMIC NUMBER 2   < 0p K7 2   = 0̐Y  OGROUP 2   > 0p  K5 2   ? 0 Yi  lELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION$ 2   A 0$f VNITROGEN (2 !   B 0<R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT C C ,Agcselogo2V D 0t  " the second shell is gradually filled up until it has eight electrons0H'f3Ef3G B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +! 0L0   ,C(     0X H  > 2    B<PFPF0*"`  MH(2     BPFPF0*"` NLi(2     BPFPF0*"` NNa(2    BؼPFPF0*"` MK(2    BPFPF0*"`g NBe(2    BPFPF0*"`g NMg(2    B8PFPF0*"`gJ MB(2    BPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2    BPFPF0*"`J- MC(2    B$PFPF0*"`J- \Si(2    BPFPF0*"`- MN(2    BlPFPF0*"`- MP(2    BPFPF0*"` MO(2    BPFPF0*"` MS(2    BXPFPF0*"` MF(2    BPFPF0*"` \Cl(2    BPFPF0*"` \Ne(2    BDPFPF0*"` \Ar(2    BPFPF0*"`  NHe(2    BPFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2  <o"` @  > l2   6jJ"`]5l2 # 6fjJ"`RM2 $ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNpl2 % 6jJ"`l2 & 6jJ"` l2 ' 6jJ"`pLl2 ( 6jJ"`gl2 ) 6jJ"`,hl2 * 6jJ"`IU l2 7 6jJ"`hf 8 <}= N8+   9 0    K2,6 2   ; 0H Y;p W ATOMIC NUMBER 2   < 0 p K8 2   = 0Y  OGROUP 2   > 0  K6 2   ? 0 Yi  lELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION$ 2   @ 0Tf TOXYGEN(2!   A 0l!R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT B C ,Agcselogo2V C 0%  " the second shell is gradually filled up until it has eight electrons0H'f3Ef3G B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +! 0L0   -C~ (     0p. H  > 2    BT1PFPF0*"`  MH(2     B5PFPF0*"` NLi(2     B8PFPF0*"` NNa(2    B<PFPF0*"` MK(2    BAPFPF0*"`g NBe(2    BDPFPF0*"`g NMg(2    BPHPFPF0*"`gJ MB(2    BKPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2    BpOPFPF0*"`J- MC(2    BTPFPF0*"`J- \Si(2    BdXPFPF0*"`- MN(2    BVPFPF0*"`- MP(2    B_PFPF0*"` MO(2    B ]PFPF0*"` MS(2    BfPFPF0*"` MF(2    BXjPFPF0*"` \Cl(2    BPnPFPF0*"` \Ne(2    BrPFPF0*"` \Ar(2    BvPFPF0*"`  NHe(2    BXdPFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2  <~o"` @  > l2   6jJ"`]52 # Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 $ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNpl2 % 6jJ"`l2 & 6jJ"` l2 ' 6jJ"`pLl2 ( 6jJ"`gl2 ) 6jJ"`,hl2 * 6jJ"`IU l2 , 6jJ"`!-l2 7 6jJ"`hf 8 <}= N9+   9 0<    K2,7 2   ; 0tY;p W ATOMIC NUMBER 2   < 0p K9 2   = 0(Y  OGROUP 2   > 0̘  K7 2   ? 0H Yi  lELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION$ 2   @ 0f VFLUORINE (2 !   A 0TR) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT B C ,Agcselogo2V C 08  " the second shell is gradually filled up until it has eight electrons0H'f3Ef3G B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +" 0L0 !!.D!(     0x H  > 2    B\PFPF0*"`  MH(2     BPFPF0*"` NLi(2     BPFPF0*"` NNa(2    BPFPF0*"` MK(2    B0PFPF0*"`g NBe(2    BPFPF0*"`g NMg(2    BxPFPF0*"`gJ MB(2    BPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2    BPFPF0*"`J- MC(2    BdPFPF0*"`J- \Si(2    BPFPF0*"`- MN(2    BPFPF0*"`- MP(2    BPPFPF0*"` MO(2    BPFPF0*"` MS(2    BPFPF0*"` MF(2    B<PFPF0*"` \Cl(2    BPFPF0*"` \Ne(2    BPFPF0*"` \Ar(2    B(PFPF0*"`  NHe(2    BPFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2  <<o"` @  > l2   6jJ"`]52 # Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 $ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNpl2 % 6jJ"`l2 & 6jJ"` l2 ' 6jJ"`pLl2 ( 6jJ"`gl2 ) 6jJ"`,hl2 * 6jJ"`IU l2 + 6jJ"`22l2 , 6jJ"`!-l2 7 6jJ"`hf 8 <}= O10+   9 0    K2,8 2   ; 0TY;p W ATOMIC NUMBER 2   < 0p L10 2   = 0Y  OGROUP 2   > 0  K0 2   ? 0(  Yi  lELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION$ 2   @ 0`%f RNEON(2!   A 04)R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT B C ,Agcselogo2 D 0- X " the second shell is now full " full outer shells are characteristic of the unreactive NOBLE GASES pg'f3f3f3f3Bf3&O   B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +& 0L0 %% 0E%(     0; H  > 2    B=PFPF0*"`  MH(2     BAPFPF0*"` NLi(2     BEPFPF0*"` NNa(2    BIPFPF0*"` MK(2    BxMPFPF0*"`g NBe(2    BpQPFPF0*"`g NMg(2    BhUPFPF0*"`gJ MB(2    B`YPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2    BX]PFPF0*"`J- MC(2    BpaPFPF0*"`J- \Si(2    BePFPF0*"`- MN(2    BhPFPF0*"`- MP(2    B\lPFPF0*"` MO(2    BpPFPF0*"` MS(2    BsPFPF0*"` MF(2    BHwPFPF0*"` \Cl(2    BzPFPF0*"` \Ne(2    B~PFPF0*"` \Ar(2    B4PFPF0*"`  NHe(2    B؅PFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2  BjJ"` @  > r2   <jJ"`]5r2 ! <o"`  2 #  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 $  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNp2 %  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 &  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 '  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NpL2 (  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng2 )  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N,h2 *  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NIU 2 +  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N222 ,  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N!-r2 - <jJ"`Lr2 7 <jJ"`hf 8 B}= O11+   9 0    M2,8,1 2   ; 0<Y;p W ATOMIC NUMBER 2   < 0p L11 2   = 0Y  OGROUP 2   > 0  K1 2   ? 0 Yi  lELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION$ 2   B 0Hf TSODIUM(2!   C 0`R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT D C ,Agcselogo2 E 0p X " as the second shell is full, electrons go into the third shell " the third shell can hold up to a maximum of eight electronsb'f3<f3f3f3<f3 B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +$ 0L0 ##00B#(     0 H  > 2    BPFPF0*"`  MH(2     BDPFPF0*"` NLi(2     B<PFPF0*"` NNa(2    B4PFPF0*"` MK(2    B,PFPF0*"`g NBe(2    B$PFPF0*"`g NMg(2    BPFPF0*"`gJ MB(2    BPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2    B PFPF0*"`J- MC(2    BPFPF0*"`J- \Si(2    BPFPF0*"`- MN(2    BPFPF0*"`- MP(2    BPFPF0*"` MO(2    BPFPF0*"` MS(2    BPFPF0*"` MF(2    BPFPF0*"` \Cl(2    BPFPF0*"` \Ne(2    BPFPF0*"` \Ar(2    BPFPF0*"`  NHe(2    BPFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2  <jJ"` @  > l2   6jJ"`]5l2 ! 6o"`  2 # Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 $ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNp2 % Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 & Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 ' Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NpL2 ( Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng2 ) Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N,h2 * Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NIU 2 + Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N222 , Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N!-l2 - 6jJ"`Ll2 0 6jJ"` O( l2 7 6jJ"`hf 8 <}= O12+   9 0t!    M2,8,2 2   ; 0$Y;p W ATOMIC NUMBER 2   < 0P(p L12 2   = 0`,Y  OGROUP 2   > 00  K2 2   ? 03 Yi  lELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION$ 2   @ 08f W MAGNESIUM (2 !   A 0<R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT B C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +d% 0L0 s$k$@1C  $(      0DD H  > 2    B(GPFPF0*"`  MH(2     BJPFPF0*"` NLi(2     BNPFPF0*"` NNa(2     BRPFPF0*"` MK(2     BVPFPF0*"`g NBe(2     BZPFPF0*"`g NMg(2     B^PFPF0*"`gJ MB(2     BbPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2     BfPFPF0*"`J- MC(2     BjPFPF0*"`J- \Si(2     BnPFPF0*"`- MN(2     BrPFPF0*"`- MP(2     B|vPFPF0*"` MO(2     BtzPFPF0*"` MS(2     Bl~PFPF0*"` MF(2     BdPFPF0*"` \Cl(2     B\PFPF0*"` \Ne(2     BTPFPF0*"` \Ar(2     BPFPF0*"`  NHe(2     BPFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2   <jJ"` @  > l2   6jJ"`]5l2 !  6o"`  2 #  Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 $  Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNp2 %  Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 &  Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 '  Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NpL2 (  Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng2 )  Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N,h2 *  Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NIU 2 +  Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N222 ,  Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N!-l2 -  6jJ"`Ll2 .  6jJ"`Sl2 0  6jJ"` O( l2 7  6jJ"`hf 8  <h}= O13+   9  0    M2,8,3 2   ;  0Y;p W ATOMIC NUMBER 2   <  0p L13 2   =  0Y  OGROUP 2   >  0P  K3 2   ?  0̶ Yi  lELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION$ 2   A  0f W ALUMINIUM (2 !   B  0R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT C  C ,Agcselogo2B   s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +)& 0L0 8%0%P2B$(     0 H  > 2    BPFPF0*"`  MH(2     BPFPF0*"` NLi(2     BPFPF0*"` NNa(2    BPFPF0*"` MK(2    BPFPF0*"`g NBe(2    BPFPF0*"`g NMg(2    BPFPF0*"`gJ MB(2    BxPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2    BpPFPF0*"`J- MC(2    BhPFPF0*"`J- \Si(2    BPFPF0*"`- MN(2    BLPFPF0*"`- MP(2    B\PFPF0*"` MO(2    BPFPF0*"` MS(2    BPFPF0*"` MF(2    BHPFPF0*"` \Cl(2    B PFPF0*"` \Ne(2    BPFPF0*"` \Ar(2    BPFPF0*"`  NHe(2    BhPFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2  < jJ"` @  > l2   6jJ"`]5l2 ! 6o"`  2 # Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 $ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNp2 % Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 & Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 ' Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NpL2 ( Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng2 ) Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N,h2 * Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NIU 2 + Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N222 , Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N!-l2 - 6jJ"`Ll2 . 6jJ"`S2 / << jJ"` A  E   l2 0 6jJ"` O( l2 7 6jJ"`hf 8 <%}= O14+   9 0*    M2,8,4 2   ; 0 -Y;p W ATOMIC NUMBER 2   < 081p L14 2   = 05Y  OGROUP 2   > 0H9  K4 2   ? 0< Yi  lELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION$ 2   @ 0Af USILICON(2!   A 0ER) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT B C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +& 0L0 %%`3BE%(     0 H  > 2    BPFPF0*"`  MH(2     BHPFPF0*"` NLi(2     BPFPF0*"` NNa(2    B PFPF0*"` MK(2    BLPFPF0*"`g NBe(2    BPFPF0*"`g NMg(2    BPFPF0*"`gJ MB(2    BPPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2    BPFPF0*"`J- MC(2    B"PFPF0*"`J- \Si(2    B 'PFPF0*"`- MN(2    B(%PFPF0*"`- MP(2    BD.PFPF0*"` MO(2    B+PFPF0*"` MS(2    BT5PFPF0*"` MF(2    B9PFPF0*"` \Cl(2    B<PFPF0*"` \Ne(2    B4APFPF0*"` \Ar(2    B,EPFPF0*"`  NHe(2    B3PFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2  <MjJ"` @  > l2   6jJ"`]5l2 ! 6o"`  2 # Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 $ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNp2 % Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 & Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 ' Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NpL2 ( Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng2 ) Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N,h2 * Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NIU 2 + Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N222 , Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N!-l2 - 6jJ"`Ll2 . 6jJ"`S2 / <TjJ"` A  E   l2 0 6jJ"` O( l2 1 6jJ"` l2 7 6jJ"`hf 8 <Z}= O15+   9 0|^    M2,8,5 2   ; 0 bY;p W ATOMIC NUMBER 2   < 0ep L15 2   = 0hiY  OGROUP 2   > 0 m  K5 2   ? 0p Yi  lELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION$ 2   @ 0tf X PHOSPHORUS (2 !   A 0xR) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT B C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +m' 0L0 |&t&p4B&(     0M H  > 2    BPPFPF0*"`  MH(2     BHTPFPF0*"` NLi(2     BWPFPF0*"` NNa(2    B[PFPF0*"` MK(2    B_PFPF0*"`g NBe(2    BcPFPF0*"`g NMg(2    BgPFPF0*"`gJ MB(2    BkPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2    BxoPFPF0*"`J- MC(2    BpsPFPF0*"`J- \Si(2    BhwPFPF0*"`- MN(2    B`{PFPF0*"`- MP(2    BXPFPF0*"` MO(2    BPPFPF0*"` MS(2    BHPFPF0*"` MF(2    B@PFPF0*"` \Cl(2    B8PFPF0*"` \Ne(2    B0PFPF0*"` \Ar(2    BlPFPF0*"`  NHe(2    BdPFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2  <jJ"` @  > l2   6jJ"`]5l2 ! 6o"`  2 # Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 $ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNp2 % Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 & Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 ' Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NpL2 ( Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng2 ) Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N,h2 * Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NIU 2 + Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N222 , Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N!-l2 - 6jJ"`Ll2 . 6jJ"`S2 / <jJ"` A  E   l2 0 6jJ"` O( l2 1 6jJ"` 2 4 <ܬjJ"`<  E   l2 7 6jJ"`hf 8 <0}= O16+   9 0    M2,8,6 2   ; 0Y;p W ATOMIC NUMBER 2   < 0dp L16 2   = 0tY  OGROUP 2   > 0  K6 2   ? 0 Yi  lELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION$ 2   @ 0f ^SULPHUR (SULFUR)(2!   A 0R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT B C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +( 0L0 ''5DU'(     0 H  > 2    BPFPF0*"`  MH(2     B(PFPF0*"` NLi(2     BxPFPF0*"` NNa(2    BPFPF0*"` MK(2    BPFPF0*"`g NBe(2    BLPFPF0*"`g NMg(2    BPFPF0*"`gJ MB(2    BPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2    B8PFPF0*"`J- MC(2    BPFPF0*"`J- \Si(2    BPFPF0*"`- MN(2    B PFPF0*"`- MP(2    BPFPF0*"` MO(2    B PFPF0*"` MS(2    BPFPF0*"` MF(2    BXPFPF0*"` \Cl(2    B(PFPF0*"` \Ne(2    B`PFPF0*"` \Ar(2    BPFPF0*"`  NHe(2    B#PFPF0*"`g NCa(2   9 0t'    M2,8,7 2   ; 0 +Y;p W ATOMIC NUMBER 2   < 0/p L17 2   = 02Y  OGROUP 2   > 0p6  K7 2   ? 0h: Yi  lELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION$ 2  2  B@jJ"` @  > r2   <jJ"`]5r2 ! <o"`  2 #  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 $  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNp2 %  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 &  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 '  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NpL2 (  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng2 )  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N,h2 *  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NIU 2 +  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N222 ,  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N!-r2 - <jJ"`Lr2 . <jJ"`Sr2 0 <jJ"` O( r2 1 <jJ"` 2 2 B\HjJ"` 0  E   2 4 BMjJ"`<  E   r2 7 <jJ"`hf 8 BQ}= O17+  2 @ BpVjJ"` A  E    B 0Zf VCHLORINE (2 !   C 0d]R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT D C ,Agcselogo2B  s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +* 0L0 ))7C s)(      0d H  > 2    BgPFPF0*"`  MH(2     BtkPFPF0*"` NLi(2     B oPFPF0*"` NNa(2     BsPFPF0*"` MK(2     BwPFPF0*"`g NBe(2     B{PFPF0*"`g NMg(2     BPFPF0*"`gJ MB(2     BPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2     BPFPF0*"`J- MC(2     BPFPF0*"`J- \Si(2     BPFPF0*"`- MN(2     BؒPFPF0*"`- MP(2     BЖPFPF0*"` MO(2     BȚPFPF0*"` MS(2     BPFPF0*"` MF(2     BPFPF0*"` \Cl(2     BPFPF0*"` \Ne(2     BPFPF0*"` \Ar(2     BPFPF0*"`  NHe(2     BܲPFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2   <hjJ"` @  > l2   6jJ"`]5l2 !  6o"`  2 #  Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 $  Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNp2 %  Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 &  Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 '  Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NpL2 (  Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng2 )  Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N,h2 *  Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NIU 2 +  Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N222 ,  Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N!-l2 -  6jJ"`Ll2 .  6jJ"`S2 /  <jJ"` A  E   l2 0  6jJ"` O( l2 1  6jJ"` 2 2  <TjJ"` 0  E   2 3  <\jJ"`  E   2 4  <jJ"`<  E   l2 7  6jJ"`hf 8  <`}= O18+   9  0    M2,8,8 2   ;  0Y;p W ATOMIC NUMBER 2   <  0p L18 2   =  0lY  OGROUP 2   >  0d  K0 2   ?  0\ Yi  lELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION$ 2   @  0f SARGON(2!   A  0lR) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT B  C ,Agcselogo2 C  0  X v" the third shell is now full " full outer shells are characteristic of the unreactive NOBLE GASES bf'f3f3f3f3Df3&N   B   s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +. 0L0 --9C$,(  $  $ 0D H  > 2   $ BPFPF0*"`  MH(2    $ B|PFPF0*"` NLi(2    $ B( PFPF0*"` NNa(2   $ BPFPF0*"` MK(2   $ BPFPF0*"`g NBe(2   $ BPFPF0*"`g NMg(2   $ BPFPF0*"`gJ MB(2   $ B0PFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2   $ B!PFPF0*"`J- MC(2   $ B&PFPF0*"`J- \Si(2   $ Bt*PFPF0*"`- MN(2   $ B-PFPF0*"`- MP(2   $ Bd1PFPF0*"` MO(2   $ B5PFPF0*"` MS(2   $ B9PFPF0*"` MF(2   $ Bp>PFPF0*"` \Cl(2   $ B@PFPF0*"` \Ne(2   $ B4EPFPF0*"` \Ar(2   $ BIPFPF0*"`  NHe(2   $ BMPFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2 $ <QjJ"` @  > l2  $ 6jJ"`]5l2 !$ 6jJ"`  l2 "$ 6o"`4  2 #$ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 $$ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNp2 %$ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 &$ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 '$ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NpL2 ($ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng2 )$ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N,h2 *$ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NIU 2 +$ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N222 ,$ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N!-2 -$ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NL2 .$ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NS2 /$  `Y?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N A  E   2 0$ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N O( 2 1$ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 2$  `(?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 0  E   2 3$  `Xb?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  E   2 4$  `f?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N<  E   2 5$ <gjJ"`% E   l2 7$ 6jJ"`hf 8$ <8i}= O19+   9$ 0$r    O2,8,8,1 2   ;$ 0huY;p W ATOMIC NUMBER 2   <$ 0yp L19 2   =$ 0T}Y  OGROUP 2   >$ 0d  K1 2   ?$ 0 Yi  lELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION$ 2   @$ 0f W POTASSIUM (2 !   A$ 0 R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT B$ C ,Agcselogo2. C$ 0l  " as the third shell is full, electrons go into the fourth shell0B'f3<f3B $ s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +- 0L0 ,,9C(,(  (  ( 0 H  > 2   ( BНPFPF0*"`  MH(2    ( B|PFPF0*"` NLi(2    ( BtPFPF0*"` NNa(2   ( BlPFPF0*"` MK(2   ( BdPFPF0*"`g NBe(2   ( B|PFPF0*"`g NMg(2   ( B PFPF0*"`gJ MB(2   ( BĸPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2   ( BhPFPF0*"`J- MC(2   ( B PFPF0*"`J- \Si(2   ( BPFPF0*"`- MN(2   ( BTPFPF0*"`- MP(2   ( BPFPF0*"` MO(2   ( Bp[PFPF0*"` MS(2   ( BTPFPF0*"` MF(2   ( BPFPF0*"` \Cl(2   ( BPFPF0*"` \Ne(2   ( B@PFPF0*"` \Ar(2   ( BPFPF0*"`  NHe(2   ( B`PFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2 ( BjJ"` @  > r2  ( <jJ"`]5r2 !( <jJ"`  r2 "( <o"`4  2 #(  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 $(  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNp2 %(  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 &(  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 '(  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NpL2 ((  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng2 )(  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N,h2 *(  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NIU 2 +(  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N222 ,(  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N!-r2 -( <fjJ"`L2 .(  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NS2 /(  f|?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N A  E   2 0(  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N O( 2 1(  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 2(  f?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 0  E   2 3(  f?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  E   2 4(  fD?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N<  E   2 5( BjJ"`% E   2 6( BLjJ"` | % E   r2 7( <jJ"`hf 8( B}= O20+   9( 0    O2,8,8,2 2   ;( 0<Y;p W ATOMIC NUMBER 2   <( 0<p L20 2   =( 0Y  OGROUP 2   >( 0  K2 2   ?( 0  Yi  lELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION$ 2   A( 0t&f UCALCIUM(2!   B( 0#R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT C( C ,Agcselogo2B ( s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + 0L0 @x/(  x 3x 0d0fC"?vl} [ WHAT IS IT? (2 0!   ?x 05R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT @x C ,Agcselogo2B x s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +), 0L0 8+0+8F@*(  @  @ 0< H  > 2   @ B?PFPF0*"`  MH(2    @ BCPFPF0*"` NLi(2    @ B0GPFPF0*"` NNa(2    @ BJPFPF0*"` MK(2   @ BNPFPF0*"`g NBe(2   @ BRPFPF0*"`g NMg(2   @ BVPFPF0*"`gJ MB(2   @ BZPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2   @ B^PFPF0*"`J- MC(2   @ BbPFPF0*"`J- \Si(2   @ BfPFPF0*"`- MN(2   @ BjPFPF0*"`- MP(2   @ BnPFPF0*"` MO(2   @ BrPFPF0*"` MS(2   @ BvPFPF0*"` MF(2   @ B|zPFPF0*"` \Cl(2   @ Bt~PFPF0*"` \Ne(2   @ BlPFPF0*"` \Ar(2   @ BPFPF0*"`  NHe(2   @ BPFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2 @ <,jJ"` @  > l2 @ 6jJ"`]5l2  @ 6jJ"`  2 "@ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 #@ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNp2 $@ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 %@ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 &@ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NpL2 '@ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng2 (@ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N,h2 )@ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NIU 2 *@ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N222 +@ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N!-l2 ,@ 6fjJ"`L2 -@ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NS2 .@  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N A  E   2 /@ Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N O( 2 2@  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  E   2 3@  `Ğ?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N<  E   l2 6@ 6jJ"`hf 7@ <}= O16+   :@ 0Y;p S ELECTRONS 2    ;@ 0p K? 2   <@ 0įY  QPROTONS 2   =@ 0Գ  K? 2   >@ 0x Y  T ATOM / ION 2    ?@ 0 @  K? 2   @@ 0d Y  QELEMENT 2   A@ 0 @  K? 2   B@ 0  Y  PANSWER 2   C@ 0   [?* 2    D@ 0f Y WHAT IS IT? (2 !   E@ 0R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT F@ C ,Agcselogo2B @ s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +4, 0L0 C+;+8@d*(  d  d 0  H  > 2   d BPFPF0*"`  MH(2    d BtPFPF0*"` NLi(2    d BPFPF0*"` NNa(2    d BPFPF0*"` MK(2   d BPFPF0*"`g NBe(2   d BPFPF0*"`g NMg(2   d BPFPF0*"`gJ MB(2   d BPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2   d BPFPF0*"`J- MC(2   d B,PFPF0*"`J- \Si(2   d BPFPF0*"`- MN(2   d BHPFPF0*"`- MP(2   d BPFPF0*"` MO(2   d B PFPF0*"` MS(2   d BLPFPF0*"` MF(2   d BPFPF0*"` \Cl(2   d B\PFPF0*"` \Ne(2   d BxPFPF0*"` \Ar(2   d BlPFPF0*"`  NHe(2   d BPFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2 d <'jJ"` @  > l2 d 6jJ"`]5l2  d 6jJ"`  2 !d Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 "d Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNp2 #d Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 $d Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 %d Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NpL2 &d Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng2 'd Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N,h2 (d Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NIU 2 )d Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N222 *d Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N!-l2 +d 6fjJ"`L2 ,d Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NS2 -d  `.?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N A  E   2 .d Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N O( 2 /d  `D4?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  E   2 0d  `6?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N<  E   l2 1d 6jJ"`hf 2d <H<}= O16+   4d 0,?Y;p S ELECTRONS 2    5d 0$Dp L16 2   6d 0GY  QPROTONS 2   7d 0L  L16 2   8d 0O Y  T ATOM / ION 2    9d 0HS @  NATOM 2   :d 0V Y  QELEMENT 2   ;d 0Z @  QSULPHUR 2   d 0ff Y WHAT IS IT? (2 !   ?d 0iR) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT @d C ,Agcselogo2B d s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + . 0L0 --:BD,(  D  D 0Tp H  > 2   D B$sPFPF0*"`  MH(2    D BwPFPF0*"` NLi(2    D B,{PFPF0*"` NNa(2    D B<PFPF0*"` MK(2   D BPFPF0*"`g NBe(2   D BPFPF0*"`g NMg(2   D B(PFPF0*"`gJ MB(2   D B̍PFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2   D BpPFPF0*"`J- MC(2   D BPFPF0*"`J- \Si(2   D BPFPF0*"`- MN(2   D B\PFPF0*"`- MP(2   D BPFPF0*"` MO(2   D BPFPF0*"` MS(2   D BHPFPF0*"` MF(2   D BPFPF0*"` \Cl(2   D BPFPF0*"` \Ne(2   D B4PFPF0*"` \Ar(2   D BصPFPF0*"`  NHe(2   D B|PFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2 D <jJ"` @  > l2 D 6jJ"`]5l2  D 6jJ"`  2 !D Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 "D Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNp2 #D Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 $D Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 %D Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NpL2 &D Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng2 'D Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N,h2 (D Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NIU 2 )D Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N222 *D Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N!-l2 +D 6fjJ"`L2 ,D Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NS2 -D  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N A  E   2 .D Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N O( 2 /D Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 0D  `@?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 0  E   2 1D  `H?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  E   2 2D  `x?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N<  E   l2 3D 6jJ"`hf 4D <L}= O19+   6D 0Y;p S ELECTRONS 2    7D 0p K? 2   8D 0Y  QPROTONS 2   9D 0X  K? 2   :D 0P Y  T ATOM / ION 2    ;D 0X @  K? 2   D 0 Y  PANSWER 2   ?D 0D   [?* 2    @D 0@f Y WHAT IS IT? (2 !   AD 0 R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT BD C ,Agcselogo2B D s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +". 0L0 1-)-:Bh,(  h  h 0 H  > 2   h B`PFPF0*"`  MH(2    h BPFPF0*"` NLi(2    h BPFPF0*"` NNa(2    h BHPFPF0*"` MK(2   h BPFPF0*"`g NBe(2   h B#PFPF0*"`g NMg(2   h BL'PFPF0*"`gJ MB(2   h B*PFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2   h B.PFPF0*"`J- MC(2   h BP2PFPF0*"`J- \Si(2   h B6PFPF0*"`- MN(2   h B4PFPF0*"`- MP(2   h B=PFPF0*"` MO(2   h Bp;PFPF0*"` MS(2   h BDPFPF0*"` MF(2   h BHPFPF0*"` \Cl(2   h BLPFPF0*"` \Ne(2   h BPPFPF0*"` \Ar(2   h BTPFPF0*"`  NHe(2   h BBPFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2 h <8]jJ"` @  > l2 h 6jJ"`]5l2  h 6jJ"`  2 !h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 "h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNp2 #h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 $h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 %h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NpL2 &h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng2 'h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N,h2 (h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NIU 2 )h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N222 *h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N!-l2 +h 6fjJ"`L2 ,h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NS2 -h  `Td?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N A  E   2 .h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N O( 2 /h Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 0h  `i?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 0  E   2 1h  `l?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  E   2 2h  `q?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N<  E   l2 3h 6jJ"`hf 4h <t}= O19+   6h 0yY;p S ELECTRONS 2    7h 0}p L18 2   8h 0Y  QPROTONS 2   9h 0<  L19 2   :h 0 Y  T ATOM / ION 2    ;h 0 >  V POSITIVE ION 2    h 00 Y  PANSWER 2   ?h 0(   \K+* 2    @h 0ܠf Y WHAT IS IT? (2 !   Ah 0R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT Bh C ,Agcselogo2B h s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B + . 0L0 --:BH,(  H  H 0 H  > 2   H BxPFPF0*"`  MH(2    H BPPFPF0*"` NLi(2    H BPFPF0*"` NNa(2    H BPFPF0*"` MK(2   H BPFPF0*"`g NBe(2   H BPFPF0*"`g NMg(2   H BPFPF0*"`gJ MB(2   H BPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2   H BPFPF0*"`J- MC(2   H BxPFPF0*"`J- \Si(2   H BpPFPF0*"`- MN(2   H BhPFPF0*"`- MP(2   H B`PFPF0*"` MO(2   H BXPFPF0*"` MS(2   H BPPFPF0*"` MF(2   H BHPFPF0*"` \Cl(2   H B@PFPF0*"` \Ne(2   H B8PFPF0*"` \Ar(2   H BtPFPF0*"`  NHe(2   H BlPFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2 H <jJ"` @  > l2 H 6jJ"`]5l2  H 6jJ"`  2 !H Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 "H Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNp2 #H Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 $H Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 %H Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NpL2 &H Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng2 'H Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N,h2 (H Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NIU 2 )H Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N222 *H Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N!-l2 +H 6fjJ"`L2 ,H Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NS2 -H  `P?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N A  E   2 .H Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N O( 2 /H Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 0H  `T?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 0  E   2 1H  ` ?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  E   2 2H  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N<  E   l2 3H 6jJ"`hf 4H <P}= O17+   6H 0LY;p S ELECTRONS 2    7H 0p K? 2   8H 0!Y  QPROTONS 2   9H 0&  K? 2   :H 0,* Y  T ATOM / ION 2    ;H 0/ x  K? 2   H 08 Y  PANSWER 2   ?H 0`<   [?* 2    @H 0@f Y WHAT IS IT? (2 !   AH 0DR) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT BH C ,Agcselogo2B H s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +:. 0L0 I-A- :Bl,(  l  l 0K H  > 2   l BNPFPF0*"`  MH(2    l B,SPFPF0*"` NLi(2    l BVPFPF0*"` NNa(2    l BZPFPF0*"` MK(2   l B^PFPF0*"`g NBe(2   l B(bPFPF0*"`g NMg(2   l BePFPF0*"`gJ MB(2   l BpiPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2   l BmPFPF0*"`J- MC(2   l BpPFPF0*"`J- \Si(2   l B\tPFPF0*"`- MN(2   l BxPFPF0*"`- MP(2   l B{PFPF0*"` MO(2   l BHPFPF0*"` MS(2   l BPFPF0*"` MF(2   l BPFPF0*"` \Cl(2   l B4PFPF0*"` \Ne(2   l B؍PFPF0*"` \Ar(2   l B|PFPF0*"`  NHe(2   l B PFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2 l <0jJ"` @  > l2 l 6jJ"`]5l2  l 6jJ"`  2 !l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 "l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNp2 #l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 $l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 %l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NpL2 &l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng2 'l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N,h2 (l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NIU 2 )l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N222 *l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N!-l2 +l 6fjJ"`L2 ,l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NS2 -l  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N A  E   2 .l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N O( 2 /l Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 0l  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 0  E   2 1l  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N  E   2 2l  `?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N<  E   l2 3l 6jJ"`hf 4l <<}= O17+   6l 0Y;p S ELECTRONS 2    7l 0p L18 2   8l 0 Y  QPROTONS 2   9l 00  L17 2   :l 0 Y  T ATOM / ION 2    ;l 0 x  V NEGATIVE ION 2    l 0H Y  PANSWER 2   ?l 0   uCl8 2+  @l 0(f Y WHAT IS IT? (2 !   Al 0R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT Bl C ,Agcselogo2B l s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +_& 0L0 n%f%01BL%(  L  L 0` H  > 2   L BPFPF0*"`  MH(2    L BPFPF0*"` NLi(2    L BPFPF0*"` NNa(2    L BPFPF0*"` MK(2   L BtPFPF0*"`g NBe(2   L BPFPF0*"`g NMg(2   L BPFPF0*"`gJ MB(2   L B8PFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2   L B PFPF0*"`J- MC(2   L BPFPF0*"`J- \Si(2   L BPFPF0*"`- MN(2   L B PFPF0*"`- MP(2   L BPFPF0*"` MO(2   L BPFPF0*"` MS(2   L B#PFPF0*"` MF(2   L Bx'PFPF0*"` \Cl(2   L B+PFPF0*"` \Ne(2   L B/PFPF0*"` \Ar(2   L B 3PFPF0*"`  NHe(2   L B7PFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2 L <;jJ"` @  > l2 L 6jJ"`]52 !L Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 "L Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNp2 #L Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 $L Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 %L Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NpL2 &L Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng2 'L Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N,h2 (L Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NIU 2 )L Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N222 *L Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N!-l2 3L 6jJ"`hf 4L <@}= N8+   6L 0\EY;p S ELECTRONS 2    7L 0Hp K? 2   8L 0PGY  QPROTONS 2   9L 0O  K? 2   :L 0M Y  T ATOM / ION 2    ;L 0V @  K? 2   L 0a Y  PANSWER 2   ?L 0He   [?* 2    @L 0if Y WHAT IS IT? (2 !   AL 0mR) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT BL C ,Agcselogo2B L s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +r& 0L0 %y%@19p%(  p  p 0t H  > 2   p B8wPFPF0*"`  MH(2    p B{PFPF0*"` NLi(2    p B@PFPF0*"` NNa(2    p BPPFPF0*"` MK(2   p BPFPF0*"`g NBe(2   p BPFPF0*"`g NMg(2   p B<PFPF0*"`gJ MB(2   p BPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2   p BPFPF0*"`J- MC(2   p B(PFPF0*"`J- \Si(2   p B̜PFPF0*"`- MN(2   p BpPFPF0*"`- MP(2   p BPFPF0*"` MO(2   p BPFPF0*"` MS(2   p B\PFPF0*"` MF(2   p BPFPF0*"` \Cl(2   p BPFPF0*"` \Ne(2   p BHPFPF0*"` \Ar(2   p BPFPF0*"`  NHe(2   p BPFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2 p <jJ"` @  > l2 p 6jJ"`]52  p Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 !p Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNp2 "p Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 #p Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 $p Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NpL2 %p Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng2 &p Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N,h2 'p Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NIU 2 (p Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N222 )p Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N!-l2 *p 6jJ"`hf +p <<}= N8+   -p 0Y;p S ELECTRONS 2    .p 0p L10 2   /p 0Y  QPROTONS 2   0p 0  K8 2   1p 0 Y  T ATOM / ION 2    2p 0@   V NEGATIVE ION 2    3p 0 Y  QELEMENT 2   4p 0x @  POXYGEN 2   5p 0$ Y  PANSWER 2   6p 0   ]O2-* 2    7p 0f Y WHAT IS IT? (2 !   8p 0R) XATOMIC STRUCTURE,(2ffT 9p C ,Agcselogo2B p s *޽h ? ̙33y___PPT10Y+D=' = @B +`& 0L0 o%g%P1BP%(  P  P 0 H  > 2   P BPFPF0*"`  MH(2    P BPFPF0*"` NLi(2    P BLPFPF0*"` NNa(2    P B PFPF0*"` MK(2   P BPFPF0*"`g NBe(2   P BPPFPF0*"`g NMg(2   P BPFPF0*"`gJ MB(2   P BPFPF0*"`gJ NAl(2   P BTPFPF0*"`J- MC(2   P B"PFPF0*"`J- \Si(2   P Bd&PFPF0*"`- MN(2   P B$PFPF0*"`- MP(2   P B-PFPF0*"` MO(2   P B +PFPF0*"` MS(2   P B4PFPF0*"` MF(2   P BX8PFPF0*"` \Cl(2   P BP<PFPF0*"` \Ne(2   P B@PFPF0*"` \Ar(2   P BDPFPF0*"`  NHe(2   P BX2PFPF0*"`g NCa(2  2 P <LjJ"` @  > l2 P 6jJ"`]52 !P Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NRM2 "P Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NNp2 #P Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N2 $P Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N 2 %P Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NpL2 &P Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?Ng2 'P Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N,h2 (P Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?NIU 2 )P Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N222 *P Z?fjJ?"6?@`NNN?N!-l2 3P 6jJ"`hf 4P <DS}= O13+   6P 0XY;p S ELECTRONS 2    7P 0[p K? 2   8P 0ZY  QPROTONS 2   9P 0b  K? 2   :P 0` Y  T ATOM / ION 2    ;P 0Hi @  K? 2   P 0t Y  PANSWER 2   ?P 0x   [?* 2    @P 0|f Y WHAT IS IT? (2 !   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